Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Functional Materials
Datum:2011
1. Verfasser: Smirnov, A.B.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2011
Schlagworte:
Online Zugang:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135459
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Zitieren:Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals / A.B. Smirnov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 2. — С. 176-180. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-135459
record_format dspace
spelling Smirnov, A.B.
2018-06-15T11:21:39Z
2018-06-15T11:21:39Z
2011
Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals / A.B. Smirnov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 2. — С. 176-180. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ.
1027-5495
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135459
en
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
Functional Materials
Characterization and properties
Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
Іонно-плазмова обробка монокристалів Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04)
Article
published earlier
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
title Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
spellingShingle Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
Smirnov, A.B.
Characterization and properties
title_short Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
title_full Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
title_fullStr Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
title_full_unstemmed Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
title_sort plasma treatment of cd₁₋ₓznₓte (x ~ 0.04) single crystals
author Smirnov, A.B.
author_facet Smirnov, A.B.
topic Characterization and properties
topic_facet Characterization and properties
publishDate 2011
language English
container_title Functional Materials
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
format Article
title_alt Іонно-плазмова обробка монокристалів Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04)
issn 1027-5495
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135459
citation_txt Plasma treatment of Cd₁₋ₓZnₓTe (x ~ 0.04) single crystals / A.B. Smirnov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 2. — С. 176-180. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ.
work_keys_str_mv AT smirnovab plasmatreatmentofcd1xznxtex004singlecrystals
AT smirnovab íonnoplazmovaobrobkamonokristalívcd1xznxtex004
first_indexed 2025-11-25T20:54:30Z
last_indexed 2025-11-25T20:54:30Z
_version_ 1850543427629875200
