Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: : | Functional Materials |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2011 |
| Автори: | , , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2011
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135429 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-135429 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
Sdobnyakov, N.Yu. Samsonov, V.M. Bazulev, A.N. Kulpin, D.A. Sokolov, D.N. 2018-06-15T11:05:41Z 2018-06-15T11:05:41Z 2011 Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135429 en НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України Functional Materials Modeling and simulation Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials Дослідження розмірних залежностей поверхневого натягу і теплоти випарювання нанокрапель алюмінію з використанням різних потенціалів Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| spellingShingle |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials Sdobnyakov, N.Yu. Samsonov, V.M. Bazulev, A.N. Kulpin, D.A. Sokolov, D.N. Modeling and simulation |
| title_short |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| title_full |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| title_fullStr |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| title_sort |
investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials |
| author |
Sdobnyakov, N.Yu. Samsonov, V.M. Bazulev, A.N. Kulpin, D.A. Sokolov, D.N. |
| author_facet |
Sdobnyakov, N.Yu. Samsonov, V.M. Bazulev, A.N. Kulpin, D.A. Sokolov, D.N. |
| topic |
Modeling and simulation |
| topic_facet |
Modeling and simulation |
| publishDate |
2011 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Functional Materials |
| publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Дослідження розмірних залежностей поверхневого натягу і теплоти випарювання нанокрапель алюмінію з використанням різних потенціалів |
| issn |
1027-5495 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135429 |
| citation_txt |
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT sdobnyakovnyu investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials AT samsonovvm investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials AT bazulevan investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials AT kulpinda investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials AT sokolovdn investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials AT sdobnyakovnyu doslídžennârozmírnihzaležnosteipoverhnevogonatâguíteplotiviparûvannânanokrapelʹalûmíníûzvikoristannâmríznihpotencíalív AT samsonovvm doslídžennârozmírnihzaležnosteipoverhnevogonatâguíteplotiviparûvannânanokrapelʹalûmíníûzvikoristannâmríznihpotencíalív AT bazulevan doslídžennârozmírnihzaležnosteipoverhnevogonatâguíteplotiviparûvannânanokrapelʹalûmíníûzvikoristannâmríznihpotencíalív AT kulpinda doslídžennârozmírnihzaležnosteipoverhnevogonatâguíteplotiviparûvannânanokrapelʹalûmíníûzvikoristannâmríznihpotencíalív AT sokolovdn doslídžennârozmírnihzaležnosteipoverhnevogonatâguíteplotiviparûvannânanokrapelʹalûmíníûzvikoristannâmríznihpotencíalív |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T11:38:30Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-24T11:38:30Z |
| _version_ |
1850845672084865024 |
| fulltext |
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�VXUIDFHWHQVLRQ�DQG�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�RI��DOXPLQXPGURSOHWV�XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY��9�0��6DPVRQRY��$�1��%D]XOHY�'�$��.XOSLQ��'�1��6RNRORY
7YHU�6WDWH�8QLYHUVLW\�����6DGRY\L�SHU����������7YHU��5XVVLD�
7KH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�RI�DOXPLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV�DUH�FDOFXODWHG
RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RI� WKH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\�� 7KH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH
VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� DQG� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� REWDLQHG� XVLQJ� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� ZHUH
FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� WKH� UHVXOWV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� RWKHU� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ
IRXQG�WKDW�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO�SURYLGHV�D�EHWWHU�DJUHHPHQW�EHWZHHQ�FDOFXODWHG�DV\PSWRWL�
FDO�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�ZLWK�WKH�DYDLODEOH�H[SHULPHQWDO
GDWD�
sÈ�º°ÓºmË��˯äº�ÒÓÈäÒ�˰}º®��˺¯ÒÒ�mºÏä��ËÓÒ®�¹¯ºmË�ËÓ©�¯È°�Ë�©�¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº�
�º�ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«�Ò��˹ãº�©�Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«��ã«�ÓÈÓº}ȹËã �Èã
äÒÓÒ«��cÈÏä˯өË�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ò
�ã«� ¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº�º� ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«� Ò� �˹ãº�©� Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«�� ¹ºã��ËÓÓ©Ë� °� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä
¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈ�bºää˯°È��°º¹º°�ÈmãËÓ©�°�¯ËÏ�ã �È�ÈäÒ��º�mË�È
�ÒäÒ��¯��Òä�ªÁÁË}�Òm�
Ó©ä�¹È¯Ó©ä�¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈä���°�ÈÓºmãËÓº����º�ȰÒä¹�º�Ò�˰}ÒË�ÏÓÈ�ËÓÒ«�¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº�º
ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«�Ò� �˹ãº�©�Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«�� º�mË�È
�ÒË�ºã �Òä�¯ÈÏä˯Èä�ÓÈÓº}ȹËã � Ò�¹ºã��
�ËÓÓ©Ë� °� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä� ¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈ� bºää˯°È�� ã���Ë� °º�ãȰ�
�°«� °� ÒäË
�ÒäÒ°«
ª}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©äÒ��ÈÓÓ©äÒ��
���,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHUH� LV� DQ�RSLQLRQ� WKDW� FRUUHFW� FDOFXOD�
WLRQ�RI�VRPH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PHWDOV�LV�QRW�SRV�
VLEOH�XVLQJ�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV��5HVSHF�
WLYHO\�� LQ� WKHVH� FDVHV�PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV
VKRXOG� EH� XVHG�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� DQ\� SDLU� SR�
WHQWLDO� ZLOO� LQHYLWDEO\� JLYH� QRWLFHDEOH� PLV�
WDNHV�LQ�YDOXHV�RI�VRPH�HODVWLF�FRQVWDQWV�IRU
PHWDOV� DQG� ZURQJ� FRUUHODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKH
HQHUJ\� RI� WKH� GHIHFW� �YDFDQF\�� IRUPDWLRQ
DQG� WKH� FRKHVLRQ� HQHUJ\� >�@�� $W� WKH� VDPH
WLPH�� WKHUH� LV� DQRWKHU� RSLQLRQ� >�@� WKDW� WKH
SDLU� LQWHUDFWLRQ� PRGHO� LV� DGHTXDWH�� WR� D
JUHDWHU� RU� OHVV� H[WHQW�� IRU� DQ\� VLPSOH� VXE�
VWDQFHV� LQFOXGLQJ� PHWDOV� ZKLFK� KDYH� FORVH
SDFNHG� VWUXFWXUH� LQ� WKHLU� VROLG� VWDWH�� $F�
FRUGLQJ�WR�>�@��WKH�PDLQ�DGYDQWDJH�RI�PDQ\
ERG\�SRWHQWLDOV�LV�WKDW�WKH\�PDNH�LW�SRVVLEOH
WR�GHVFULEH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�V\VWHPV�ZLWK�ORZHU
GHQVLW\�� H�J�� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� �JHUPDQLXP
DQG� VLOLFRQ��� 6R�� WKH� SUREOHP� RI� XVLQJ� RI
SDLU� DQG� PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� PHWDOV
KDYH�QRW�EHHQ�VROYHG�LQ�D�SURSHU�ZD\��6RPH
PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV� DUH� UDWKHU� VRSKLVWL�
FDWHG�� 6R�� WKH� FDVHV� ZKHQ� SURSHUO\� FKRVHQ
SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� PDNH� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� SUHGLFW
WKHUPRG\QDPLF� DQG� VRPH� RWKHU� FKDUDF�
WHULVWLFV�RI�EXON�PHWDO�SKDVHV�DQG�WKHLU�VXU�
IDFHV�H[DFWO\�HQRXJK�DUH�RI�VSHFLDO�LQWHUHVW�
7KH� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� >�@� IRU� DOXPLQXP
FDQ�EH�WUHDWHG�DV�DQ�H[DPSOH�RI�PRGHUQ�SDLU
SRWHQWLDOV�IRU�PHWDOV��7KLV�SRWHQWLDO�ZDV�GH�
YHORSHG� FRPELQLQJ� WKH� WKHRU\� RI� WKH
SVHXGRSRWHQWLDO� ZLWK� D� SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO
DSSURDFK� DQG� WKH� FRQFHSW� RI� WKH� HIIHFWLYH
SDLU�SRWHQWLDO�
7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�6FKRPPHUV�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV
ZDV�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKH�DFFXUDF\�RI�FDOFXODWLRQV
DQG� WR� H[WHQG� WKH� DSSOLFDELOLW\� RI� HIIHFWLYH
SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV�WR�PHWDO�VXUIDFHV�DQG�QDQRV�
WUXFWXUHV�� 'XH� WR� DGGLWLRQDO� DGMXVWPHQW� RI
IUHH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO�IRU
YDULRXV�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD��WKH�PHOWLQJ�WHP�
SHUDWXUH�� WKH� GLIIXVLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� LQ� WKH
OLTXLG�SKDVH��WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�VROLG�DQG�OLT�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
