The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam
Cross sections of fission reactions of ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U heavy metals induced by protons with energy of 0.66 GeV are presented. The protons beam was extracted from the Phasotron accelerator at JINR, Dubna, Russian Federation. Fission reactions cross sections were measured using solid...
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Zhuk, I. Husak, K. Kruk, A. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, V. Zadan, А. Baldin, А. Tyutyunnikov, S. 2018-06-16T06:55:01Z 2018-06-16T06:55:01Z 2017 The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam / I. Zhuk, K. Husak, A. Kruk, V. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, А. Zadan, А. Baldin, S. Tyutyunnikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 145-147. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 24.90+d, 28.65+a, 29.40Wk https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136190 Cross sections of fission reactions of ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U heavy metals induced by protons with energy of 0.66 GeV are presented. The protons beam was extracted from the Phasotron accelerator at JINR, Dubna, Russian Federation. Fission reactions cross sections were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) and activation gamma-spectroscopy. The comparison with results from others researchers were done. The obtained results would be added in the international databases for testing of programme code for ADS-systems. Представлені експериментальні дані по перетинах реакцій поділу ядер важких металів ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U під дією протонів з енергією 0,66 ГеВ. Експерименти проведені на пучках протонів прискорювача Фазатрон, ОІЯД, Дубна, РФ. Для визначення перетинів реакцій поділу використана комплексна методика твердотільних трекових детекторів ядер і активаціонної гамма-спектрометрії. Виконано порівняння отриманих результатів з результатами інших дослідників. Отримані результати доповнять базу експериментальних ядерних даних, що дозволить протестувати комп'ютерні коди, що застосовуються при розрахунках параметрів ADS. Представлены экспериментальные данные по сечениям реакций деления ядер тяжелых металлов ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U под действием протонов с энергией 0,66 ГэВ. Эксперименты проведены на пучках протонов ускорителя Фазатрон, ОИЯИ, Дубна, РФ. Для определения сечений реакций деления использована комплексная методика твердотельных трековых детекторов ядер и активационной гамма-спектрометрии. Выполнено сравнение полученных результатов с результатами других исследователей. Полученные результаты дополнят базу экспериментальных ядерных данных, что позволит протестировать компьютерные коды, применяемые при расчетах параметров ADS. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ядерных методов The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam Експериментальне вивчення перетинів реакцій поділу ядер важких металів протонами з енергією 0,66 ГеВ Экспериментальное изучение сечений реакций деления ядер тяжелых металлов протонами с энергией 0,66 ГэВ Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam |
| spellingShingle |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam Zhuk, I. Husak, K. Kruk, A. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, V. Zadan, А. Baldin, А. Tyutyunnikov, S. Применение ядерных методов |
| title_short |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam |
| title_full |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam |
| title_fullStr |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam |
| title_sort |
experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 gev protons beam |
| author |
Zhuk, I. Husak, K. Kruk, A. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, V. Zadan, А. Baldin, А. Tyutyunnikov, S. |
| author_facet |
Zhuk, I. Husak, K. Kruk, A. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, V. Zadan, А. Baldin, А. Tyutyunnikov, S. |
| topic |
Применение ядерных методов |
| topic_facet |
Применение ядерных методов |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Експериментальне вивчення перетинів реакцій поділу ядер важких металів протонами з енергією 0,66 ГеВ Экспериментальное изучение сечений реакций деления ядер тяжелых металлов протонами с энергией 0,66 ГэВ |
| description |
Cross sections of fission reactions of ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U heavy metals induced by protons with energy of 0.66 GeV are presented. The protons beam was extracted from the Phasotron accelerator at JINR, Dubna, Russian Federation. Fission reactions cross sections were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) and activation gamma-spectroscopy. The comparison with results from others researchers were done. The obtained results would be added in the international databases for testing of programme code for ADS-systems.
Представлені експериментальні дані по перетинах реакцій поділу ядер важких металів ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U під дією протонів з енергією 0,66 ГеВ. Експерименти проведені на пучках протонів прискорювача Фазатрон, ОІЯД, Дубна, РФ. Для визначення перетинів реакцій поділу використана комплексна методика твердотільних трекових детекторів ядер і активаціонної гамма-спектрометрії. Виконано порівняння отриманих результатів з результатами інших дослідників. Отримані результати доповнять базу експериментальних ядерних даних, що дозволить протестувати комп'ютерні коди, що застосовуються при розрахунках параметрів ADS.
