Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology
Among the emergency situations on board ships and oil platforms fires are among the most frequent and dangerous, both for people’s lives, and the tangible assets (ships, cargo, port equipment and facilities), as well as in terms of environmental pollution. The value of the risk of fire on board by t...
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Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України
2011
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1365602025-02-09T20:09:06Z Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology Пожежа на борту: гігієна, токсикологія, психофізіологія Пожар на борту: гигиена, токсикология, психофизиология Shafran, L.M. Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине Among the emergency situations on board ships and oil platforms fires are among the most frequent and dangerous, both for people’s lives, and the tangible assets (ships, cargo, port equipment and facilities), as well as in terms of environmental pollution. The value of the risk of fire on board by the properties of cargo, type and age of the vessel, the quality of training (in accordance with the IMO International Convention STCW 78/95), and experience of the crew, sailing conditions and other factors. Therefore, implementation of fire protection, including toxicological and hygiene, activities, is an actual problem of modern shipbuilding and shipping. Designed and implemented a system of toxicological-hygienic and medical and psychological security, which is being promoted in the transportation industry. It includes both normative and methodological framework, evaluation criteria and Hygienic Regulation of polymeric materials, as well as psycho-physiological selection, training and auditory training of seafarers and passengers. Introduction of the developed measures in the shipbuilding and shipping practice has significant social, economic effect. Серед надзвичайних ситуацій на морських суднах і морських свердловин пожежі відносяться до числа найбільш частих, небезпечних, як для здоров’я і життя людей, так і для матеріальних цінностей (суден, вантажів, портового устаткування і обладнання. Величина ризику виникнення пожежі визначається властивостями вантажу, що транспортується, типом і віком судна, якістю підготовки і рівнем компетентності суднових офіцерів підготовки (згідно Міжнародної конвенції ІМО ПДНВ 78/95), досвідом роботи і єдністю екіпажу, умовами плавання тощо. Тому здійснення системи протипожежних, в тому числі токсиколого-гігієнічних заходів на транспортних об’єктах і серед члені екіпажів морських суден є актуальною проблемою сучасного суднобудування і судноплавства. Розроблено і впроваджено систему токсикологогігієнічної і медико-психологічної безпеки, яка включає нормативну і методичну базу, критерії оцінки і гігієнічної регламентації полімерів транспортного призначення, небезпечних вантажів, а також психофізіологічний відбір, тренінг і аутотренінг моряків і пасажирів. Впровадження розроблених заходів в практику суднобудування і судноплавство має вагомий соціальний, економічний і медичний ефект. Среди чрезвычайных ситуаций на морских судах и буровых платформах пожары относятся к числу наиболее частых и опасных, как для жизни людей, так и материальных ценностей (судов, грузов, портового оборудования и сооружений), а также в плане загрязнения окружающей среды. Величина риска возникновения пожара на борту определяется свойствами перевозимого груза, типом и возрастом судна, качеством подготовки (в соответствии с Международной Конвенцией ИМО ПДНВ 78/95) и опытом работы судового экипажа, условиями плавания и другими факторами. Поэтому осуществление системы противопожарных, в том числе токсиколого-гигиенических, мероприятий, является актуальной проблемой современного судостроения и судоходства. Разработана и внедрена система токсиколого-гигиенической и медикопсихологической безопасности, которая активно внедряется в транспортной отрасли. Она включает нормативную и методическую базу, критерии оценки и гигиенической регламентации полимерных материалов, а также психофизиологический отбор, тренинг и аутотренинг моряков и пассажиров. Внедрение разработанных мероприятий в практику судостроения и судоходства имеет весомый социальный, экономический эффект. 2011 Article Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology / Shafran L.M. // Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини. — 2011. — № 3 (25). — С. 26-37. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 1818-9385 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136560 662.613 en Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини application/pdf Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
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English |
| topic |
Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине |
| spellingShingle |
Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине Shafran, L.M. Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини |
| description |