XLG� SKDVHV�� WKH� SKRWRQ� GHQVLW\�� WKH� PHDQ
VTXDUH�IOXFWXDWLRQ�RQ�VXUIDFHV�HWF���WKLV�SR�
WHQWLDO�GHVFULEHV�DOO�EDVLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�DOX�
PLQXP�LQ�D�ZLGH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UDQJH�>���@�
2QH� RI� PDLQ� JRDOV� RI� WKLV� SDSHU� LV� WKH
DSSUREDWLRQ� RI� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� RQ� WKH
FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\�RI�DOX�
PLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV�XVLQJ� D�YHUVLRQ�RI� WKH
WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\� �737�
SURSRVHG� LQ�����V�E\�/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY�� >�@
�VHH�DOVR�>�@���
���&DOFXODWLRQ�SURFHGXUH
%HVLGHV�� WKH� KHDW� RI� HYDSRUDWLRQ� DQG� LWV
VL]H�GHSHQGHQFH�ZHUH�DQDO\]HG�DV�WKLV�TXDQ�
WLW\� LV�FORVHO\� LQWHUUHODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�VL]H�GH�
SHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\�
$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�YHUVLRQ�RI�737�PHQWLRQHG
DERYH�� WKH� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQHUJ\� RI� D� VPDOO
REMHFW�<��LV�HTXDO�WR�WKH�KDOI�RI�WKH�SHUWXU�
EDWLRQ� HQHUJ\�QHFHVVDU\� WR� FXW� RXW� WKH�YRO�
XPH� 9�� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� XQSHUWXUEHGGURSOHW� IURP� WKH� EXON� OLTXLG�� ,Q� RWKHU
ZRUGV��WKH�GURSOHW�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�1��DWRPV�LVFRPSDUHG�ZLWK� WKH� YROXPH�9�� LQ� WKH� FRUUH�VSRQGLQJ� EXON� SKDVH� FRQWDLQLQJ� 1��DWRPV�$FFRUGLQJ� WR�737� >�@�� WKH� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� HQ�
HUJ\��<� VKRXOG�EH�FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ�WKH�XQ�
SHUWXUEHG� *LEEV� GLVWULEXWLRQ� DQG�� UHVSHF�
WLYHO\�� WKH� XQSHUWXUEHG� ELQDU\� FRUUHODWLRQ
IXQFWLRQ� LV� HTXDO� WR� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ
IXQFWLRQ�J��U���6R�
�<� ������QO���QJ��³�9�G9��³G9� 9�J��U�)�U�� ���
ZKHUH� )�U�� LV� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO�� U� LV� WKH
LQWHUPROHFXODU� GLVWDQFH�� 9�� LV� WKH� YROXPHDGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�VSKHUH�RI�YROXPH�9���FKRVHQ�LQ
WKH� EXON� OLTXLG� SKDVH��QO� �DQG� �QJ�DUH�GHQVLWLHVRI�DWRPV� LQ� OLTXLG�DQG�YDSRU�SKDVHV��FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJO\�� $V� ZH� KDYH� FKRVHQ� WKH� HTXL�
PROHFXODU� GLYLGLQJ� VXUIDFH� �5��� WKH� VSHFLILF
H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\
���V�5�� �<�e��S5� ����
ZLOO�EH�HTXDO�WR�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ��ZKLFK�
LQ�WXUQ��LV�GHILQHG�DV�WKH�ZRUN�RI�WKH�VPDOO
REMHFW�IRUPDWLRQ�SHU�XQLW�DUHD�RI�WKH�GLYLG�
LQJ�VXUIDFH��
2QH� RI� WKH� DGYDQWDJHV� RI� WKH� 737� YDUL�
DQW� LQ� TXHVWLRQ� LV� WKDW� LW� FDQ� EH� DSSOLHG
ERWK� WR�PROHFXODU� V\VWHPV�DQG�PHWDO� SDUWL�
FOHV�� ,Q� IDFW�� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU
PHWDO� PHOWV� ZHUH� REWDLQHG� IRU� EXON� SKDVH�
DQG� IRU� WKLV� FDVH� WKH\� WDNH� LQWR� DFFRXQW
FRQWULEXWLRQV� RI� HOHFWURQ�LRQ�� LRQ�LRQ� DQG
HOHFWURQ�HOHFWURQ� LQWHUDFWLRQV� DGHTXDWHO\
HQRXJK��6R��GLUHFW� DSSO\LQJ�RI� WKHVH�SRWHQ�
WLDOV� WR�YHU\� VPDOO� REMHFWV� LV�QRW�TXLWH� FRU�
UHFW��+RZHYHU��DOJRULWKP�EDVHG�RQ�737�SUH�
VXSSRVHV� WKDW� WKH� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� LV
FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ� WKH� QRQSHUWXUEHG� GLVWULEX�
WLRQ� IXQFWLRQ� �L�H�� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ
IXQFWLRQ��� $V� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ� IXQF�
WLRQ� �5')�� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO�
WKH� FRQGLWLRQ� RI� QRQSHUWXUEDQF\� RI� 5')
JLYHV� DOVR� WKH� FRQGLWLRQ� RI� QRQSHUWXUEDQF\
RI� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO�� L�H�� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� IRU
WKH� EXON� PHOW� SKDVH� VKRXOG� EH� XVHG�� 6R�
FDOFXODWLRQ� RI� WKH� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQHUJ\�<�UH�
GXFHV�WR�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI����GLPHQWLRQDO��LQWH�
JUDO�ILJXULQJ�LQ�WKH�ULJKW�KDQG�VLGH�RI������
7KLV� FDOFXODWLRQ� ZDV� FDUULHG� RXW� XVLQJ
0RQWH�&DUOR�PHWKRG�
7KH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ
KHDW�O�5��ZDV� LQYHVWLJDWHG� LQ� >�@�XVLQJ� WKH
VXUIDFH�HQWKDOS\�+6�LQWURGXFHG�E\�*XJJHQ�KHLP� >�@�� 7KH� GURSOHW� HYDSRUDWLQJ� HQWKDOS\
FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV�IROORZV
�'+� �+cc����+c���+6�� ���
ZKHUH�+c� DQG�+cc� DUH� WKH� HQWKDOSLHV� RI� WKH
EXON� YDSRU� DQG� OLTXLG� SKDVHV�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�
$FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@� WKH� VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ
KHDW�O�FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV
�O� �Kcc���Kc���w+6�e�wP� ���
ZKHUH� Kcc� DQG� Kc� DUH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� VSHFLILF
HQWKDOSLHV�RI�EXON�SKDVHV��(TXDWLRQ� ���� FDQ
EH�FRQVLGHUHG�DV�D�GHILQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF
HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� IRU� D� VPDOO� GURSOHW�� 7KLV
GHILQLWLRQ�JLYHV�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ
�'O� ���Qcf�ª«¬
�Z
5 ���wZw5
º»¼
���
IRU�'O� �O�5����Of��ZKHUH�Of� �Kcc���Kc� LV� WKH
VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� IRU� EXON� SKDVH�
Qcf� ���e�Uf�
� �� LV� WKH� VSHFLILF� YROXPH� RI� OLTXLG
�Uf�
� �� LV� WKH� GHQVLW\� RI� OLTXLG���Z� LV� WKH� VSH�
FLILF� WRWDO� VXUIDFH� HQHUJ\� �XVLQJ� WKH�*LEEV�
+HOPKROW]� HTXDWLRQ� V� �Z���7GVG7��� ,Q� >��@
DQRWKHU� GHILQLWLRQ� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW
O��5�� ZDV� SURSRVHG� IRU� D� VPDOO� GURSOHW� RI
UDGLXV�5�DQG�PDVV�P��
O�� �Kcc���Kc���+6�e�P�� ����
7KHQ��LQVWHDG�RI������ZH�ZLOO�KDYH
'O�� �O����Of� ��Qcf�Z�U�5 ���Qcf§̈©
V
5���
wV
w5
·̧
¹
��������
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
$� FRQFOXVLRQ� FDQ� EH� PDGH� WKDW� ERWK� ���
DQG� ����� DUH� FRUUHFW� EXW� FRUUHVSRQG� WR� WKH
GLIIHUHQW�GHILQLWLRQV�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�HYDSRUD�
WLRQ�KHDW��,Q�IDFW��O�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHUSUHWHG�DV
WKH�TXDQWLW\�RI�KHDW�QHFHVVDU\�WR�UHGXFH�WKH
GURSOHW�PDVV�E\�GP��,Q�WXUQ��O��LV�WKH�PHDQYDOXH� RI� O�� L�H�� LW� LV� HTXDO� WR� WKH� VSHFLILF
KHDW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�FRPSOHWH�HYDSRUD�
WLRQ�RI�WKH�GURSOHW��6R�
�O�� �O
BB� �
�P����³�
�
P�w+
wPGP� �Kcc���Kc���P����³�
�
P�w+6
wP GP�
���
7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKDW� WKH� ODVW� WHUP� LQ
WKH� ULJKW�KDQG� VLGH� RI� ���� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� D
VPDOO� FRUUHFWLRQ� WR� WKH� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXH
Of� �Kcc���Kc�� ZH� FDQ� FRQFOXGH� WKDW� WKH� GLI�
IHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� O�5�� DQG� O��5�� LV� YHU\VPDOO�
��5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ
:H� KDYH� PDGH� FRPSDUDWLYH� FDOFXODWLRQV
RI�WKH�VL]H�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�H[FHVV
IUHH� HQHUJ\� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQRGURSOHWV� DW
����� .� XVLQJ� 6FKRPPHUV�� >�@�� 0RUVH�V� >�@
DQG� 6FKLII�V� >��@� SRWHQWLDOV�� 7KH� ILUVW� RI
WKHP� LV� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� >�@� QXPHULFDOO\�� 7KH
WZR�RWKHUV�FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV�IROORZV�
)0RUVH��U�
�H®̄H[S>�D�U���UP�@����H[S>D�U���UP�@½¾¿���
���
�)VFKLII�U�� �
�H®̄>FRV�����U�e�U�@�������������e�U���������e�U�����
®̄ ��>VLQ�����U��e�U�@������� ������e�U����������e�U��½¾¿�
���
ZKHUH� D� LV� D� 0RUVH�V� FRQVWDQW�� UP� � LV� WKHGLVWDQFH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� PLQLPXP� RI
WKH�SRWHQWLDOV��
,W� LV� RI� LQWHUHVW� WR� FRPSDUH� 6FKRPPHU�
SRWHQWLDO� ZLWK� 0RUVH�V� RQH� IRU� ZKLFK� WKH
SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO� GHSWK� HF� LV� GHILQHG� IURP� WKHPHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7P� �HF� �N7P�� DQGXVLQJ� DQRWKHU� 0RUVH�V� FXUYH� ILWWHG� WR
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO�� &RQWUDU\� WR� 0RUVH�V
SRWHQWLDO� 6FKRPPHUV� RQH� KDV� ODUJH� RVFLOOD�
WLRQV� FDXVHG� E\� LRQ�HOHFWURQ� LQWHUDFWLRQ� LQ
PHWDO� FU\VWDOV�� 7KH� FKRLFH� RI� WKH� WHPSHUD�
WXUH� �7� � ����� .�� IRU� FRPSDULVRQ� RI� WKH
DERYH� SRWHQWLDOV� DQG� RWKHU� FDOFXODWLRQV� LV
GLFWDWHG�E\�WKH�GDWD�RQ�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO
ZKLFK�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�>�@�MXVW�IRU�WKLV�WHPSHUD�
WXUH��7KH�YDOXHV�RI�SDUDPHWHUV��ILJXULQJ�LQ
WKH�DERYH�LQWHUDWRPLF�SRWHQWLDOV�ZHUH�WDNHQ
IURP� >��� ��� ��@� ZLWK� QR� DGGLWLRQDO� ILWWLQJ
XVLQJ� H[SHULPHQWDO� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXHV� RI
WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�KHDW�RI�HYDSRUD�
WLRQ�� 7KH� SDUDPHWHUV� LQ� TXHVWLRQ� DUH� SUH�
VHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH����
,Q� WKLV� SDSHU�5')� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� GLI�
IHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ
WKH�IROORZLQJ�HTXDWLRQ�
)LJ�� ��� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� VSHFLILF� H[FHVV
IUHH� HQHUJ\� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQRGURSOHWV� RQ
WKH�UHGXFHG�GURSOHW�UDGLXV�5
� �5�e�D�REWDLQHG
XVLQJ� GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� XVLQJ� IRUPXOD
����� DW�7� ������.���FXUYH��� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
GDWD� FXUYH�� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR�0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO
ZLWK� UHYLVHG� YDOXH� RI� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO
GHSWK�� FXUYH� �� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH�
KDYH� EHHQ� FDOFXODWHG� IRU� 0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO
ILWWHG� WR� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO�� FXUYH� �� �DS�
SUR[LPDWLRQ�GDWD�FXUYH��KDYH�EHHQ�IRXQG�IRU
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO��� 3DUDPHWHUV� RI� DOO� WKH
DERYH�SRWHQWLDOV�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�7DEOH���
7DEOH����3DUDPHWHUV�RI�XVHG�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU
SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� $O� QDQRGURSOHWV�� +HUH� DQG
ODWHU�LQGH[���FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�WKH�FDVH�ZKHQ
0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO� SDUDPHWHUV� ILWWHG� WR
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� DQG� LQGH[� �� Ü
0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO� SDUDPHWHUV� ILWWHG� WR
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� IRU�ZKLFK� WKH� SRWHQ�
WLDO�ZHOO�GHSWK�YDOXH�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLVHG�DF�
FRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�PHOWLQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��+HUH�D
LV�WKH�HIIHFWLYH�GLDPHWHU�RI�DOXPLQXP�
3RWHQWLDO H�������- D��c D��c�� UP��c
6FKRPPHUV ����� ���� Ü Ü
0RUVH� ����� ���� ���� ����
0RUVH� ����� ���� ���� ����
6FKLII ����� ���� Ü Ü
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
J�U��e�J/'�U�� �H[S>��)�U����)/'�U���e�N7@� ���
ZKHUH�J/'�U��LV�WKH�UDGLDO�GLVWULEXWLRQ�IXQF�WLRQ� RI� WKH� /HQQDUG�-RQHV� IOXLG�� 7KH� ODVW
RQH� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� 0DWWHROL
DQG�0DQVRRUL�>��@�
7KH� REWDLQHG� YDOXHV� RI� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQ�
VLRQ�IRU�DOXPLQXP�ZHUH�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�7RO�
PHQ�V�IRUPXOD�>��@
�V�e�Vf� �������G�e�5V���� ���
ZKHUH� 5V� LV� WKH� UDGLXV� RI� WKH� VXUIDFH� RIWHQVLRQ� �EHORZ�WKH� LQGH[�V�ZLOO�EH�RPLWWHG��
G�!��� LV� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� HTXL�
PROHFXODU� VHSDUDWLQJ� VXUIDFH� DQG� WKH� VXU�
IDFH� RI� WHQVLRQ� IRU� D� IODW� LQWHUIDFH�� 7KXV�
WKH� SDUDPHWHU� G�� WKH� VR�FDOOHG� 7ROPHQ�V
OHQJWK��VKRXOG�EH�FRPSDUDEOH�ZLWK�WKH�HIIHF�
WLYH� PROHFXODU� GLDPHWHU� D�� )RU� VPDOO� 5�
$�,��5XVDQRY�>��@�REWDLQHG�D�OLQHDU�GHSHQG�
HQFH�
V� �.5� ����
+HUH�.�LV�WKH�SURSRUWLRQDOLW\�FRHIILFLHQW�GH�
SHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH�� WKH� SUHVVXUH
DQG�WKH�OLTXLG�SKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQ��5HVXOWV�RI
FDOFXODWLRQV� IRU� WKH� VSHFLILF� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQ�
HUJ\�VKRZ�WKDW�WKH�IRUP�RI�WKH�GHSHQGHQFHV
GRHV�QRW�GHSHQG�RQ� WKH�FKRLFH�RI� WKH� LQWHU�
PROHFXODU� LQWHUDFWLRQ� SRWHQWLDO�� 7KHQ�� LQ� D
VDWLVIDFWRU\� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�� WKH� IROORZLQJ
IRUPXOD�FDQ�EH�XVHG
�V�5�� �®̄.5���LI�5�d5FVf���LI�5�!�5F�
����
L�H�� IRU� 5� �� 5F��5F� LV� D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� UD�GLXV�� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� LV� GHVFULEHG� E\
5XVDQRY�V� OLQHDU�IRUPXOD��DQG��IRU�5�!�5F�
LW�LV�QHDUO\�HTXDO�WR�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�Vf
RI� V�5��� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� IOÈW� PDFUR�
VFRSLF� VXUIDFH�� 7DEOH� �� GHPRQVWUDWHV� WKH
FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOWV� IRU� WKH�PDFURVFRSLF� VXU�
IDFH� WHQVLRQ� Vf�� 7KH� 7ROPHQ�V� SDUDPHWHU� G
DQG� WKH� FRHIILFLHQW�.� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQR�
GURSOHWV�DW������.�KDYH�EHHQ�REWDLQHG�XVLQJ
GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW
FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOWV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR�6FKRP�
PHUV�SRWHQWLDO�DJUHH�ZLWK�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD
>�����@�PRUH�VDWLVIDFWRULO\�
)LJ�� �� GHPRQVWUDWHV� WKH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFH
RI�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�IRU�DOXPLQXP�QDQR�
GURSOHWV�REWDLQHG�XVLQJ�6FKLII�V�DQG�6FKRP�
PHUV� SRWHQWLDOV�� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW� WKH� VL]H
GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW
O�5��FDQ�EH�GHVFULEHG��LQ�D�JRRG�DSSUR[LPD�
WLRQ��E\�D�IRUPXOD�DQDORJRXV�WR�(T��������,Q
RWKHU� ZRUGV�� LI� 5�d�5F� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW
O�5�� OLQHDUO\� GHFUHDVHV� ZKHQ� WKH� SDUWLFOH
VL]H�GHFUHDVHV��DQG� LI�5�!�5F�O�5�� LV�QHDUO\HTXDO�WR�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�Of�FRUUHVSRQG�
LQJ� WR�5�o�f�L�H��WR�WKH�PDFURVFRSLF�OLTXLG
SKDVH�
7KH�OLQHDU�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�HYDSR�
UDWLRQ� KHDW� RI� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� DW�5�o�� JLYHV
WKH�QH[W�UHODWLRQVKLS�
�Of� ��.ZQcf� ����
ZKHUH�.Z� �.Z�S��7��LV�SURSRUWLRQDOLW\�FRHI�
ILFLHQW�IRU�WKH�VSHFLILF�WRWDO�VXUIDFH�HQHUJ\�
7KLV� FRHIILFLHQW� LV�DQDORJRXV� WR� WKH�SURSRU�
WLRQDOLW\�FRHIILFLHQW�LQ������
7KH�PDFURVFRSLF�YDOXH�RI� VSHFLILF� HYDSR�
UDWLRQ�KHDW�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ� WKH� IRO�
ORZLQJ�IRUPXOD�>��@
�Of� ��QJ�e�QO�����X����N7� ����
ZKHUH� X�� ��SQO�³�
�
f
J��U�)�U�U�GU� LV� WKH� LQWHU�
QDO� HQHUJ\�RI� OLTXLG�SHU� DQ�DWRP��:H�KDYH
FDOFXODWHG� WKH� PRODU� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� YDO�
XHV�IRU�DOXPLQXP�XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SRWHQWLDOV
)LJ�� ��� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW
IRU� DOXPLQXP� RQ� WKH� UHGXFHG� GURSOHW� UDGLXV
5
� �5�e�D�REWDLQHG�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU
SRWHQWLDOV� XVLQJ� IRUPXOD� ����� DW�7� ������.
�FXUYH� �� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH�� FRUUH�
VSRQGV� WR� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQWLDO�� FXUYH� �� �DS�
SUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH�� ZDV� REWDLQHG� XVLQJ
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO��� 3DUDPHWHUV� RI� SRWHQ�
WLDOV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH���
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
�VHH� 7DEOH� ���� $� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� FDOFX�
ODWHG� DQG� H[SHULPHQWDO� >��@� YDOXHV� FDQ� EH
FDXVHG� E\� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV
�ZH�FRXOG�QRW�ILQG�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD�RQ�Of
IRU�7� � �����.��� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW� WKH� UH�
VXOWV� IRU� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� FDOFXODWHG
XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SRWHQWLDOV�DJUHH�ZLWK�H[SHUL�
PHQWDO� GDWD�� 2QH� FDQ� QRWH� WKDW� FDOFXODWHG
YDOXHV�RI�Vf��DQG�Of�IRU�DOXPLQXP�REWDLQHG
XVLQJ� 0RUVH�V� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� ���
ZLWK� QR� ODUJH�VFDOH� RVFLOODWLRQV�� 6FKRPPHUV
SRWHQWLDO� DQG� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQWLDO� ����� VKRZ�D
VDWLVIDFWRU\� DJUHHPHQW�� 6L]H� GHSHQGHQFHV
�)LJ�� ��� DOVR� GHPRQVWUDWH� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK
H[SHULPHQWDO�YDOXHV�Of�
���&RQFOXVLRQ
:H� PXVW� HPSKDVL]H� WKDW� WKH� FKRLFH� RI
WKH� GHILQLWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� IRU� FRPSDULVRQ� RI
WKH� DERYH� SRWHQWLDOV� ZDV� GLFWDWHG� E\� WKH
DYDLODEOH� GDWD� RQ� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO
ZKLFK�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�>�@�MXVW�IRU�WKLV�WHPSHUD�
WXUH��+RZHYHU�WKH�PHWKRG�RI�WKH�WKHUPRG\�
QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\� ZDV� DSSOLHG� IRU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� PHWDO
QDQRGURSOHWV� IRU� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQ�
WLDOV� LQ� RXU� SUHYLRXV� ZRUNV� >����@� LQ� D