Представлены экспериментальные данные по сечениям реакций деления ядер тяжелых металлов ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U под действием протонов с энергией 0,66 ГэВ. Эксперименты проведены на пучках протонов ускорителя Фазатрон, ОИЯИ, Дубна, РФ. Для определения сечений реакций деления использована комплексная методика твердотельных трековых детекторов ядер и активационной гамма-спектрометрии. Выполнено сравнение полученных результатов с результатами других исследователей. Полученные результаты дополнят базу экспериментальных ядерных данных, что позволит протестировать компьютерные коды, применяемые при расчетах параметров ADS.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136190 |
| citation_txt |
The experimental determination of heavy metal nuclei fission reactions cross sections at 0.66 GeV protons beam / I. Zhuk, K. Husak, A. Kruk, V. Voronko, V. Sotnikov, А. Zadan, А. Baldin, S. Tyutyunnikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 145-147. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 145
THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL NUCLEI
FISSION REACTIONS CROSS SECTIONS AT 0.66 GeV PROTONS BEAM
I. Zhuk
1
, K. Husak
1
, A. Kruk
1
, V. Voronko
2
, V. Sotnikov
2
, А. Zadan
2
, А. Baldin
3
,
S. Tyutyunnikov
3
1
State Scientific Institution “The Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research – Sosny”
of National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Republic of Belarus;
2
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine;
3
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
E-mail: lab13sosny@gmail.com
Cross sections of fission reactions of
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U heavy metals induced by protons with energy
of 0.66 GeV are presented. The protons beam was extracted from the Phasotron accelerator at JINR, Dubna, Russian
Federation. Fission reactions cross sections were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) and
activation gamma-spectroscopy. The comparison with results from others researchers were done. The obtained re-
sults would be added in the international databases for testing of programme code for ADS-systems.
PACS: 24.90+d, 28.65+a, 29.40Wk
INTRODUCTION
Since 2010 project “Energy and Transmutation of
radioactive waste” carried out in Joint Institute for Nu-
clear Research (Dubna, RF). In the frame of the project
investigations are conducting on studies of different
subcritical assemblies physics characteristics driven by
protons and deuterons beams with 0.6…12.0 GeV ener-
gies; multiplicities and spatial distributions of energy-
time of neutron spectrum; possibility to energy produc-
tion and utilization of radioactive waste studies on mas-
sive natural uranium (depleted uranium) and thorium
targets based on the relativistic nuclear technologies
(RNT); studies of superconductors irradiation stability
in neutrons and protons beams [1].
Option of target material is significant phase for ex-
periment calculating and optimization of central target
part irradiated by relativistic ions. Commonly neutron
generating target are composed of Ta, Au, Bi, Hg, W,
Pb, Th, U for accelerator driven system (ADS) [2].
Because of fission reaction is one of primary decay
channel it is experimental data of fission reactions cross
sections for energies up several GeV per nucleon are
needed for creating of full-scale ADS.
1. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
AND EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION
1.1. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
The solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD)
method was chosen as a main method for fission reac-
tions cross sections determination for this experiment.
SSNTD technique is based on correlation between
the track density on a track detector and a flux density
of the investigated beam.
Sensors made of track detectors placed in contact
with a fission foil are irradiated by the beam. Fission
fragments produced in fission reactions in fission foils
form tracks on the track detectors surface. Sensor
SSNTD is sketched on Fig. 1. There white section is
artificial mica. The used method is described at greater
length in [3].
Fig. 1. Irradiated setup scheme and photo
In accordance with [3] nuclide cross section i is
defined:
i sensi
q q
PN k . (1)
There
i
qN track density on a track detector which
placed in contact with a fission foil,
sens
qk – calibration
factor for «fission foil + SSNTD»; и P – primary parti-
cles number.
In general calibration factor determine in the follow-
ing way:
isens i
q q q q
Ak d , (2)
где
iA number of charged particles produced in the
fission reaction of i-nuclides;
i the fraction of
charged particles reaching the detector in the fission
reaction of i-nuclides; q detection efficiency of the
charged particle track detectors; qd i-layer thickness
of nuclides in the radiator, cm; q nuclear density of
i-nuclides in the radiator, nuclei/сm
3
.
Calibration factors is used from [4] for this experi-
ment.