fulltext 3ODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI�&G�±[=Q[7H �[ a������VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV $�%�6PLUQRY 9�/DVKNDUHY�,QVWLWXWH�RI�6HPLFRQGXFWRU�3K\VLFV� 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH��������.\LY��8NUDLQH 5HFHLYHG�'HFHPEHU��������� 7KH� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� HIIHFW� RI� D� GLDPRQG�OLNH� FDUERQ� �'/&�� ILOP� LQ� WKH�D�&�+�1�&G=Q7H RSWLFDO�V\VWHP�LQ�WKH��Ü���PP�UDQJH�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�IURP�WKH�RSWLFDO�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�VSHF� WUD�� $Q� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI� WKH� SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� HIIHFW� RQ� WKH� VXUIDFH� RI�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������VXEVWUDWH�SULRU�WR�'/&�ILOPV�IDEULFDWLRQ�ZDV�FDUULHG�RXW��7KH�LUUDGLDWLRQ�RI�VHPLFRQ� GXFWRU� VXEVWUDWH� ZLWK� DUJRQ� SODVPD� ZDV� IRXQG� WR� EH� RSWLPDO� IRU� LPSURYLQJ� LWV� RSWLFDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH�� $QDO\VLV� RI� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� '/&� ILOPV� REWDLQHG� E\� )7,5�VSHF� WURPHWU\�WHFKQLTXH� LQWR�WKH�LQWHUYDO�����Ü�����FPÜ��KDV�EHHQ�GRQH��3HDNV�FRUUHVSRQGHG WR�GHIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�VWUHWFKLQJ�YLEUDWLRQV�RI�&�+�ERQGV�DV�ZHOO�DV�&±&�DQG�& 2�ERQGV�ZHUH REVHUYHG� jÏ��ËÓÈ�¯ºã �ÒºÓÓº�¹ãÈÏäËÓÓº®�º­¯È­º�}Ò�äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm�&G�±[=Q[7H��[�a�������¹¯ÒÓÈÓ˰ËÓÒÒ� ¹¯º°mË�ã« �Ë�º� ¹º}¯©�Ò«� Û� ÈãäÈϺ¹º�º­Óº®� ��ã˯º�Óº®� ¹ãËÓ}Ò� D�&�+�1� |­¯È­º�}È� ¹¯ºmº�ÒãȰ � ¹ãÈÏ亮� ȯ�ºÓÈ�� ÈϺ�È� Ò� mº�º¯º�È� m� Ë�ÒÓºä� mÈ}��äÓºä� ¹¯º�˰°Ë ¹Ë¯Ë�� ÓÈÓ˰ËÓÒËä� ¹º}¯©�Ò«�� zºÓ�¯ºã � º¹�Ò�˰}Ò²� °mº®°�m� °Ò°�Ëä©� D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H¹º}ÈÏÈã����º�ÓÈÒ­ºãËË�ªÁÁË}�ÒmÓº®�m�¹ãÈÓË�¹ºm©�ËÓÒ«�¹¯º°mË�ãËÓÒ«�«mã«Ë�°«�º­¯È­º�}È ¹ãÈÏ亮� ȯ�ºÓÈ���¯ºmË�ËÓ� ÈÓÈãÒÏ� °¹Ë}�¯ºm� ¹º�ãº�ËÓÒ«� °Ò°�Ëä©�D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H�� ¹º�ÏmºãÒm�Ò®� �°�ÈÓºmÒ� � ¹¯Ò°��°�mÒË� ¹ºãº°�� °ºº�mË�°�m� �Ò²� mÈãËÓ�Ó©ä� Ò� �ËÁº¯äÈ�ÒºÓ� Ó©ä�}ºãË­ÈÓÒ«ä�&±+� °m«ÏË®�� È��È}ÎË�&±&� Ò�& 2� °m«Ï«ä��ÓÈãÒ�ÒË�}º�º¯©²�Ó˺­²º�Òäº ��Ò�©mÈ� �¹¯Ò�}ºÓ°�¯�Ò¯ºmÈÓÒÒ�Ò�°ÒÓ�ËÏË�ÒÏ��ÈË䩲�º¹�Ò�˰}Ò²�¹º}¯©�Ò®�� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ 6LQJOH� FU\VWDOV� RI� &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������DUH� ZLGHO\� XVHG� DV� D� VXEVWUDWH� PDWHULDO� LQ LQIUDUHG� �,5�� SKRWRHOHFWURQLFV�� LQ� SDUWLFX� ODU�� LQ� FRROHG� EDFN�VLGH� LOOXPLQDWHG� RSWLFDO GHWHFWRUV� IRU� WKH� ��Ü��� PP� DQG� ��Ü���� PP VSHFWUDO� UDQJH� EDVHG� RQ�&G[+J�±[7H� HSLOD\�HUV� >�@�� &DGPLXP�]LQF�WHOOXULXP� LPPHUVLRQ OHQVHV� KDYH� EHHQ� DOVR� VXFFHVVIXOO\� XVHG� WR LPSURYH�WKH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�XQFRROHG�,5�SKR� WRGHWHFWRUV� >�@�� ,Q� DOO� FDVHV�� WKH� SHUIRUP� DQFH�RI�D�GHWHFWRU� LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�WKH�RS� WLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� RI� WKH� HQWLUH� PXOWLOD\HU VHPLFRQGXFWRU�VWUXFWXUH� $V�LV�NQRZQ��WKH�UHIOHFWLRQ�ORVVHV�RI�LQFL� GHQW�UDGLDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�UHGXFHG�XVLQJ�DQWLUH� IOHFWLRQ� FRDWLQJV� >�@�� )RU� VHPLFRQGXFWRU SKRWRGHWHFWRUV�� WKH� RSWLPXP� FRDWLQJ� PXVW FRPELQH� WKH� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� SURSHUWLHV� ZLWK