Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength
The evolution of silica optical fibers strength aged in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
 solution (CTAC) are investigated. The mechanical behaviour of silica coated and naked
 fibers in contact with CTAC solution at different concentrations is studied. Result analysis
 proves...
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Фізико-механічний інститут ім. Г.В. Карпенка НАН України
2013
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| Cite this: | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength / R. El Abdi, A.D. Rujinski, R.M. Boumbimba, M. Poulain // Фізико-хімічна механіка матеріалів. — 2013. — Т. 49, № 2. — С. 35-42. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860010712642879488 |
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| author | El Abdi, R. Rujinski, A.D. Boumbimba, R.M. Poulain, M. |
| author_facet | El Abdi, R. Rujinski, A.D. Boumbimba, R.M. Poulain, M. |
| citation_txt | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength / R. El Abdi, A.D. Rujinski, R.M. Boumbimba, M. Poulain // Фізико-хімічна механіка матеріалів. — 2013. — Т. 49, № 2. — С. 35-42. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Фізико-хімічна механіка матеріалів |
| description | The evolution of silica optical fibers strength aged in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
solution (CTAC) are investigated. The mechanical behaviour of silica coated and naked
fibers in contact with CTAC solution at different concentrations is studied. Result analysis
proves that the immersion in CTAC drastically decreases the fiber strength and specially
near the critical micelle concentration point (CMC). Beyond CMC point, a small increase
of fiber strength is analyzed and commented. Based on analysis of aged fiber surface
morphology obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy, the damage extent on fiber
core and polymer coatings is observed.
Досліджено еволюцію міцності оптичного кварцового волокна під час
старіння у розчині хлористого цетилтриметиламонію (ХЦТА) та механічні властивості
волокон з кварцовим покривом і без нього, що контактують з розчином ХЦТА за різних
концентрацій. Результати аналізу підтвердили, що занурення трубок у ХЦТА значно погіршують міцність волокна, особливо біля точки критичної концентрації міцел (ККМ).
Виявили незначне зростання міцності волокна поза точкою ККМ. На основі аналізу сканівною електронною мікроскопією морфології поверхні зістарених волокон виявлено пошкодження ядра волокна та полімерного покриву.
Исследовано эволюцию прочности оптического кварцевого волокна во
время старения в растворе хлористого цетилтриметиламония (ХЦТА) и механические
свойства волокон с кварцевым покрытием и без него, что контактируют с раствором
ХЦТА при разных концентрациях. Результаты анализа подтвердили, что погружения трубок в ХЦТА значительно ухудшают прочность волокна, особенно около точки критической концентрации мицел (ККМ). Обнаружили незначительный рост прочности волокна
вне точки ККМ. На основе анализа сканирующей электронной микроскопией морфологии
поверхности состаренных волокон выявлены повреждение ядра волокна и полимерного
покрытия.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:41:41Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
35
Ô³çèêî-õ³ì³÷íà ìåõàí³êà ìàòåð³àë³â. – 2013. – ¹ 2. – Physicochemical Mechanics of Materials
CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE INFLUENCE
ON SILICA OPTICAL FIBER STRENGTH
R. EL ABDI 1, A. D. RUJINSKI 2, R. M. BOUMBIMBA 1, M. POULAIN 1
1 University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France;
2 Universita Politechnica of Bucarest, Romania
The evolution of silica optical fibers strength aged in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
solution (CTAC) are investigated. The mechanical behaviour of silica coated and naked
fibers in contact with CTAC solution at different concentrations is studied. Result analysis
proves that the immersion in CTAC drastically decreases the fiber strength and specially
near the critical micelle concentration point (CMC). Beyond CMC point, a small increase
of fiber strength is analyzed and commented. Based on analysis of aged fiber surface
morphology obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy, the damage extent on fiber
core and polymer coatings is observed.
Keywords: optical fiber, critical micellar concentration point, cetyltrimethylammonium
chloride solution surfactant, fiber strength, Weibull distribution.