For fission reaction
i determines, in accordance
with [3] as:
0
0
0
0
0
1
1 for
2 2
1
for
4
1
for ,
4
q
q
i
q
q
q
d
d R
R
d R
R
d R
d
(3)
where 0R average fission fragments range.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 146
In this work thick radiators were used. In the context
of SSNTD technique “thick” radiator means that the
radiator thickness is exceeded significantly the mean
free path of fission fragments in the radiator material
( Rd 0q ).
This circumstance allows to reject an uncertainty
caused by radiator thickness determination (as for thin
foils) and to increase the total number of fission frag-
ments. At the same time, due to the radiator thickness,
we can register the only one fission fragment from the
binary fission process and cannot distinguish it by using
two correlated tracks. So, the fission process cannot be
discriminated from the other high energy processes
(such as spallation, multifragmentation and strong
asymmetric fission) in which heavy and medium mass
particles can be generated [5]. FLUKA [6], intranuclear
cascade model and the model of the nucleon-nucleon
interactions RQMD-2.4 were applied to study this effect
[7]. Correction for this effect is 6…10% depending on
type and energy of incident particle.
In addition, the influence of the kinematics of fission
process on the track density on the track detectors has to
be taking into account for the whole protons energy
range. Pulse transfer effect for fission fragments can be
compensated by the “sandwich-like” composition of
sensors, which allows registering tracks in 4π geometry
(BACK/FACE). Correction for this effect was calculat-
ing in FLUKA and it is 0.5…2%.
1.2. EXPERIMENT DETAILS
Irradiation of the setup was carried out with
0.66 GeV protons beam on the Phasotron accelerator at
JINR, Dubna, Russian Federation.
In this experiment artificial mica is used. It is condi-
tioned by low effect of recoil nuclei.
The used materials characteristics are present in Ta-
ble 1.
Table 1
The used materials characteristics
The used materials Thickness,
mm
Diameter,
mm
Al 1.0 6.5
197
Au 0.030 6.5
207
Pb 0.500 6.5
209
Bi 0.025 6.5
232
Th 0.070 6.5
238
U 0.030 6.5
Artificial mica 0.030 6.5
The studied foils was placed into plexiglass shaped
location plate (height = 1 сm and diameter = 6.5 mm).
Before irradiation plexiglass shaped location plate fill
by foil and mica (Fig. 1). Aluminium cylindrical sam-
ples (height = 1 сm and diameter = 6.5 mm) put on up-
per and lowest part of plexiglass shaped location plate.
These samples are applied as activation detectors for
determination protons flux.
Setup was disassembled after irradiation. The
SSNTD are etched in 6.8% HF solution with t = 60°C to
make tracks "visible" in an optical microscope. Time
etching is 10…45 min which depends on track density.
To obtain an accurate measure of the track densities the
tedious method of manual track counting is chosen. We
count tracks in many photomicrographs produced for
each detector using an optical microscope.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Table 2 experimental data are presented. These
are used for determining of heavy metal nuclei fission
reactions cross sections induced by 0.66 GeV protons
beam.
Table 2
Experimental data and determinate values
Nuclide
Ratio
“BACK/FACE”
Average track
density,
track/сm
2
Fission
cross-
section,
mb
197
Au 1.60±0.07 8.23·10
5
70±20
207
Pb 1.44±0.07 1.55·10
6
120±30
209
Bi 1.43±0.07 2.44·10
6
210±60
232
Th 1.22±0.05 8.57·10
6
750±200
238
U 1.24±0.05 1.06·10
7
950±260
Measured dependence of the ratio “BACK/FACE”
decrease with atomic number increase is self-contained
quantitativeness for verification of different theoretic
models in describing of nuclei fission reactions by rela-
tivistic particles (independent of uncertainties of inci-
dent beam intensity measurement, corrections on detec-
tor efficiency etc.).
Probing uncertainties of beam monitoring adds main
inaccuracy to measured result – about 10…15%. Finally
it is ~ 50% from total relative measurement uncertainty.
Extended measurement uncertainty was estimated by
the international standard ISO/IEC 17025:1999 and it
formed 30%.
Similar data for deuterons are missed exclude sever-
al studies [8]. In the frame of project “Energy and
Transmutation of radioactive waste” were determined
181
Ta,
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U heavy metals nuclei
fission reactions cross-sections induced by deuterons
with 2, 2.94 3.5 GeV per nucleon energies [9].