WKH�DELOLW\�WR�SDVVLYDWH�WKH�GHWHFWRU�VXUIDFH VR� DV� WR� LQFUHDVH� WKH�VWDELOLW\��GHFUHDVH� WKH UHFRPELQDWLRQ�ORVVHV�DQG�OHDN�FXUUHQWV��HWF� :H�EHOLHYH�WKDW�D�SURPLVLQJ�WHFKQLFDO�VROX� WLRQ� LV� RIIHUHG� E\� GLDPRQG�OLNH� FDUERQ �'/&�� ILOPV�� 6XFK� ILOPV� KDYH� EHHQ� VXFFHVV� IXOO\�DSSOLHG�DV�SDVVLYDWLQJ��SURWHFWLQJ��DQG DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� FRDWLQJV� LQ� VRODU� FHOOV� EDVHG RQ�VLQJOH��DQG�SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� VLOLFRQ��EHLQJ FRPSHWLWLYH� LQ� WKLV� UHVSHFW� ZLWK� WKH� WUDGL� WLRQDO�DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ�FRDWLQJV� >�@��7KH�H[SH� GLHQF\�RI�XVLQJ�'/&�ILOPV�DV�DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ FRDWLQJV�LQ�,5�SKRWRGHWHFWRUV�LV�GHWHUPLQHG SULPDULO\� E\� WKH� DGYDQWDJHRXV� IHDWXUHV� RI WKHLU�GHSRVLWLRQ��ORZ�VXEVWUDWH�WHPSHUDWXUH� VLPSOLFLW\� DQG� ORZ� FRVW� RI� WKH� 3(�&9' �3ODVPD� (QKDQFHG� &KHPLFDO� 9DSRU� 'HSRVL� WLRQ��WHFKQRORJ\���DV�ZHOO�DV�E\�WKH�SRVVLELO� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� LW\� WR� FRQWURO� WKH� RSWLFDO� DQG� PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV�RI�WKH�ILOPV�E\�YDU\LQJ�WKH�GHSR� VLWLRQ�FRQGLWLRQV�� %HIRUH�� ZH� KDYH� VWXGLHG� WKH� DQWLUHIOHF� WLRQ�SURSHUWLHV�RI�D�&�+�1�ILOPV�REWDLQHG�E\ SODVPD�FKHPLFDO� GHSRVLWLRQ� RQ� &G�±[=Q[7H�[�a������� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� >�@�� ,W� ZDV� IRXQG WKDW�WKH�SODVPD�VWLPXODWHG�GHSRVLWLRQ�RI�WKH GLHOHFWULF�FRDWLQJ�RQ�WKH�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�VXE� VWUDWH� SURYLGHV� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� D� FRPSOH[ RSWLFDO� V\VWHP� ZLWK� WZR� WUDQVLWLRQ� OD\HUV DQG� WKH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLWWDQFH� DPRXQWLQJ ������ ,W� LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�SRLQW�RXW�WKDW�WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�&G=Q7H�VXEVWUDWH�VXUIDFH WR� GHSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� FRDWLQJ FRQVLVWV�RI�D� VHTXHQFH�RI�RSHUDWLRQV� LQFOXG� LQJ� SUHOLPLQDU\� SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� ZKLFK� LV XVHG�IRU�VXUIDFH�FOHDQLQJ��$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH� WKLV�RSHUDWLRQ�PD\�UHVXOW�LQ�YLRODWLRQ�RI�WKH VWRLFKLRPHWU\� DQG� GHJUDGDWLRQ� RI� WKH� SURS� HUWLHV� RI� D� QHDU�VXUIDFH� OD\HU� RI� WKH� VXE� VWUDWH� >�Ü��@��3K\VLFDO�GDPDJH� LV�SULPDULO\ LQGXFHG� E\� KLJK�HQHUJ\� LRQ� ERPEDUGPHQW GXULQJ�HWFKLQJ�� ,QGHHG��D�FKDQJH� LQ� WKH�UH� JLPH��SRZHU��GXUDWLRQ��RI�&G=Q7H�WUHDWPHQW LQ�DQ�R[\JHQ�SODVPD�PD\�UHVXOW�LQ�WKH�VXU� IDFH�GHJUDGDWLRQ��UDWKHU�WKDQ�WR�LWV�SDVVLYD� WLRQ��DQG�WR�D�FKDQJH�LQ�WKH�UHVLVWDQFH�RI�D QHDU�VXUIDFH�OD\HU�>�@� 7KXV�� LQ� WKLV� VWXG\�� WKH� HIIHFW� RI� WKH SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� RI� &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� SULRU� WR� SODVPD�FKHPLFDO