Among the emergency situations on board ships and oil platforms fires are among the most frequent and dangerous, both for people’s lives, and the tangible assets (ships, cargo, port equipment and facilities), as well as in terms of environmental pollution. The value of the risk of fire on board by the properties of cargo, type and age of the vessel, the quality of training (in accordance with the IMO International Convention STCW 78/95), and experience of the crew, sailing conditions and other factors. Therefore, implementation of fire protection, including toxicological and hygiene, activities, is an actual problem of modern shipbuilding and shipping. Designed and implemented a system of toxicological-hygienic and medical and psychological security, which is being promoted in the transportation industry. It includes both normative and methodological framework, evaluation criteria and Hygienic Regulation of polymeric materials, as well as psycho-physiological selection, training and auditory training of seafarers and passengers. Introduction of the developed measures in the shipbuilding and shipping practice has significant social, economic effect. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Shafran, L.M. |
| author_facet |
Shafran, L.M. |
| author_sort |
Shafran, L.M. |
| title |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| title_short |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| title_full |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| title_fullStr |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| title_sort |
fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology |
| publisher |
Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України |
| publishDate |
2011 |
| topic_facet |
Материалы 11 Международного симпозиума по морской медицине |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136560 |
| citation_txt |
Fire on board: hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology / Shafran L.M. // Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини. — 2011. — № 3 (25). — С. 26-37. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини |
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2025-11-30T09:48:10Z |
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2025-11-30T09:48:10Z |
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АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (22), 2011 г.
26
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
Introduction
Among the emergency situations at
sea going passenger, cargo, fishing ves�
sels and dri lling platforms, fires are
among the most frequent and dangerous,
both for human life and material assets
(ships, cargo, port equipment and facil�
ities), as well as in terms of environmen�
tal pollution.
Fire is an uncontrollable process of
burning (exothermal oxidizing reaction
with the release of a considerable quan�
tity of heat), characterized by unpredict�
ability (suddenness), prompt in the de�
velopment, arising under condition of in�
teraction of three necessary elements:
combustible substance, an oxidizer and
a source of ignition [1].
According to the statistics, the
world fleet loses in fires are up to 10 %
of suffering disaster ships [2]. This con�
cerns not only the big material losses,
but also of human life. The value of the
risk of fire on board is defined by the
properties of cargo, type and age of the
vessel, the quality of training (in accor�
dance with the IMO International Conven�
tion STCW 78/95), and experience of ship
officers and crew, sailing conditions and
other factors. However, in all their diver�
sity, more than two�thirds of all fires on
ships is determined by the human factor,
i.e. such action (or inactivity) of the ship
staff and passengers, who expressly or
by implication became the reason of ig�
nition and distribution of fire in ship pre�
mises.
Therefore, implementation of fire
protection, including toxicological and
hygienic measures, on the stages of de�
sign, construction and operation of the
vessel, as well as primary and the sub�
sequent training of seafarers, driven to
automatism individual action and interac�
tion, as well as permanent training of all
crew members and passengers, is an
urgent problem of modern shipbuilding
and navigation [3].
Joint efforts of scientists, engi�
neers, technologists, hygienists, under
УДК 662.613
FIRE ON BOARD: HYGIENE, TOXICOLOGY, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Shafran L.M.
Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine, Odessa, Ukraine;
e�mail: shafranlm@rambler.ru
Among the emergency situations on board ships and oil platforms fires are among
the most frequent and dangerous, both for people’s lives, and the tangible assets (ships,
cargo, port equipment and facilities), as well as in terms of environmental pollution. The
value of the risk of fire on board by the properties of cargo, type and age of the vessel, the
quality of training (in accordance with the IMO International Convention STCW 78/95), and
experience of the crew, sailing conditions and other factors.
Therefore, implementation of fire protection, including toxicological and hygiene,
activities, is an actual problem of modern shipbuilding and shipping. Designed and
implemented a system of toxicological�hygienic and medical and psychological security,
which is being promoted in the transportation industry. It includes both normative and
methodological framework, evaluation criteria and Hygienic Regulation of polymeric
materials, as well as psycho�physiological selection, training and auditory training of
seafarers and passengers. Introduction of the developed measures in the shipbuilding and
shipping practice has significant social, economic effect.