Surfactants are used as detergents, dispersants or pharmaceutical adjuvants and
industry uses enormously the chemical activity of surfactant for example for lubricants
of machinery. This relies on the fact that a solution containing surfactants presents high
changes at critical micelle concentration (CMC). These changes affect the physical and
chemical solution properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, and deter-
gent activity [1, 2]. At the CMC point, the water surface tension is reduced by the sur-
factant which adsorbs the liquid-gas interface. Above this point, stable aggregates are
spontaneously formed.
On the other hand, for example and for cleaning industries, it is economically
important to find the CMC point because the detergent activity does not effectively
change after this point.
To find the CMC point, different techniques are used such as fluorimetry, aniso-
tropy probe, spectrophotometry [3], ion-selective electrode, light scattering, conducto-
metry, fluorescence anisotropy probe, and polarography.
Based on the measurement of evanescence wave adsorption [4, 6], the optical
fiber sensors are used more and more. The fast implantation of optical fiber probes
which are adapted for in situ measurements leads to an increasing interest and does not
need reference electrode or several samples [4]. But near the CMC point, surfactants
adsorb at solid/water interfaces (particularly at the surface of hydrophilic oxide of silica
fiber) and lead to a significant decrease of the mechanical fiber structure as the fiber
strength and the polymer coating can be seriously damaged.
Using dynamic tensile test and Weibull’s statistic, the evolution of mechanical
fiber properties (as fiber strength and fiber damage) versus the surfactant concentration
is analyzed. Fibers are aged during 7 days in cationic CTAC surfactant at 25°C and
their behaviour is particularly analyzed near the CMC point.
Experimental. Surfactant used. Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution
(CAS number 112-02-07) is a cationic surfactant used as an antiseptic very toxic espe-
cially against aquatic bacteria but can also used as a phase-transfer catalyst under con-
Corresponding author: R. EL ABDI, e-mail: relabdi@ univ-rennes1.fr
36
ditions which avoid emulsions. The adsorption of this surfactant on solid / liquid inter-
faces is important in different processes. The analysis of this adsorption helps to under-
stand the biological phenomena, the detergency effects and the control of the pollution.
CTAC was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (France) (25 wt. % in H2O). Table gives
CTAC properties and detailed formula. Fig. 1 shows the toxicity of CTAC against
aquatic bacteria. Even for a lower concentration (0.5 mmol/l), all bacteria were destruc-
ted (Fig. 1b) after an aging of an optical fiber in CTAC solution during 7 days.
Physical and chemical CTAC solution properties
Product Formula Molecular
weight, g/mol
pH at 20°C
(C = 20 g /l)
CMC at 25°C,
mm/l
Boiling point,
°C
ρ,
g/cm3
CTAC C19H42ClN 320 6...7 1.3 100 0.968
Fig. 1. Optical fiber immersed
in distilled water (a) (1 – aquatic
bacteria; 2 – coating) and optical
fiber aged in CTAC solution
(0.5 mmol/L) during 7 days (b)
bacteria extermination.
Fiber used. The used multimode fiber
has two acrylate coatings (primary and outer
coatings). This fiber has a numerical aperture
of 0.2 (NA value). A soft, primary coating
has a low module of elasticity, adheres
closely to the glass fiber and forms a stable
interface. It protects the fragile glass fiber
against microbending and attenuation. The
outer coating protects the primary coating
against mechanical damage and acts as a
barrier to lateral forces. It has a high glass
temperature and Young’s modulus. It has a
good chemical resistance and serves as a
barrier against moisture.
The fiber core is made of silica and is
hydrophilic. If the acrylate polymer coating
protects the fiber from mechanical and chemical damages, stress and water cause mic-
roscopic flaws in the glass to propagate resulting in fiber failure. Fig. 2 gives the
morphology of a broken optical fiber.
Fibers with and without coatings are
analyzed. The coating was removed on 30
mm length (the overall length of tested
fiber being equal to 200 mm) using an air
blower at high temperature.
The naked fibers are very delicate to
be tested and cannot be in the contact with
impurities such as the dust particles or the
manipulator hands. Therefore, only a part
of coated fiber was stripped (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. Morphology of broken silica
optical fiber. I – glass fiber;
II – two polymer coatings.
Fig. 3. Naked fibers.