GHSRVLWLRQ�RI�DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ�FRDWLQJ�LV�LQYHV� WLJDWHG�� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� WKH� LGHQWLILFDWLRQ� RI WUDQVLWLRQ�OD\HUV�LV�GLVFXVVHG� ���6DPSOHV�DQG�PHDVXUHPHQW WHFKQLTXH� 'XULQJ�WKH�XQLILHG�WHFKQRORJLFDO�SURFHVV� WKH� &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOVZHUH� WUHDWHG� E\�$U��+�� DQG�1�� SODVPD� DQGWKHQ� '/&� ILOPV� ZHUH� GHSRVLWHG� RQWR� VHPL� FRQGXFWRU� VXEVWUDWH�� 7KH� HIIHFWLYHQHVV� RI WKH� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� HIIHFW� RI� D� '/&� ILOP� LQ WKH�D�&�+�1�&G=Q7H� RSWLFDO� V\VWHP�ZDV� GH� WHUPLQHG�ZLWK�,5�VSHFWURVFRS\�PHWKRG�IURP WKH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� VSHFWUD� LQ� WKH� �Ü ���PP� UDQJH�� 2SWLFDO� SDUDPHWHUV� RI� WKH� D� &�+�1�&G=Q7H� ZDV� VWXGLHG� E\� HOOLSVRPHWU\ XVLQJ� D� ODVHU� �O� ������� QP�� SKRWRHOHFWULF FRPSHQVDWLRQ� ]HUR� HOOLSVRPHWHU� �/()� �0��� 5XVVLD�� 3ULRU� WR�'/&�GHSRVLWLRQ�� WKH�&G�±[=Q[7H�[�a������� VXEVWUDWHV� RI� ���� PP� WKLFNQHVV ZHUH�FXW�LQWR�����PP�u����PP��VTXDUHV�DQG ZHUH� WUHDWHG� IRU� �� PLQ� LQ� KLJK�IUHTXHQF\ ������� 0+]�� GLVFKDUJH� $U�� +�� DQG� 1�SODVPD�DW�D�SUHVVXUH�RI����3D�DQG�DW�D�GLV� FKDUJH�SRZHU�RI�:� �����:��7KHQ��WKH�'/& �D�&�+�1�� ILOPV� ZHUH� GHSRVLWHG� IRU� ��� PLQ DW� D� GLVFKDUJH� SRZHU� RI�:� �����:�� 7KH GLVFKDUJH� ZDV� LQLWLDWHG� LQ� DQ� $U�&+��+��1�����������JDV�PL[WXUH�DW�D�WRWDO�SUHVVXUH�RI ���� 3D�� 7KH� FRQWURO� 6L� SODWH� ZDV� WUHDWHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\� ���5HVXOWV ,Q�)LJ�����WKH�RSWLFDO�PLFURJUDSKV�RI�WKH &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� VDPSOHV� VXUIDFH� H[�SRVHG� WR� WKH� SODVPD� DFWLRQ� XVLQJ� YDULRXV JDVHV� DUH� VKRZQ�� 7KH�$U� SODVPD� FOHDUO\� LQ� GXFHG� D� PD[LPDO� VXUIDFH� PRGLILFDWLRQ� DV ZHOO� DV� FDXVHG� DURXQG� ���� QP� WKLFN� GDP� DJHG� OD\HUV� LQ� FRPSDULVRQ� WR� WKRVH� RI� D GDPDJHG�DUHD�WKLFNQHVV�RI�DURXQG����QP�RU OHVV�E\�1��DQG�+��SODVPDV��VHH�7DEOH���)XU�WKHUPRUH�� D� FULWLFDO� HIIHFW� RI� SODVPD�LQ� GXFHG� GDPDJH� LV� WKH� FKDQJH� LQ� WKH� RSWLFDO )LJ�����2SWLFDO�PLFURJUDSKV�RI�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI�&G�±[=Q[7H��[�a�������VXEVWUDWHV�H[SRVHG�WR�WKH�SODVPD XVLQJ�YDULRXV�JDVHV��+���D���1���E���$U��F���2SWLFDO�ILHOG������u������PP� 7DEOH�� 2SWLFDO� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI� WKH &G�±[=Q[7H� VXEVWUDWH� H[SRVHG� WR� WKH SODVPD�DFWLRQ�XVLQJ�YDULRXV�JDVHV��N�LV�DQ H[WLQFWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW�� Q� LV� D� UHIUDFWLYH LQGH[�DQG�G�LV�D�GDPDJHG�DUHD�WKLFNQHVV N Q G��QP ,QLWLDO�VXUIDFH ��� ���� Ü 3URFHVVHG�E\�1� ���� ���� ���� 3URFHVVHG�E\�$U ���� ��� ��� 3URFHVVHG�E\�+� ���� ��� �� $�%�6PLUQRY���3ODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� VXEVWUDWH� 7KH�GLVWXUEHG�OD\HU�IRUPHG�GXH�WR�QLWURJHQ SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� KDV� RSWLFDO� SDUDPHWHUV WKDW� DUH� PRVW� FORVH� WR� WKH� SDUDPHWHUV� RI FDGPLXP� WHOOXULGH� �Q� ������� N� ������ IRU