The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident
The decay of β-emitting ²⁴¹Pu gives rise to long-lived α-radionuclides ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np, which are highly radiotoxic. The estimations of the ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np content of the Chernobyl NPP accidental release have shown that by the present time nearly 90% of the ²⁴¹Pu isotope had already disintegr...
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2017 |
| Автори: | , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2017
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136077 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident / M.F. Kozhevnikova, V.V. Levenets, I.L. Rolik, A.A. Shchur // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 26-40. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-136077 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
Kozhevnikova, M.F. Levenets, V.V. Rolik, I.L. Shchur, A.A. 2018-06-15T19:00:06Z 2018-06-15T19:00:06Z 2017 The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident / M.F. Kozhevnikova, V.V. Levenets, I.L. Rolik, A.A. Shchur // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 26-40. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 23.60.+e, 28.41.Kw, 28.41.Te https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136077 The decay of β-emitting ²⁴¹Pu gives rise to long-lived α-radionuclides ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np, which are highly radiotoxic. The estimations of the ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np content of the Chernobyl NPP accidental release have shown that by the present time nearly 90% of the ²⁴¹Pu isotope had already disintegrated to turn into ²⁴¹Am. This generates a need for developing the methods of analytical control and environmental monitoring of ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴¹Am content. The present paper is concerned with estimation of radioactive contamination of the Ukrainian territory by ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴¹Am isotopes as a result of the Chernobyl NPP accident. При розпаді ²⁴¹Pu, який випромінює β-частинки, утворюються довгоіснуючі α-радіонукліди ²⁴¹Am і ²³⁷Np, що мають високу радіотоксичність. Розрахунки вмісту ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am і ²³⁷Np в аварійному викиді ЧАЕС показали, що до теперішнього часу близько 90% ізотопу ²⁴¹Pu вже розпалося і перетворилося в ²⁴¹Am. Це визначає необхідність розвитку методів аналітичного контролю і моніторингу вмісту ізотопів ²⁴¹Pu і ²⁴¹Am в об'єктах навколишнього середовища. У представленій роботі зроблена оцінка радіоактивного забруднення території України ізотопами ²⁴¹Pu і ²⁴¹Am в результаті аварії на ЧАЕС. При распаде β-излучающего ²⁴¹Pu образуются долгоживущие α-радионуклиды ²⁴¹Am и ²³⁷Np , которые обладают высокой радиотоксичностью. Расчеты содержания ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am и ²³⁷Np в аварийном выбросе ЧАЭС показали, что к настоящему времени около 90% изотопа ²⁴¹Pu уже распалось и превратилось в ²⁴¹Am. Это определяет необходимость развития методов аналитического контроля и мониторинга содержания изотопов ²⁴¹Pu и ²⁴¹Am в объектах окружающей среды. В представленной работе произведена оценка радиоактивного загрязнения территории Украины изотопами ²⁴¹Pu и ²⁴¹Am в результате аварии на ЧАЭС. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Ядерно-физические методы и обработка данных The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident Радіоактивне зараження території України радіонуклідами Pu і ²⁴¹Am внаслідок аварії на ЧАЕС Радиоактивное заражение территории Украины радиануклидами Pu и ²⁴¹Am в результате аварии на ЧАЭС Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident |
| spellingShingle |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident Kozhevnikova, M.F. Levenets, V.V. Rolik, I.L. Shchur, A.A. Ядерно-физические методы и обработка данных |
| title_short |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident |
| title_full |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident |
| title_fullStr |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident |
| title_sort |
radioactive contamination territory of ukraine by pu and ²⁴¹am radionuclides due to the chernobyl accident |
| author |
Kozhevnikova, M.F. Levenets, V.V. Rolik, I.L. Shchur, A.A. |
| author_facet |
Kozhevnikova, M.F. Levenets, V.V. Rolik, I.L. Shchur, A.A. |
| topic |
Ядерно-физические методы и обработка данных |
| topic_facet |
Ядерно-физические методы и обработка данных |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Радіоактивне зараження території України радіонуклідами Pu і ²⁴¹Am внаслідок аварії на ЧАЕС Радиоактивное заражение территории Украины радиануклидами Pu и ²⁴¹Am в результате аварии на ЧАЭС |
| description |
The decay of β-emitting ²⁴¹Pu gives rise to long-lived α-radionuclides ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np, which are highly radiotoxic. The estimations of the ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am and ²³⁷Np content of the Chernobyl NPP accidental release have shown that by the present time nearly 90% of the ²⁴¹Pu isotope had already disintegrated to turn into ²⁴¹Am. This generates a need for developing the methods of analytical control and environmental monitoring of ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴¹Am content. The present paper is concerned with estimation of radioactive contamination of the Ukrainian territory by ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴¹Am isotopes as a result of the Chernobyl NPP accident.