I – silica glass; II – coating.
37
When the naked fibers are removed from the solution surfactant, they are dried under a
drying oven where the air has been filtered to protect the fibers from the environment
impurities. As soon as the fibers have been removed from the drying oven, the
manipulator (with rubber gloves) performs very fast the tensile tests.
Test bench used. The dynamic tensile test consists of subjecting fibers to a defor-
mation under a constant velocity until rupture. The fiber is rolled three times around
two pulleys (Fig. 4); the lower pulley is fixed and the upper pulley is movable with dif-
ferent velocities (20; 50; 200 and 500 mm/min). These strain rates, expressed as a per-
centage of the initial sample length (200 mm), correspond to 1.67⋅10–3 s–1; 4.17⋅10–3 s–1;
1.67⋅10–2 s–1; 4.17⋅10–2 s–1.
Fig. 4. Dynamic tensile set-up. I – fixed pulley;
II – optical fiber; III – movable pulley; IV – sensor load.
Tensile testing was performed in a controlled en-
vironment with 46...52% relative humidity with a ma-
ximum of 5% humidity variation for each series of the
tensile tests.
During the test, the deformation and the tensile
load are measured using a dynamometric cell while the
fiber deformation is deduced from the displacement
between the fixed lower pulley and the mobile higher
pulley (Fig. 4).
The testing procedure uses 20 samples for each
surfactant concentration and for each velocity.
Before the dynamic tensile tests, fibers are plunged in a container with a distilled
water-surfactant solution and aged at different surfactant concentrations. This container
itself is deposited in water at 25°C. An adiabatic enclosure maintains a constant tempe-
rature during the ageing duration of 7 days (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Fiber aging in CTAC solution. I – hot water (25°C); II – optical fibers;
III – CTAC solution; IV – adiabatic enclosure maintained at constant temperature.
Weibull theory. Optical fiber strength reliability which is analyzed before various
engineering applications is commonly characterized by Weibull strength distribution.
Weibull distribution [6] function F based on simple fitting of experimental data obtained
from a uniaxial homogeneous tensile stress state of an amplitude σ is given by:
0 0
( , ) 1 exp
m
VF V
V
⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞σ⎢ ⎥σ = − − ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥σ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦
, (1)
where σ0 is the characteristic strength and represents the stress for which the cumulated
rupture probability of the fiber F is equal to 50%, V is the sample volume, V0 is a
38
chosen normalising volume (with a normalising length 0), m is the size parameter
which characterizes the defect size dispersion and measures the scatter of strength data.
From Eq. (1), one can obtained:
0
0
1[ln ln ] ln ln
1
Vm
V F
⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞σ − σ = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥−⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦
. (2)
For a uniaxial homogeneous tensile stress state, by replacing V0/V by 1/ ( is the
specimen length), one can obtain the statistical Weibull relationship between the
probability F of fiber rupture and the applied stress σ:
[ ]0
1 1ln ln ln ln
1
m
F
⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫⎛ ⎞ = σ − σ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠⎩ ⎭⎣ ⎦
. (3)
Results and discussion. For coated and naked aged fibers, Weibull plots for four
different strain rates are given in Fig. 6. The failure stress increases with velocity
values. For each velocity, one can deduce the average failure stress σ. For example, for
a strain rate V equal to 200 mm/min, the average failure stress σ for coated fibers is
equal to 5.024 GPa (ln σ = 1.61, see Fig. 6a). For each velocity, this average stress for
naked fibers is lower than the one of coated fibers. One might notice that the surfactant
damage leads to different microcrak kinds for naked fibers: different slope curves are
obtained (Fig. 6b), but the protective function of the polymer coating leads to one slope
curve (a linear regression for each velocity can be obtained (Fig. 6a)).
Fig. 6. Weibull plots for different tensile velocities (in mm/min) for aging at CMC
concentration during 7 days: a – aged coated fibers; b – aged naked fibers.
– 20; – 50; – 200; – 500 mm/min.
Fig. 7. Mean failure stress change versus
CTAC concentration for coated fibers:
– 500 mm/min; – 200; – 50;
– 20 mm/min.