O� ������� QP� >��@��� $W� WKH� VDPH� WLPH� WUHDWPHQW�ZLWK� DUJRQ� RU�K\GURJHQ� VXEVWDQ� WLDOO\�� E\� DQ� RUGHU� RI�PDJQLWXGH�� GHFUHDVHV WKH�H[WLQFWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW��IURP�����WR������ LQ� WKH� GLVWXUEHG� OD\HU� RI� VDPSOHV� XQGHU VWXG\� DQG� LQFUHDVHV� WKH� UHIUDFWLYH� LQGH[ �IURP������WR�������,W�LV�DOVR�ZRUWK�QRWLQJ�WKDW WKHVH�FRHIILFLHQWV��DV�WR�WKHLU�YDOXH��DUH�FORVH WR�WKH�RSWLFDO�FRHIILFLHQWV�RI�RQH�RI�WKH�OD\HU �Q� �����Ü������ N� ������ IRU� O� �������QP >�@���ZKLFK�LV�IRUPHG�LQ�WKH�FRXUVH�RI�DSSOL� FDWLRQ� RI� D�&�+�1� GLHOHFWULF� FRDWLQJ� RQWR &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� VXE�VWUDWH�� 7KXV�� ZH� PD\� DVVXPH� WKDW� WKH� QD� WXUH�RI�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�OD\HU�LV�FRQQHFWHG H[DFWO\� ZLWK� LRQ�SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� SULRU� WR DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� WKH� '/&� FRDWLQJ� RQWR� VHPL� FRQGXFWRU�VXEVWUDWH�� 7KH�DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ�HIIHFW�RI�D�'/&�ILOP�LQ WKH� D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� RSWLFDOV\VWHP�SUHWUHDWHG�E\�$U��1�� DQG�+�� SODVPDZDV� GHWHUPLQHG� IURP� WKH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLV� VLRQ� VSHFWUD�DV� LOOXVWUDWHG� LQ�)LJ����� ,W�ZDV REWDLQHG�D�FRPSOH[�RSWLFDO�V\VWHP�ZLWK�WZR WUDQVLWLRQ�OD\HUV��7KH�WUDQVPLWWDQFH�RI�DQ�XQ� FRDWHG�&G=Q7H�FU\VWDO�LV�RQ�WKH�DYHUDJH�DERXW 7�a�������7KH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�DQ�D�&�+�1�ILOP ZLWK�D�WKLFNQHVV�RI�G�a�����PP�LQFUHDVHV�WKH WUDQVPLWWDQFH�RQ�WKH�DYHUDJH�XS�WR�DERXW�7 a������� 7KH� VSHFWUDO� LQWHUYDO� RI�PD[LPXP FODULILFDWLRQ�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�D�QHDU�,5�UDQJH ��Ü��PP�� WKDW� FRLQFLGHV� ZLWK� WKH� WUDQVSDU� HQF\�ZLQGRZ�RI� WKH�DWPRVSKHUH��7KH� WUDQV� PLWWDQFH� UHDFKHV�7�a������DQG� RVFLOODWLRQV LQ� WKH� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� VSHFWUD� LV� REVHUYHG� IRU WKH� D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� RSWLFDOV\VWHP�SUHWUHDWHG�ZLWK�$U�SODVPD��,W�VKRXOG EH� QRWHG� WKDW�� DIWHU� WKH� WUHDWPHQW� RI� VXE� VWUDWH�ZLWK�DUJRQ�SODVPD��WKH�RVFLOODWLRQV�RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ� DUH� REVHUYHG� LQ� WKH� UHJLRQ� RI PD[LPDO� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� RI� D�&�+�1�&G=Q7H V\VWHP��VHH�LQVHW�RI�WKH�)LJ������ 7KXV��WKH�GHSRVLWLRQ�RI�D�D�&�+�1�GLHOHF� WULF� ILOP� RQWR� D� &G�±[=Q[7H� VHPLFRQGXFWRUVXEVWUDWH��[�a�������UHVXOWV�LQ�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ RI� D� PXOWLOD\HU� V\VWHP� ZLWK� WKH� RSWLFDO SURSHUWLHV� GLIIHUHQW� IURP� WKRVH� RI� WKH� LQ� LWLDO�VXEVWUDWH��$W�WKDW��WKH�OD\HU�QHDUHVW�WR WKH�VXEVWUDWH�LV�IRUPHG�DV�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI WKH� SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� RI� WKH� VHPLFRQGXFWRU VXUIDFH�� $V� WR� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ�� WUHDWPHQW ZLWK�DUJRQ�SODVPD�LV�WKH�PRVW�HIILFLHQW�� +RZHYHU�� LW� LV�ZRUWK�QRWLQJ� WKDW�� LQ�WKH