При розпаді ²⁴¹Pu, який випромінює β-частинки, утворюються довгоіснуючі α-радіонукліди ²⁴¹Am і ²³⁷Np, що мають високу радіотоксичність. Розрахунки вмісту ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am і ²³⁷Np в аварійному викиді ЧАЕС показали, що до теперішнього часу близько 90% ізотопу ²⁴¹Pu вже розпалося і перетворилося в ²⁴¹Am. Це визначає необхідність розвитку методів аналітичного контролю і моніторингу вмісту ізотопів ²⁴¹Pu і ²⁴¹Am в об'єктах навколишнього середовища. У представленій роботі зроблена оцінка радіоактивного забруднення території України ізотопами ²⁴¹Pu і ²⁴¹Am в результаті аварії на ЧАЕС.
При распаде β-излучающего ²⁴¹Pu образуются долгоживущие α-радионуклиды ²⁴¹Am и ²³⁷Np , которые обладают высокой радиотоксичностью. Расчеты содержания ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am и ²³⁷Np в аварийном выбросе ЧАЭС показали, что к настоящему времени около 90% изотопа ²⁴¹Pu уже распалось и превратилось в ²⁴¹Am. Это определяет необходимость развития методов аналитического контроля и мониторинга содержания изотопов ²⁴¹Pu и ²⁴¹Am в объектах окружающей среды. В представленной работе произведена оценка радиоактивного загрязнения территории Украины изотопами ²⁴¹Pu и ²⁴¹Am в результате аварии на ЧАЭС.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136077 |
| citation_txt |
The radioactive contamination territory of Ukraine by Pu and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident / M.F. Kozhevnikova, V.V. Levenets, I.L. Rolik, A.A. Shchur // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 26-40. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT kozhevnikovamf theradioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT levenetsvv theradioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT rolikil theradioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT shchuraa theradioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT kozhevnikovamf radíoaktivnezaražennâteritorííukraíniradíonuklídamipuí241amvnaslídokavaríínačaes AT levenetsvv radíoaktivnezaražennâteritorííukraíniradíonuklídamipuí241amvnaslídokavaríínačaes AT rolikil radíoaktivnezaražennâteritorííukraíniradíonuklídamipuí241amvnaslídokavaríínačaes AT shchuraa radíoaktivnezaražennâteritorííukraíniradíonuklídamipuí241amvnaslídokavaríínačaes AT kozhevnikovamf radioaktivnoezaraženieterritoriiukrainyradianuklidamipui241amvrezulʹtateavariinačaés AT levenetsvv radioaktivnoezaraženieterritoriiukrainyradianuklidamipui241amvrezulʹtateavariinačaés AT rolikil radioaktivnoezaraženieterritoriiukrainyradianuklidamipui241amvrezulʹtateavariinačaés AT shchuraa radioaktivnoezaraženieterritoriiukrainyradianuklidamipui241amvrezulʹtateavariinačaés AT kozhevnikovamf radioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT levenetsvv radioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT rolikil radioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident AT shchuraa radioactivecontaminationterritoryofukrainebypuand241amradionuclidesduetothechernobylaccident |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T20:26:47Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-24T20:26:47Z |
| _version_ |
1850495301098405888 |
| fulltext |
NUCLEAR-PHYSICAL METHODS AND PROCESSING OF DATA
THE RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION TERRITORY OF
UKRAINE BY Pu AND 241Am RADIONUCLIDES DUE TO
THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT
M.F.Kozhevnikova, V.V.Levenets∗, I. L.Rolik, A.A.Shchur
National Science Center ”Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkiv, Ukraine
(Received March 22, 2017)
The decay of β-emitting 241Pu gives rise to long-lived α-radionuclides 241Am and 237Np, which are highly radiotoxic.
The estimations of the 241Pu, 241Am and 237Np content of the Chernobyl NPP accidental release have shown that
by the present time nearly 90% of the 241Pu isotope had already disintegrated to turn into 241Am. This generates
a need for developing the methods of analytical control and environmental monitoring of 241Pu and 241Am content.