Fig. 7 gives the changes of the ave-
rage failure stress for aging duration of
7 days in CTAC solution at various con-
centrations and for different velocities.
As in Weibull plots, the mean failure
stress decreases when the velocity decreases. According to surfactant concentration, the
failure stress decreases until reaching a minimum value at CMC critical concentration
(1.3 mmol/l). Beyond the CMC point, a small failure stress increase is observed. The
stress decrease is due to the combined effects of water and surfactant.
39
Water effect. The silica fiber strength degradation in distilled water is controlled
by increasing the surface roughness due to the dissolution of silica on the surface of the
fiber by water corrosion [7, 8]. Flaws in glass optical fibers subjected to stress in the
presence of moisture grow in a critical way prior to failure. That is due to the combina-
tion of stresses at the crack tip and the effect of reactive species, especially water, in
the environment.
When a water polar species ruptures the silicon-oxygen bond, dissolution occurs
controlled by the following equation:
2 2SiO + H O Si O H H O Si→ − − − − . (4)
Silicon-oxygen bonds are slowly broken progressively advancing the crack and
the fiber is weakened.
If one can segregate the water effect from the silica surface, the fiber strength
cannot present a notable decrease (perhaps a minor decrease can be observed and will
be due to the residual moisture inserted between the silica surface and the polymer
during the coating application). The fiber strength change after aging depends thus on
the permeability of the used coatings, only hermetic coatings are considered to be
capable of completely preventing water from reaching the glass surface [9] and the
used acrylate coating shows a small permeability to water diffusion.
Adsorption effect. Surfactant molecules
comprise heads and tails. Heads are hydrophilic
components and tails are hydrophobic compo-
nents (Fig. 8). These molecules have a compo-
nent which is water insoluble and another com-
ponent which is water soluble and thus can
diffuse in water and adsorb at the interface
between water and air. For cationic surfactants
as CTAC solutions, the hydrophilic part is posi-
tively charged and releases a positive charge
(cation) in aqueous solution (Fig. 8).
At 25°C, the hydrophilic groups of the
CTAC molecules dissolve in water before the
adsorption onto the silica surface which com-
prises hydrophilic hydroxide groups OH (Eq. (4))
and onto the hydrophilic polymer coating. When
the concentration is below the CMC point,
surfactant molecules are scattered in the solution, a small adsorption is initiated onto
the optical fiber and the molecule hydrophobic parts are attracted onto the surface of
the interface between the air and the surfactant solution [10]. At the CMC, all the sur-
faces of optical fiber are covered with the monolayers of surfactant molecules. Beyond
the CMC point, several surfactant molecules, after adsorption onto fiber surfaces, wrap
the fiber surface with lasting layers of surfactant aggregates, leading to an increase in
fiber thickness, preventing or slowing down the water effect and causing a weak in-
crease of the fiber strength (Fig. 7).
The same behaviour is observed for naked fibers but the harmful effect of distilled
water and the surfactant leads to severe fiber damage and to a stress decrease higher
than for the coated fibers (without coating, fibers are not protected against water and
surfactant solution effects). The minimum failure stress value is obtained when the
surfactant concentration reaches the CMC point and a small increase is observed
beyond CMC concentration (Fig. 9).
Fig. 8. Micelle of cationic surfactant
in aqueous solution. I – aqueous
solution; II – hydrophobic part;
III – hydrophilic part.
40
Fig. 9. Mean failure stress change versus
CTAC concentration for naked fibers
for different velocities:
– 500 mm/min;
– 200; – 50;
– 20 mm/min.
SEM observations. As the fiber surface has determined fracture to a large extent,
the external coating appears critical. This coating is polymeric in most cases, and mo-
dern optical fibers are coated by two different layers, a soft coating at the glass surface
and a hard coating at the external surface (Fig. 2). The coating fills the surface flaws
gluing in some way the two sides of the micro cracks and finally, it reduces water and
surfactant activities at the glass surface. A non-aged broken fiber is shown in Fig. 10a
and a brittle fracture of the fiber core and coating is observed.