FDVH� RI� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� D�&�+�1� GLHOHFWULF ILOPV� DV� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� FRDWLQJV� IRU� WKH� LQ� IUDUHG�UHJLRQ��RQH�VKRXOG�WDNH� LQWR�DFFRXQW WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� DEVRUSWLRQ� EDQGV� FKDUDF� WHULVWLF� RI� WKHLU� YLEUDWLRQ� VSHFWUD�� $V� LV VHHQ�LQ�)LJ�����WKH�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�VSHFWUD�RI D�&�+�1�&G=Q7H� VWUXFWXUH� FRQWDLQ� UHJLRQV RI�DEVRUSWLRQ��FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�GHIRUPDWLRQ DQG� VWUHWFKLQJ� YLEUDWLRQV� RI�&±+� ERQGV�� $ GHWDLOHG� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� LQIUDUHG� DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP� RI� WKH� V\QWKHVL]HG� VWUXFWXUH� KDV VKRZQ� DOVR� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI�&±&��& 2� DQG 2+�ERQGV� 6SHFWUD� RI� LQIUDUHG� DEVRUSWLRQ� RI� D� &�+�1�&G=Q7H� VWUXFWXUH� ZHUH� UHFDOFXODWHG IURP�WKH�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�VSHFWUD�RI�WKH�VDPSOH ZLWK� UHJDUG� IRU� WKH� WKLFNQHVV� RI� FRDWLQJ EHLQJ� REWDLQHG�� WKH� UHIOHFWLRQ� DQG� WKH� DQ� WLUHIOHFWLRQ� HIIHFW�� 7KH� IUDFWLRQ� RI� LQFLGHQW OLJKW� UHIOHFWHG� IURP� WKH� &G=Q7H�DLU� LQWHU� IDFH�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�XVLQJ�WKH�IRUPXOD�>�@� 5� �§¨ © Q����Q� Q����Q� · ¸ ¹ � � ��� ZKLFK� \LHOGHG� 5��|���Ü��� �� IRU� WKH ��Ü����PP� VSHFWUDO� UDQJH�� +HUH� Q�� ����Ü�����LV�WKH�UHIUDFWLYH�LQGH[�RI�VXEVWUDWH�PD� WHULDO��Q�� ���LV�WKH�UHIUDFWLYH�LQGH[�RI�DLU�)RU�WKH�&G=Q7H�D�&�+�1�DLU�V\VWHP��WKH�UH� IOHFWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�DV�IRO� ORZV�>�@���� 5� �§¨ © Q�Q����Q�� Q�Q����Q�� · ¸ ¹ � � ��� )LJ����� 2SWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� D� &�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� VWUXFWXUHV� SUH�WUHDWHG�E\�$U��1��DQG�+��SODVPD��,QVHUW��7KHRVFLOODWLRQV� RI� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� REVHUYHG� IRU� WKH D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� RSWLFDO� V\VWHPSUHWUHDWHG�E\�$U�SODVPD� $�%�6PLUQRY���3ODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� 7KH�5�YDOXH�JLYHQ�E\�WKLV�IRUPXOD�LV�OHVV WKDQ� ���� IRU� Q�� �����Ü���� DQG� LQFUHDVHVWR�����IRU�Q�� ������,Q� )LJ���D�� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� SHDNV� LQ� WKH UDQJH� RI� ����Ü����� FPÜ�� IRU�&±+� VWUHWFK� LQJ� YLEUDWLRQV� DUH� VKRZQ�� )LJ���E� GLVSOD\V WKH�DEVRUSWLRQ�SHDNV� LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI�����Ü �����FPÜ�� IRU�&±+� GHIRUPDWLRQ�YLEUDWLRQV� 7KH� EURDG� DEVRUSWLRQ� SHDN� DW� ����� FPÜ� �)LJ���D�� ZDV� 2±+� YLEUDWLRQDO� PRGH�� 7KH SHDN� SRVLWLRQV� ZHUH� REWDLQHG� IURP� WKH� FRU� UHVSRQGLQJ�/RUHQW]�FXUYHV� ILWWHG� WR� WKH�H[� SHULPHQWDO�RQHV�>��@� &RQVLGHULQJ�WKH�VSHFWUXP��RQH�FDQ�REWDLQ WKDW� WKH�'/&� ILOP�ZDV�PRVWO\� FRPSRVHG� RI VS��K\EULGL]HG�ERQGLQJ�DQG�KDV�KLJK�ERQGHG K\GURJHQ� FRQWHQW�� 7KH� EDQG� RI� WKH� &±+ VWUHWFKLQJ�YLEUDWLRQV�LQFOXGHV�VS��&+��V\P�PHWULFDO� DEVRUSWLRQ� DW� ����� FPÜ��� VS�� &+ DEVRUSWLRQ� DW� ����� FPÜ��� WKH� DV\PPHWULFDO VS��&+��DEVRUSWLRQ�DW������FPÜ��DV�ZHOO�DV WKH� DV\PPHWULFDO� VS�� &+�� DEVRUSWLRQ� DW�����FPÜ��� $� JUHDW� RFFXUUHQFH� RI� WKH�&+�UDGLFDO� LQ�GHSRVLWHG� ILOP� LV� HYLGHQFH� RI� WKH PHWK\O� PHFKDQLVP� RI� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH RQH�� 0HWK\O� UDGLFDOV� LQFOXGHG� LQ� WKH� ILOP IRUPDWLRQ�DUH�SURGXFHG�DV�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI GLVVRFLDWLRQ� RI� PHWKDQH� PROHFXOHV� E\� HOHF� WURQ� LPSDFW�� 7KH� SUHVHQFH� RI� &+�� DQG� &+ JURXSV� LQ� WKH� ILOP� LV� SURGXFHG� E\� WKH� UH� PRYDO�RI�WKH�ERQGHG�K\GURJHQ�IURP�WKH�ILOP VXUIDFH��&+�l&+����+��&+�l&+� ��&+� ��+l&+� ���+��� &+� ���+l� &+ ���+�� � � ÛUDGLFDOV�LQFRUSRUDWHG�LQ�WKH�ILOP��� ,W� LV� HVWDEOLVKHG� WKDW� WKH� RSWLFDO� FKDUDF� WHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�D�&�+�1�ILOPV�DUH�VWDEOH�ZLWK UHVSHFW� WR� WKHUPDO� F\FOLQJ� DQG� XOWUDVRQLF WUHDWPHQW�>�@��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�>��@��WKH�FDYLWD� WLRQ� FKDUJLQJ� LQ� FU\RJHQLF� OLTXLG� ZDV� XVHG IRU�WHVWLQJ�WKH�PHFKDQLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�GLD� PRQG�OLNH�FDUERQ�ILOP��,W�ZDV�REWDLQHG�WKDW DW� OHDVW� WKH� ILUVW� ��Ü���PLQ� RI� WKH� FDYLWD� WLRQ�FKDUJLQJ��'/&�ILOP�H[KLELWHG�QHJOLJLEOH VXUIDFH� GDPDJH�� $IWHU� DERXW� ��� PLQ� RI WUHDWPHQW�� GLDPRQG� ILOP� VKRZ� VLJQLILFDQW VXUIDFH�VZHOOLQJ�DQG�EUHDNLQJ�RI�WKH�FRDWLQJ FRQWLQXLW\�� )LJ���D�� E�� F� VKRZ� WKH� RSWLFDO PLFURJUDSKV� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV� LUUDGLDWHG� GXU� LQJ� YDU\LQJ� WLPH�� ,W� LV� QHFHVVDU\� WR� SRLQW RXW� WKH� ORFDO� YDULDWLRQ� RI� WKH� ILOP� FRORU� LQ WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� UHJLRQ��ZKLFK�FDQ�SRLQW�RXW FKDQJHV�LQ�LWV�WKLFNQHVV� ���&RQFOXVLRQ 7KXV�� WKH� GHSRVLWLRQ� RI� D� GLHOHFWULF� ILOP D�&�+�1� RQWR� D� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� VXEVWUDWH &G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� FDXVHV� WKH� IRUPDWLRQRI�D�PXOWLOD\HU�V\VWHP�ZLWK�WKH� OD\HU�QHDU� )LJ�����6SHFWUD�RI�LQIUDUHG�DEVRUSWLRQ�RI�D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H��[�a�������VWUXFWXUH� )LJ�����2SWLFDO�PLFURJUDSKV�RI�D�&�+�1�VDPSOH�H[SRVHG�WR�WKH�DFRXVWLF�FDYLWDWLRQ�LQ�OLTXLG�QLWURJHQ GXULQJ���D��DQG��E��Û����PLQ���F��Û����PLQ��2SWLFDO�ILHOG������u������PP� $�%�6PLUQRY���3ODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� HVW� WR� WKH� VXEVWUDWH� LV� IRUPHG� GXH� WR� WKH SODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI�WKH�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�VXU� IDFH��$W�WKDW��WKH�$U�SODVPD�FOHDUO\�LQGXFHG D�PD[LPDO�VXUIDFH�PRGLILFDWLRQ�DQG�D�PD[L� PDO� DQWLUHIOHFWLRQ� HIIHFW� IRU� WKH D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a������� RSWLFDO� V\V�WHP� SUHWUHDWHG� E\�$U� SODVPD� LV� DWWDLQHG� LQ FRPSDULVRQ�ZLWK�WKRVH�ZLWK�1��DQG�+��SODV�PDV�� 