The present paper is concerned with estimation of radioactive contamination of the Ukrainian territory by 241Pu and
241Am isotopes as a result of the Chernobyl NPP accident.
PACS: 23.60.+e, 28.41.Kw, 28.41.Te
1. INTRODUCTION
The Chernobyl NPP accident has changed the ra-
diological environment in the sizable areas of many
European countries. Thus, for the first ten days,
zones of higher radioactive contamination levels were
formed. The existence of radioactive areas at dis-
tances over 50 km from the Chernobyl NPP is spec-
ified by a number of factors such as the emission of
radioactive masses into the atmosphere to a height of
up to 2000m and more; falls of rains over the con-
taminated areas; the presence of complex landscapes
which caused changes in the direction and height of
the air-mass motion. The radionuclide release height
has determined the global pollution pattern, while
the rains and landscapes have specified spotty con-
tamination of the areas [1].
Over the last years, large amounts of data on the
processes of radionuclide migration in the environ-
ment have been amassed. Maps have been drawn to
indicate the areas of Ukraine, which are contaminated
with most human life-threatening radionuclides of the
accident origin. That has become the base point of
planning the actions for population health protection
and rehabilitation of the contaminated areas. Over a
period of 30 years after the accident it still remains
currently central to estimate the transuranium ele-
ments (TUE) pollution of the Ukrainian area, to an-
alyze the behavior of those elements and to determine
the risk of TUE entry into the human body.
The Chernobyl radionuclide release into the envi-
ronment has resulted in the contamination of a con-
siderable part of the Ukrainian area with α-emitting
radionuclides 238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu and 241Am
having the half-lives T1/2 = 87.7, 24065, 6537, 14.4
and 432.8 years, respectively. In view of an appre-
ciable energy of the emitted α-particles, long effec-
tive half-lives, a high chemical toxicity, these radionu-
clides are qualified as the most dangerous when en-
tered into the human organism.
By the present time, the primary forms of the
TUE fallout have substantially transformed as a con-
sequence of fuel particles damage. For this reason,
the information on the current status and migration
of the Pu and 241Am isotopes is required. The goal
of the present work has been to investigate the pro-
cess of Pu and 241Am isotope spreading over the
Ukrainian area as a result of the Chernobyl accident.
2. THE OBJECT OF STUDY AND THE
INPUT DATA
The work is concerned with the research information
on the Chernobyl NPP accident and contamination
of the Ukrainian area with Pu and 241Am isotopes.
The dynamics of radioactive contamination forma-
tion in the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident
is commonly divided into four periods [2]:
- the 1st period (April-July 1986) – the radiologi-
cal environment was mainly determined by the short-
lived radionuclides: 131,133,135I, 140La, 140Ba, 99Mo,
132Te, 239Np having the half-lives up to 1 year;
- the 2nd period (1986-1987) – along with the
long-lived radionuclides, detectable amounts of the
radionuclides 144Ce, 106Ru, 134Cs, 242Cm were reg-
istered;
- the 3rd period (after 1988) – the radiological
environment was mainly specified by the radionu-
clides 137Cs, 90Sr, and in the exclusion zone – by
the 238,239,240,241Pu, too;
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: levenets@kipt.kharkov.ua
26 ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2017, N3(109).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (68), p.26-30.
- the 4-th period – soil contamination will be gov-
erned by 241Am and the radionuclides indicated for
the 3-rd period.
The 241Pu isotope is produced in nuclear reactors
at neutron capture of 240Pu. Unlike most of the Pu
isotopes being accumulated in the irradiated fuel, the
isotope 241Pu is characterized by β-radiation. It has
the highest specific activity as compared with other
isotopes of transuranium element generated in the nu-
clear fuel [3]. For example, the total activity of 241Pu
in the Chernobyl NPP accidental release amounted to
5.52PBq, that being 84% of the total reactor core-
accumulated activity of the remaining TUE (Table
1). It should be noted that the radionuclide release
to the atmosphere under the accident was assumed
to be the same, viz., 3% [4].