For the coated and aged fibers in a low surfactant concentration (0.5 mmol/l)
(Fig. 10b), the crack propagation is not perpendicular to the fiber axis but the micro-
crack is propagated with an angle of 45° and this indicates a pronounced brittle fracture
of the fiber core, but the polymer resistance remains efficient.
Fig. 10. Fracture morphology of coated fibers (tensile test velocity of 200 mm/min):
a – non-aged fibers; b – aged fibers during 7 days in surfactant concentration of 0.5 mmol/l:
c – aged fibers during 7 days in surfactant concentration of 1.3 mmol/l.
When the surfactant concentration reaches the CMC critical point (Fig. 7), the
surfactant damage becomes severe for the silica and leads to high fiber resistance de-
crease, but no microscopic crack is on the external surface of the fiber coating (Fig. 10c).
For naked fibers aged at the CMC concentration, a high coating damage is obser-
ved (Fig. 11). The fiber core is broken and the two polymer coatings are separate after
a severe attack from CMC solution. On the polymer external surface (Zooms of Fig. 11),
a dense and continuous network of microscopic cracks appears and quickly weakens
the fiber resistance.
Fig. 11. Fracture morphology for aged naked fibers. Surfactant concentration 1.3 mmol/l (CMC)
(aging period = 7 days) (tensile test velocity of 200 mm/min).
One observes a disintegrating of the inner coating. The external coating is much
deteriorated (several pieces are removed), the polymer is torn with large cracks: the
fiber is very damaged.
41
On the other hand, for the naked fibers (Fig. 9) a small stress increases is observed
for a surfactant concentration of 0.3 mmol/l. Fig. 12 shown a zoom of the stress change
when the velocity is equal to 50 mm/min.
When the surfactant concentration is equal to 0.1 mmole/L, a polymer ungluing is
obtained and a circular crack appears and weakens the optical fiber (Fig. 13). During
the tensile test, a decrease of the failure stress occurs.
Fig. 12. Fig. 13.
Fig. 12. Mean failure stress change versus CTAC concentration for naked fibers
for velocity of 50 mm/min.
Fig. 13. Fiber morphology for a naked fiber for surfactant concentration of 0.1 mmol/l.
I – circular crack; II –. coating.
When the surfactant concentration increases from 0.1 mmol/l to 0.3 mmol/l, the
crack closes, and the polymer joins again the fiber (Fig. 14) and the failure stress
increases again to 4.72 GPa (Fig. 12). This phenomenon does not occur for the coated
fibres (Fig. 7) where coatings protect the fiber against mechanical and chemical
damages preventing the diffusion of water to the glass surface [11] and minimizing the
mobility of water at the glass-coating interface. When the concentration increases
beyond 0.3 mmol/l, the surfactant effect weakens again the fiber (Fig. 12).
Fig. 14. Fiber
morphology for a naked
fiber for surfactant
concentration
of 0.3 mmol/l.
CONCLUSION
Fiber mechanical behavior immersed in the cetyltrimethylammonium chloride so-
lution is analyzed. The experimental results illustrate the change of the strength curve
at the point of the critical micelle forming molecules. The use and the quality of the
fiber coating are determining factors for the strength change for fibers immersed in the
surfactant solution. Near the critical CMC point, the CTAC adsorption leads to the for-
mation of a CTAC monolayer on the fiber surface and beyond this point the adsorption
amount remained unchanged as the fiber strength. Since the whole surface of the opti-
cal fibers is covered with surfactant molecules as soon as the surfactant concentration
reaches the CMC, the water effect is reduced, the fiber thickness increases and a small
increase of fiber strength is obtained. The adsorption of CTAC depends on the silica
and coating surfaces and the decrease of the fiber strength can be prevented if a hermetic
coating is used for fiber sensors used in harsh environments of the chemical industries.
42
РЕЗЮМЕ. Досліджено еволюцію міцності оптичного кварцового волокна під час
старіння у розчині хлористого цетилтриметиламонію (ХЦТА) та механічні властивості
волокон з кварцовим покривом і без нього, що контактують з розчином ХЦТА за різних
концентрацій. Результати аналізу підтвердили, що занурення трубок у ХЦТА значно по-
гіршують міцність волокна, особливо біля точки критичної концентрації міцел (ККМ).