ZLGH� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJH� IURP� WKH� PHOWLQJ
SRLQW� WR� WKH� FULWLFDO� WHPSHUDWXUH�� ,Q� DGGL�
WLRQ�WR�WKH�SUREOHP�RI�FXUYDWXUH�FRUUHFWLRQV
WR� WKH� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXH� RI� WKH� KHDW� RI
HYDSRUDWLRQ�Of� RI� � OLTXLG�PHWDOV�ZDV� LQYHV�
WLJDWHG� RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RI� WKHUPRG\QDPLF
DQDO\VLV� DQG�0RQWH�&DUOR� FRPSXWHU� VLPXOD�
WLRQ� RI�PHWDO�QDQRGURSOHWV� >��@�� ,Q� >��@�ZH
FRQFOXGH� WKDW� WKH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� UHVXOWV
DUH� LQ� JRRG� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� 0RQWH� &DUOR
FDOFXODWLRQV�RI�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�HQWKDOS\�IRU
DOXPLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV��
7KH� 6FKRPPHUV� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� IRU� DOX�
PLQLXP�DW������.�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����,W� LV
FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� WKH� UHVSHFWLYH�0RUVH� SRWHQ�
WLDO�� IRU� ZKLFK� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO� GHSWK
ZKLFK� ZDV� IRXQG� E\� WKH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUD�
WXUH� DQG�ZLWK� WKH�0RUVH�SRWHQWLDO� DGMXVWHG
WR� WKH�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO��7KH�GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQ� WKH� SRWHQWLDOV� LV� FOHDU�� DSDUW� IURP
WKH�GLIIHUHQW�GHSWK�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�PLQL�
PXP�� WKH�0RUVH� SRWHQWLDO� GRHV�QRW� FRQWDLQ
DQ\� ODUJH�VFDOH� RVFLOODWLRQV� GHWHUPLQHG� E\
LRQ�HOHFWURQ�LRQ�LQWHUDFWLRQ�LQ�PHWDOOLF�FU\V�
WDOV� �VXFK� RVFLOODWLRQV� KDV� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQ�
WLDO��� )RU� WKLV� UHDVRQ�� LW� LV� VWLOO� RSHQ� WR
TXHVWLRQ� LI� RQH� FDQ� DSSO\� WKH� SKHQR�
PHQRORJLFDO� 0RUVH�� /HQQDUG�-RQHV� DQG� HWF�
SRWHQWLDOV� WR� GHVFULEH� WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� LQ
PHWDOV�� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN� ZH� KDYH� VKRZQ� WKDW
HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�ZLWK� SURSHUO\� FKR�
VHQ� SDUDPHWHUV� JLYH� DGHTXDWH� YDOXHV� RI� HQ�
HUJHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PHWDO�QDQRSDUWLFOHV�DV
ZHOO�DV�RI�VRPH�EXON�DQG�VXUIDFH�SURSHUWLHV
IRU� OLTXLG� DOXPLQXP�� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO
SURYLGHV�D�EHWWHU�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�WKH�DYDLO�
DEOH� H[SHULPHQW� GDWD� RQ� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ
)LJ�� ��� &RPSDULVRQ� RI� WKH� 6FKRPPHUV� DQG
0RUVH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� DOXPLQLXP�� 7KH
6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� ZDV� EXLOW� DW� WHPSHUD�
WXUHV� RI� � ����.� � �WKH� GDUN� VROLG� FXUYH�� DQG
�����.� �WKH� OLJKW� GDVKHG� FXUYH��� 7KH�0RUVH
SRWHQWLDO� DGMXVWHG� WR� WKH� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQ�
WLDO� �WKH� OLJKW� VROLG� FXUYH��� WKH�0RUVH�SRWHQ�
WLDO�ZLWK�WKH�GHSWK�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLVHG�DFFRUG�
LQJ� WR� WKH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� �WKH� GDUN
GDVKHG� FXUYH��� 7KH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� RI
DOXPLQLXP�LV�����.��N�LV�WKH�%ROW]PDQQ�FRQ�
VWDQW�
7DEOH� ��� &DOFXODWLRQ� UHVXOWV� IRU�Vf�� G� DQG.� � FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR�$O� QDQRGURSOHWV�� 7KH
H[SHULPHQWDO�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ
DW� WKH� ����� .� DUH� � ���� P-�P�� >��@�
����P-�P��>��@�DQG�����P-�P��>��@�
3RWHQWLDO Vf��c�� .�������P-�P� G��c��
6FKRPPHUV ��� �� ����
0RUVH� ��� �� ����
0RUVH� ��� �� ����
6FKLII ��� �� ����
7DEOH� ��� &DOFXODWHG� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXHV� RI
WKH�KHDW�RI�HYDSRUDWLRQ�IRU�$O�QDQRGURSOHWV�
7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� YDOXHV� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ
KHDW�DW�WKH������.�LV�����N-�PRO��>��@�
3RWHQWLDO Of�P-�PRO�
3RWHQWLDO Of�P-�PRO�
6FKRPPHUV ��� 0RUVH� ���
6FKLII ��� 0RUVH� ���
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
KHDW� DQG� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� DOXPL�
QXP� PHOW� DW� OHDVW� DW� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH
7� � ����� .�� $V� ZDV� PHQWLRQHG� DERYH�
0RUVH�V���6FKLII�V�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV�FDQ�EH�DOVR
DSSOLHG� WR� GHVFULEH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SURSHU�
WLHV�RI�RWKHU�OLTXLG�PHWDOV�LQFOXGLQJ�IRU�H[�
DPSOH�VRGLXP�DQG�FRSSHU�>��@�
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV��7KH�UHVHDUFK�ZDV�VXS�
SRUWHG� E\� 5XVVLDQ� )XQG� RI� %DVLF� 5HVHDUFK
�JUDQWV�1R��������������DQG�������������
UBFHQWUBD�� DQG� IHGHUDO� SURJUDP� �6FLHQWLILF
DQG� SHGDJRJLFDO� VSHFLDOLVWV� RI� LQQRYDWLYH
5XVVLD��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���)�&OHUL��9�5RVDWR��3K\V��5HY��%����������������
� ���-��7HUVRII��3K\V��5HY��%�������������������
� ���:�6FKRPPHUV��&�0D\HU��+�&REHO�HW�DO���-��9DF��6FL�
7HFKQ���$��������������������
� ���0�5LHWK�� 1DQR�(QJLQHHULQJ� LQ� 6FLHQFH� DQG
7HFKQRORJ\��$Q�,QWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�:RUOG�RI
1DQR�'HVLJQ�� :RUOG� 6FLHQWLILF�� 1HZ� -HUVH\
�������
� ���/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY��LQ��5HVHDUFK�LQ�6XUIDFH�)RUFHV�
9RO�����&RQVXOWDQWV�EXUHDX��1HZ�<RUN���������S�����
� ���9�0�6DPVRQRY��1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��$�1�%D]XOHY�
&ROORLGV�DQG�6XUIDFHV�$��3K\VLFRFKHP�(QJ��$V�
SHFWV������������������
� ���5�)H\QPDQ��6WDWLVWLFDO�0HFKDQLFV��:�$��%HQMDPLQ
,QF���0DVVDFKXVHWWV�������
� ���/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY��9�,�5\NRY��&ROORLG��-����������
�������
� ���(�$�*XJJHQKHLP��0RGHUQ�7KHUPRG\QDPLFV�E\
WKH� 0HWKRGV� RI� :LOODUG� *LEEV�� 0HWKXHQ�
/WG��/RQGRQ��������
����9�0�6DPVRQRY��LQ��6HFRQG�,QWHUQ��&RQI��+LJK
7HPSHUDWXUH� &DSLOODULW\�� � )RXQGU\� 5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH��&UDFRZ��3RODQG���������S������
����'�6FKLII��3K\V��5HY�������������������
����(�0DWWHROL�� *�0DQVRRUL�� -�� RI� &KHP�� 3K\V��
����������������������
����5�v�7ROPDQ��-��&KHP��3K\V�������������������
����$�,�5XVDQRY��3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWH�XQG�*UHQ�
]IODHFKHQHUVFKHLQXQJHQ�� $FDGHPLH�9HUODJ�� %HU�
OLQ��������
����,�6�*ULJRU�HY��(�=��0HOLNKRY��3K\VLFDO�*XDQWL�
WLHV��+DQGERRN��(QHUJ\��0RVFRZ��������
����<X�9�1DLGLFK��&RQWDFW�3KHQRPHQD�LQ�WKH�0HWDO
0HOWV��1DXNRYD�'XPND��.LHY��������
����(�$�%UDQGHV�� *�'�%URRN�� 6PLWKHOOV� 0HWDOV
5HIHUHQFH�%RRN��%XWWHUZRUWK�+HLQHPDQQ��2[�
IRUG��������
����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��9�0�6DPVRQRY��&(-3��������
�������
����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��$�1�%D]XOHY��9�0�6DPVRQRY�
=K��)L]��.KLP�����������6��������������
����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY�� $�1�%D]XOHY�� '�$�.XOSLQ�
'�0�� 6RORY�HY�� LQ�� 3URF�� RI� WKH� 6FLHQWLILF
ZRUNV��0HFKDQLFV�DQG�3K\VLFV�RI�WKH�6XUIDFH
3URFHVVHV�DQG�LQ�WKH�&RQWDFW�RI�WKH�6ROLG�6XE�
VWDQFHV� DQG� WKH� 0DFKLQH� 3DUWV��� 7YHU� 6WDWH
7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��7YHU��5XVVLD������������
�
iº°ã��ÎËÓÓ«�¯ºÏä�¯ÓÒ²�ÏÈãËÎÓº°�Ë®�¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�ºÓÈ�«������˹ãº�Ò�mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«�ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã Èã
ä�Ó�
�Ï�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä�¯�ÏÓÒ²�¹º�ËÓ��Èã�m
l���v�ºÓ«}ºm��{�l�vÈä°ºÓºm��k�s�rÈÏ�ãËm�i�|��z�ã ¹�Ó��i�s��vº}ºãºm
�sÈ�º°Óºm���˯äº�ÒÓÈä��Óº���˺¯���Ï�¯ËÓ �¹¯ºmË�ËÓº�¯ºÏ¯È²�Óº}�¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�º�ÓÈ�«�
��� �� �˹ãº�Ò� mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«� �ã«� ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã � Èã
ä�Ó�
�� cºÏä�¯Ó�� ÏÈãËÎÓº°��� �ã«� ¹º�
m˯²ÓËmº�º�ÓÈ�«������˹ãº�Ò�mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«�º�˯ÎÈÓ��Ï�mÒ}¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä�¹º�ËÓ��Èã��bºä�
ä˯°È�� ¹º¯�mÓ«Ó�� Ï� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�ÈäÒ�� �º� m��¹ºm��È
� � �Ó�Òä� ËÁË}�ÒmÓÒä� ¹È¯ÓÒä� ¹º�
�ËÓ��ÈãÈä�� {°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� �º� ȰÒä¹�º�Ò�Ó�� ÏÓÈ�ËÓÓ«� ¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�º� ÓÈ�«��� �� �˹ãº�Ò
mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«���º�m��¹ºm��È
� �mËãÒ}Òä�¯ºÏä�¯Èä�ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã ���º�˯ÎÈÓ��Ï�mÒ}º¯Ò°�
�ÈÓÓ«ä� ¹º�ËÓ��Èã��bºää˯°È�� }¯È�Ë� �Ï�º�Î�
� °«� Ï� ÓÈ«mÓÒäÒ� Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓÒäÒ
�ÈÓÒäÒ�
�
1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|