Table 1. Content of main long-lived radionuclides
in the damaged reactor core [5]
Radionuclide Weight, Activity, Activity
kg PBq TUE, %
90Pr 44 228 -
134Cs 3.2 153 -
137Cs 81 260 -
238Pu 1.5 0.94 0.43
239Pu 413 0.95 0.43
240Pu 176 1.5 0.683
241Pu 49 184 84.126
242Pu 14.2 0.0021 0.001
241Am 1.1 0.14 0.064
243Pu 0.73 0.0054 0.003
242Cm 0.26 31 14.18
244Pu 0.06 0.18 0.083
The radioactive-decay scheme of 241Pu has the
form:
241Pu(T1/2 = 14.4 years; β) →
241Am(T1/2 = 4.32 · 102 years; α) →
237Np(T1/2 = 2.14 · 106 years; α).
After entry of TUE into the environment, the β-decay
of 241Pu contributes to an increase of 241Am content
in various ecosystem objects. A further α-decay of
241Am results in the production of α-emitting 237Np,
which will play an essential part in the formation of
the radiological environment in the TUE contami-
nation area. In this case, 241Am and 237Np act as
alpha emitters and have a higher radiotoxicity than
241Pu has. Fig.1 shows the total amount of differ-
ent long-lived radionuclides in the environment as a
function of the time since the accident.
The maximum 241Am content of the environment
will be reached in 2059 (i.e. within 73 years after
the accident) and it will be 40 times higher than its
accidental entry into the atmosphere in 1986 (Fig.2).
The increase in the migration capability of 241Am re-
sults from the damage of fuel particles. Unlike 241Pu,
the 241Am compounds are more readily soluble, and
thus, are more capable of migrating. Therefore, the
now comparatively safe areas may become of serious
hazard to habitation of people.
Plutonium migrates in the form of soluble organic
complexes, nitrates, etc., which mostly (99%) set-
tle in both the bottom deposits and the surface soil.
The greatest concentration of Pu has been found to
fall on short-grown plants, grass, mushrooms, mosses,
lichens. Pu is considered to be one of the most haz-
ardous substances. On entering into the biological
environment, Pu gets involved in different biochemi-
cal cycles.
Fig.1. Total amount of different long-lived radionuclides in the environment as a function of time since the
accident [6]
27
Fig.2. Temporal dynamics of 241Am activity
build-up in the Ukrainian area after the Chernobyl
NPP accident
Plutonium may get into the human body as a result
of inhalation, during taking food, or through skin
integuments. Considering that Pu tends to accumu-
late in the top soil, it is obvious that a considerable
amount of deposited Pu comes back to the atmo-
sphere together with a dust. Getting into the lungs,
Pu partially settles on the pulmonary surface, and
partly, it goes to the blood. Then, moving, plutonium
gets into the bone marrow and lymph nodes. The
Pu clearance rate is such that 50 years after getting
into the human body 80% of the adopted amount
remains in the organism. If plutonium resides in the
bone marrow, its biologic half-life makes between 80
and 100 years; so, the content of Pu remains practi-
cally unchanged. The biologic half-life of Pu in the
liver reaches 40 years [7].
The Am may get into to the human organism
through meals, water or inhaled air. The portion of
Am that enters into the blood settles approximately
in equal parts in the liver and in the skeleton, where it
stays for long periods of time, the biologic half-life be-
ing about 20 and 50 years, respectively. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) has established the
maximum contaminant level (MCL) for all α-active
particles (except Ra and U) in the drinking water to
be 15 pCi/l. This value also holds for 241Am. The
life cancerogenic risk factors have been calculated for
nearly all radionuclides, including 241Pu and 241Am
(Table 2).
Table 2. Radiological risk factors
Life cancerogenic risk
Isotope Inhalation Food intake
(pCi−1) (pCi−1)
241Am 2.4 · 10−8 9.5 · 10−11
241Pu 2.8 · 10−10 1.9 · 10−12
Typically, food intake is the most common type
of geting into to the human organism. However, the
risk factor for this type of contaminant entry is much
lower than that at inhalation [8].
Of grave concern for the human health are the
diseases caused by the ionizing radiation of Pu and
Am isotopes. Taking into account a long half-life of
241Am, they pose a hazard to health for many gen-
erations of Ukrainians.
Thus, 241Am is considered as one of the most
important technogenic isotopes. The 241Am decay
products would exert a significant influence on the
environmental contamination over a long many of
years. Therefore, the currently central problem is
to improve the efficiency of the analytical methods of
determining 241Am in different media.