7KH� VSHFWUDO� LQWHUYDO� RI� PD[LPXP FODULILFDWLRQ� �ZKHUH� WKH� WUDQVPLWWDQFH UHDFKHV�7�a�������FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�D�QHDU�,5 UDQJH� ��y��PP�� WKDW� FRLQFLGHV� ZLWK� WKH WUDQVSDUHQF\�ZLQGRZ�RI�WKH�DWPRVSKHUH� &RQVLGHULQJ� WKH� D�&�+�1� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHF� WUD�� RQH� FDQ� REWDLQ� WKDW� WKH� '/&� ILOP� ZDV PRVWO\�FRPSRVHG�RI�VS��K\EULGL]HG�ERQGLQJ�RI WKH�FDUERQ��:H�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW��GXH� WR� WKH SUHVHQFH�RI�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQGV�LQ�WKH�YLEUDWLRQ VSHFWUD� RI�D�&�+�1�� WKHUH� DULVH� ORVVHV��ZKLFK KDYH� WR� EH� WDNHQ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� LQ� GHVLJQLQJ DQG� V\QWKHVL]LQJ� RSWLFDO� FRDWLQJV� IRU� GHWHF� WRUV�RI�WKH�LQIUDUHG�UHJLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFWUXP�� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���$�5RJDOVNL�� ,QIUDUHG� 3KRWRQ� 'HWHFWRUV��:$� 63,(� 2SWLFDO� (QJLQHHULQJ� 3UHVV�� %HOOLQJKDP ������� � ���-�3LRWURZVNL��$�5RJDOVNL��,QIUDUHG�3K\V��7HFKQ�� ��������������� � ���9�$�.LHVHO��5HIOHFWLRQ�RI�/LJKW��1DXND��0RVFRZ� �������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�� � ���1�,�.O\XL�� 9�*�/LWRYFKHQNR�� $�*�5R]KLQ� HW DO���6RODU�(QHUJ\�0DWHU��6RODU�&HOOV��������� �������� � ���)�)�6L]RY�� 1�,�.O\XL�� $�1�/XN�\DQRY� HW� DO�� 7HFKQ��3K\V��/HWW������������������ � ���0�-�0HVFKHU��-��(OHFWURQ�0DWHU������������������ � ����.�'�0\QEDHY��9�,�,YDQRY�2PVNLL��6HPLFRQGXF� WRUV������������������ � ���$�9�'YXUHFKHQVN\�� 9�*�5HPHVQLN�� ,�$�5\D]DQW� VHY��1�&�7DOLSRY��)L]��7HFKQ��3ROXSURY������� ��� �������� � ���'�%KDWWDFKDU\\D�� 6�&KDXGKXULD�� $�.�3DO� 9DFXXP������������������ ����6XN�+R� +RQJ�� -RUJ� :LQWHU�� LQ�� ��UG� &RQI� 3ODVPD�3K\V���(&$��5RPH�������� ����ZZZ�ILOPHWULFV�FRP ����6�3�%XJDHY�� $�'�.RURWDHY�� .�9�2VNRPRY� 1�6�6RFKXJRY��7HFKQ��3K\VLFV����������������� ����5�.�6DYNLQD��$�%�6PLUQRY��-��3K\V�'��$SSO��3K\V�� ������������������ ,ºÓÓº�¹ãÈÏäºmÈ�º­¯º­}È�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm&G�±[=Q[7H��[�a������ |�r�väL¯Óºm� {Òm�ËÓº�¯ºã � LºÓÓº�¹ãÈÏäºmº��º­¯º­}Ò�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm�&G�±[=Q[7H� �[�a�������¹¯Ò�ÓÈ�Ó˰ËÓÓL�¹¯º°mL�ã �º�º�¹º}¯Ò��«�Û�ÈãäÈϺ¹º�L­Óº��m��ãË�Ëmº��¹ãLm}Ò�D�&�+�1��|­¯º­}È ¹¯ºmº�ÒãȰ«���¹ãÈÏäL�ȯ�ºÓ���ÈϺ����È�mº�Ó �m�¼�ÒÓºä��mÈ}��äÓºä��¹¯º�˰L�¹Ë¯Ë��ÓÈÓË� °ËÓÓ«ä�¹º}¯Ò��«��zºÓ�¯ºã � º¹�Ò�ÓÒ²� mãȰ�Òmº°�Ë®� °Ò°�ËäÒ�D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H� ¹º}ÈÏÈm��º� ÓÈ®­Lã �� ËÁË}�ÒmÓº � �ã«� Ï­Lã �ËÓÓ«� ¹¯º¹�°}ÈÓÓ«� ¼� º­¯º­}È� ¹ãÈÏäº � ȯ�ºÓ�� �¯ºmË�ËÓÒ®�ÈÓÈãLÏ�°¹Ë}�¯Lm�¹º�ãÒÓÈÓÓ«�°Ò°�ËäÒ�D�&�+�1�&G�±[=Q[7H��ºÏmºãÒm�m°�ÈÓºmÒ��Ò� ¹¯Ò°��ÓL°� � °ä���� �º� mL�¹ºmL�È � � mÈãËÓ�ÓÒä� L� �ËÁº¯äÈ�L®ÓÒä� }ºãÒmÈÓÓ«ä� &±+ Ïm�«Ï}Lm�� È� �È}ºÎ� &±&� �È� & 2� Ïm�«Ï}Èä�� ÓÈ«mÓL°� � «}Ò²� Ó˺­²L�Óº� m¯È²ºm�mÈ�Ò� ¹¯Ò }ºÓ°�¯� mÈÓÓL��È�°ÒÓ�ËÏL�º¹�Ò�ÓÒ²�¹º}¯Ò��Lm���º��º°ã��Î�mÈãÒ°«�� $�%�6PLUQRY���3ODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������