Виявили незначне зростання міцності волокна поза точкою ККМ. На основі аналізу ска-
нівною електронною мікроскопією морфології поверхні зістарених волокон виявлено по-
шкодження ядра волокна та полімерного покриву.
РЕЗЮМЕ. Исследовано эволюцию прочности оптического кварцевого волокна во
время старения в растворе хлористого цетилтриметиламония (ХЦТА) и механические
свойства волокон с кварцевым покрытием и без него, что контактируют с раствором
ХЦТА при разных концентрациях. Результаты анализа подтвердили, что погружения тру-
бок в ХЦТА значительно ухудшают прочность волокна, особенно около точки критичес-
кой концентрации мицел (ККМ). Обнаружили незначительный рост прочности волокна
вне точки ККМ. На основе анализа сканирующей электронной микроскопией морфологии
поверхности состаренных волокон выявлены повреждение ядра волокна и полимерного
покрытия.
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Received 13.07.2012
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-135705 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0430-6252 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:41:41Z |
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| publisher | Фізико-механічний інститут ім. Г.В. Карпенка НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | El Abdi, R. Rujinski, A.D. Boumbimba, R.M. Poulain, M. 2018-06-15T14:08:16Z 2018-06-15T14:08:16Z 2013 Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength / R. El Abdi, A.D. Rujinski, R.M. Boumbimba, M. Poulain // Фізико-хімічна механіка матеріалів. — 2013. — Т. 49, № 2. — С. 35-42. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 0430-6252 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135705 The evolution of silica optical fibers strength aged in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
 solution (CTAC) are investigated. The mechanical behaviour of silica coated and naked
 fibers in contact with CTAC solution at different concentrations is studied. Result analysis
 proves that the immersion in CTAC drastically decreases the fiber strength and specially
 near the critical micelle concentration point (CMC). Beyond CMC point, a small increase
 of fiber strength is analyzed and commented. Based on analysis of aged fiber surface
 morphology obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy, the damage extent on fiber
 core and polymer coatings is observed. Досліджено еволюцію міцності оптичного кварцового волокна під час
 старіння у розчині хлористого цетилтриметиламонію (ХЦТА) та механічні властивості
 волокон з кварцовим покривом і без нього, що контактують з розчином ХЦТА за різних
 концентрацій. Результати аналізу підтвердили, що занурення трубок у ХЦТА значно погіршують міцність волокна, особливо біля точки критичної концентрації міцел (ККМ).
 Виявили незначне зростання міцності волокна поза точкою ККМ. На основі аналізу сканівною електронною мікроскопією морфології поверхні зістарених волокон виявлено пошкодження ядра волокна та полімерного покриву. Исследовано эволюцию прочности оптического кварцевого волокна во
 время старения в растворе хлористого цетилтриметиламония (ХЦТА) и механические
 свойства волокон с кварцевым покрытием и без него, что контактируют с раствором
 ХЦТА при разных концентрациях. Результаты анализа подтвердили, что погружения трубок в ХЦТА значительно ухудшают прочность волокна, особенно около точки критической концентрации мицел (ККМ). Обнаружили незначительный рост прочности волокна
 вне точки ККМ. На основе анализа сканирующей электронной микроскопией морфологии
 поверхности состаренных волокон выявлены повреждение ядра волокна и полимерного
 покрытия. en Фізико-механічний інститут ім. Г.В. Карпенка НАН України Фізико-хімічна механіка матеріалів Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength Вплив хлориду цетилтриметиламонію на міцність оптичних волокон двоокису кремнію Влияние хлорида цетилтриметиламмония на прочность оптических волокон двуокиси кремния Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength El Abdi, R. Rujinski, A.D. Boumbimba, R.M. Poulain, M. |
| title | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| title_alt | Вплив хлориду цетилтриметиламонію на міцність оптичних волокон двоокису кремнію Влияние хлорида цетилтриметиламмония на прочность оптических волокон двуокиси кремния |
| title_full | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| title_fullStr | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| title_short | Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| title_sort | cetyltrimethylammonium chloride influence on silica optical fiber strength |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/135705 |
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