3. THE DETECTION METHODS OF
CONTAMINATION SOURCE
Nowadays, the receptor modeling (RM) technique de-
scribed in refs. [9-11] appears to be the most ef-
ficient mathematical apparatus for determining the
characteristics and localization of the contamination
source. The technique includes two types of software
products, namely, the PMF program intended for lo-
calizing the contaminant sources, and the HYSPLIT
program [12]. Relying on the meteorological data,
the last program makes it possible to reconstruct the
trajectories of radionuclide propagation in the atmo-
sphere and to obtain the true radionuclide distribu-
tion pattern for the area under study.
4. THE RESEARCH RESULTS
As regards the Chernobyl NPP accident, the main re-
lease of Pu and 241Am isotopes took place on 26-27
April, 1986. This is confirmed by radiological envi-
ronment monitoring after the accident. The radionu-
clides under discussion belong to the semi-volatile
group, and their basic amount had appeared in the
atmosphere mainly during the first phase of the ac-
cident, after a series of core explosions on 26.04.86.
In the next days, the release of the mentioned ra-
dionuclides in the mixed stream (vapor-aerosol-gas
flow) was caused by graphite burning, fuel disper-
sal increase after rise in the core temperature up to
2000◦C and more, and also by formation of volatile
compounds [1].
The processing of the data on Pu isotope release
from the damaged reactor (see Table 1) has resulted
in drawing the maps of 241Pu concentration in air
and Pu fallouts on the soil in the days of the main
release. Fig.3 shows the map of 241Pu concentration
in air on 27 April, 1986. The Chernobyl emission
plume was directed north-westwardly, and for that
reason it was the areas of Ukraine and cross-border
regions that were exposed to pollution.
28
Fig.3. 241Pu concentration in air on 27 April, 1986
Fig.4 gives the map of soil contamination
with 241Pu fallout lasting from 27.04.1986 up to
30.04.1986 (84-hour duration). The total radioac-
tivity of 241Pu emission (3% of the reactor loading)
has been estimated to be 5.52PBq, the mass being
1.47 kg. The bulk of this isotope is concentrated in
the 30−km zone of the Chernobyl NPP accident, also
embracing partially the areas of Byelorussia, Poland
and Russia. So, the 241Am activity gradually grows
due to the decay of 241Pu. The extent of 241Am prop-
agation in the territory of Ukraine is comparable with
that of Pu isotopes.
Fig.4. 241Pu fallouts on the soil from 27.04.1986 to 30.04.1986
5. CONCLUSIONS
Contamination of the Ukrainian area with 241Pu
and 241Am radionuclides after the Chernobyl NPP
accident has been estimated. The application of
the RM technique for determining the contamination
source has resulted in drawing the maps of 241Pu
isotope concentration in air and soil in the territory
of Ukraine in 1986. The obtained information gives
an insight into the accumulation, transformation and
migration dynamics of 241Pu and 241Am isotopes, as
also enables one to investigate the effect of ionizing
radiation on the environment. The given data point
to the necessity of further research on the buildup of
241Am in the contaminated ecosystems.
References
1. 20 years of the Chernobyl accident. Looking into
the future. : National report of Ukraine. K.: At-
tica, 2006, 232 p. (in Russian).
2. A.I. Slinchak. Environmental problems of Cher-
nobyl // Vestnik Pskovskogo gosudarstvennogo
universiteta. Ser. Physico-mathematical sciences.
2007, N2, p.61-65 (in Russian).
3. S.B.Gulin, N.N.Tereshchenko,
V.Yu. Proskurnin. Radioecological effects of
plutonium-241 and the methods of its determi-
nation in the environmental objects // Zbirnyk
29
naukovykh prats’ SNUYaEtaP. 2010, Iss. 2(34),
p.88-95 (in Russian).
4. A.A.Abagyan, V.G.Asmolov, A.K.Gus’kova, et
al. Information on the Chernobyl NPP accident
and its consequences, prepared for the IAEA //
Atomnaya Ehnergiya. 1986, v.61(5), p.45-51 (in
Russian).
5. Ye.A. Ivanov, T.V.Ramzina, L.P.Kham’yanov et
al. Radioactive 241Am contamination of the en-
vironment due to Chernobyl NPP accident //
Atomnaya Ehnergiya. 1994, v.77(2), p.140-145
(in Russian).
6. Human health consequences resulting from the
Chernobyl NPP accident // Scientific NKDAR
Report Annex for the UN General assembly. 2008,
New York, 2012, 182 p. (in Russian).