In whole, obtained data on fission reactions cross
sections of
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U by 0.66 GeV
protons are in good agreement with experimental data in
[8, 10 - 13], and with theoretical calculation from [8]
(Figs. 2, 3).
Fig. 2. Fission cross sections values of
232
Th,
238
U
by protons
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 147
Fig. 3. Fission cross sections values of
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi
by protons
Analysis of described experiment results and com-
parison with other studies confirm that the SSNTD
method make it possible to obtain correct and responsi-
ble data on fission reactions cross sections for different
type and energy of incident particles.
REFERENCES
1. A.A. Baldin et al. Relativistic nuclear technology
(RNT) for energy production and utilization of spent
nuclear fuel. The results of first experiments on
physical justification of RNT // Particles and Nuclei,
Letters. 2011, v. 8, № 6(169), p. 1007-1023.
2. А.I. Obukhov. Nuclei fission in interaction with in-
termediate-energies protons and neutrons // Physics
of Particles and Nuclei. 2001, v. 32, Iss. 2, p. 319-
376.
3. А.P. Malikhin et al. Determination of fission density
distribution by solid state nuclear track detectors in
critical assemblies // Proc. Of NASB. Ser. Of phys.-
en. sciences. 1970, № 2, p. 16-23.
4. S.R. Hashemi-Nezhad et al. Calibration factors for
determination of relativistic particle induced fission
rates in
nat
U,
235
U,
232
Th,
nat
Pb and
197
Au foils // Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. A. 2012, v. 664, p. 154-160.
5. J.P. Bondorf et al. Statistical multifragmentation of
nuclei // Phys. Rep. 1995, v. 257, p. 133-221.
6. G. Battistoni et al. The FLUKA code: Description
and benchmarking // Proc. of the Hadronic Shower
Simulation Workshop, Fermilab 6-8 September
2006, p. 31-49.
7. A.S. Patapenka. Neutron-physical characteristics of
subcritical assembly with natural uranium blanket
driven by accelerator: dis. candidate. tehn. sciences:
05.14.03. Minsk. 2011, 145 p.
8. V.I. Yurevich, V.A. Nikolaev, et al. Cross sections
for
209
Bi,
232
Th,
235
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Article received 25.09.2017
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СЕЧЕНИЙ РЕАКЦИЙ ДЕЛЕНИЯ ЯДЕР ТЯЖЕЛЫХ
МЕТАЛЛОВ ПРОТОНАМИ С ЭНЕРГИЕЙ 0,66 ГэВ
И. Жук, К. Гусак, А. Крюк, В. Воронко, В. Сотников, А. Жадан, А. Балдин, С. Тютюнников
Представлены экспериментальные данные по сечениям реакций деления ядер тяжелых металлов
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U под действием протонов с энергией 0,66 ГэВ. Эксперименты проведены на пучках
протонов ускорителя Фазатрон, ОИЯИ, Дубна, РФ. Для определения сечений реакций деления использована
комплексная методика твердотельных трековых детекторов ядер и активационной гамма-спектрометрии.
Выполнено сравнение полученных результатов с результатами других исследователей. Полученные резуль-
таты дополнят базу экспериментальных ядерных данных, что позволит протестировать компьютерные коды,
применяемые при расчетах параметров ADS.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ВИВЧЕННЯ ПЕРЕТИНІВ РЕАКЦІЙ ПОДІЛУ ЯДЕР ВАЖКИХ МЕТАЛІВ
ПРОТОНАМИ З ЕНЕРГІЄЮ 0,66 ГеВ
І. Жук, К. Гусак, А. Крюк, В. Воронко, В. Сотников, А. Жадан, А. Балдін, С. Тютюнників
Представлені експериментальні дані по перетинах реакцій поділу ядер важких металів
197
Au,
207
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U під дією протонів з енергією 0,66 ГеВ. Експерименти проведені на пучках протонів прискорювача
Фазатрон, ОІЯД, Дубна, РФ. Для визначення перетинів реакцій поділу використана комплексна методика
твердотільних трекових детекторів ядер і активаціонної гамма-спектрометрії. Виконано порівняння отрима-
них результатів з результатами інших дослідників. Отримані результати доповнять базу експериментальних
ядерних даних, що дозволить протестувати комп'ютерні коди, що застосовуються при розрахунках парамет-
рів ADS.
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