7. I.N.Beckman. Plutoniu. M: MGU, 2010, 165 p.
(in Russian).
8. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Sup-
port Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Ar-
eas http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/
ANL ContaminantFactSheets All070418.pdf
9. P.K.Hopke. Recent developments in receptor
modeling // Journal of Chemometrics. 2003,
v.17, p.255-265.
10. P.K.Hopke. Receptor Modeling in Environmen-
tal Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 1985, 502 p.
11. P.K.Hopke. Receptor Modeling for Air Quality
Management. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1991, 231 p.
12. RonaldR.Draxler, G.D.Hess. Description of the
HYSPLIT-4 Modeling System. Silver Spring: Air
resources Laboratory, NOAA Technical Memo-
randum ERL ARL-224, 1997, 22 p.
ÐÀÄÈÎÀÊÒÈÂÍÎÅ ÇÀÐÀÆÅÍÈÅ ÒÅÐÐÈÒÎÐÈÈ ÓÊÐÀÈÍÛ
ÐÀÄÈÎÍÓÊËÈÄÀÌÈ Pu È 241Am  ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒÅ ÀÂÀÐÈÈ ÍÀ ×ÀÝÑ
Ì.Ô.Êîæåâíèêîâà, Â.Â.Ëåâåíåö, È.Ë.Ðîëèê, À.À.Ùóð
Ïðè ðàñïàäå β-èçëó÷àþùåãî 241Pu îáðàçóþòñÿ äîëãîæèâóùèå α-ðàäèîíóêëèäû 241Am è 237Np, êîòî-
ðûå îáëàäàþò âûñîêîé ðàäèîòîêñè÷íîñòüþ. Ðàñ÷åòû ñîäåðæàíèÿ 241Pu, 241Am è 237Np â àâàðèéíîì
âûáðîñå ×ÀÝÑ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè îêîëî 90% èçîòîïà 241Pu óæå ðàñïàëîñü è ïðå-
âðàòèëîñü â 241Am. Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ ìåòîäîâ àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ è ìîíè-
òîðèíãà ñîäåðæàíèÿ èçîòîïîâ 241Pu è 241Am â îáúåêòàõ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Â ïðåäñòàâëåííîé ðàáîòå
ïðîèçâåäåíà îöåíêà ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû èçîòîïàìè 241Pu è 241Am â ðå-
çóëüòàòå àâàðèè íà ×ÀÝÑ.
ÐÀÄIÎÀÊÒÈÂÍÅ ÇÀÐÀÆÅÍÍß ÒÅÐÈÒÎÐI� ÓÊÐÀ�ÍÈ ÐÀÄIÎÍÓÊËIÄÀÌÈ
Pu I 241Am ÂÍÀÑËIÄÎÊ ÀÂÀÐI� ÍÀ ×ÀÅÑ
Ì.Ô.Êîæåâíiêîâà, Â.Â.Ëåâåíåöü, I.Ë.Ðîëiê, À.Î.Ùóð
Ïðè ðîçïàäi 241Pu, ÿêèé âèïðîìiíþ¹ β-÷àñòèíêè, óòâîðþþòüñÿ äîâãîiñíóþ÷i α-ðàäiîíóêëiäè 241Am
i 237Np, ùî ìàþòü âèñîêó ðàäiîòîêñè÷íiñòü. Ðîçðàõóíêè âìiñòó 241Pu, 241Am i 237Np â àâàðiéíîìó
âèêèäi ×ÀÅÑ ïîêàçàëè, ùî äî òåïåðiøíüîãî ÷àñó áëèçüêî 90% içîòîïó 241Pu âæå ðîçïàëîñÿ i ïåðå-
òâîðèëîñÿ â 241Am. Öå âèçíà÷๠íåîáõiäíiñòü ðîçâèòêó ìåòîäiâ àíàëiòè÷íîãî êîíòðîëþ i ìîíiòîðèíãó
âìiñòó içîòîïiâ 241Pu i 241Am â îá'¹êòàõ íàâêîëèøíüîãî ñåðåäîâèùà. Ó ïðåäñòàâëåíié ðîáîòi çðîáëåíà
îöiíêà ðàäiîàêòèâíîãî çàáðóäíåííÿ òåðèòîði¨ Óêðà¨íè içîòîïàìè 241Pu i 241Am â ðåçóëüòàòi àâàði¨ íà
×ÀÅÑ.
30
|