Keywords: fire on board, hygiene, toxicology, psychophysiology
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
27
the supervision and with the participation
of the IMO, shipbuilders and ship own�
ers, was created the legislative base
defining the requirements for ship sys�
tems of fire safety. These requirements
are based on the provisions of ISО, IEC
standards, EU directives, WHO, ILO and
IMO conventions, codes, recommenda�
tions, as well as national regulations and
standards harmonized with international
documents [4].
Along with the technical, technolog�
ical, organizational measures to ensure
fire safety of ships and cargoes, the sys�
tem includes hygiene, medical and psy�
chological elements that solve the prob�
lem of preservation of life and health of
people in fires on ships.
Creating and implementing a qual�
ity management system in the area of
fire safety, the experience of its use on
vessels show positive results, confirmed
by the practice of emergency response
in the sea. Nevertheless, the risk of fires
occurrence on ships is high, and the
threat to life and health of seafarers,
passengers and tourists, crews of drill�
ing platforms, ports, is real and requires
a system of effective measures for its
reduction.
The purpose of the performed dur�
ing several years in the Ukrainian Scien�
tific Research Institute of Transport Med�
icine researches was developing a set of
hygienic, toxicological, physiological and
medical measures and methods to re�
duce the risk of fires on ships, preven�
tion, aimed at increasing psychological
tolerance to stress, formation of readi�
ness to respond adequately to emergen�
cy situations, maintaining the health and
lives of seafarers.
Materials and methods
The researches were performed
during the trips on 7 ships of Ukrainian
shipping companies and 4 ships after
taking place emergencies (retrospective�
ly). Under supervision there were 112
seamen, who passed as minimum dou�
ble psychophysiological examinations on
board or during permanent (each 5
years) testing in the Simulator Training
Centre, and also 3�4 year studied cadets
from the Odessa National Maritime Acad�
emy (ONMA) before and after the prac�
tice on sea going ships (during 4�6
months). For the psychophysiological
status estimation, degree of profession�
ally important qualities (PIQ) formation,
first of all, stability to stress, surveyed
seamen and cadets solved set of tests
with the computer psychophysiological
complex «МОRТЕSТ» in updating «SPАS�
8» [5�7], and also blank tests and spe�
cially developed questionnaires [7].
According to requirements of na�
tional and international standards [8, 9],
there hygienic and toxicological re�
searches of combustion products of 186
polymers, paints and varnish materials of
transport appointment were perfirmed.
The used tests were in agreement with
recommended methodical documents
[10], made on installations, which are
modified in our laboratory (including
though to the two step tests of cable
production installation) [11], that opens
new possibilities for more reliable hygien�
ic certification of electrotechnical pro�
duction, including ship�building appoint�
ment. In tests of polymeric materials to
definition of qualitative and quantitative
structure of products of burning applied
methods of a gas chromatography, the
chromato�mass spectrometry, the induc�
tive�connected plasma and atom�ab�
sorptive spectrophotometry [12]. Toxico�
logical researches were performed on
white mice weighing 22�24 g with defini�
tion of derivatives of blood hemoglobin
(carboxy � COHb, sulfo � SHb and meth�
emoglobin � MtHb), and an integrated in�
dicator of combustive products toxicity �
HCl
50
(this is the sample weight of poly�
mer in grams, which produces toxic com�
bustive products on the Cl
50
level in the
white mice [8,10,13]). All results were
treated with the methods of variations,
correlation and factor analysis using
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (22), 2011 г.
28
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
standard software package in Microsoft
Excel [14].
Results of researches and
discussion
Part 1. Toxicological and hygien�
ic characteristics and simulation of
ship fire
Despite the existing restrictions on
access to information about fires on
ships, we have over
the years accumu�
lated and analyzed
data on cases of
fire occurred and
the subsequent de�
velopment of fires
on ships and oil
platforms. Identi�
fied the main
sources of fire on
board and places
their preferential
origin (Fig. 1).
As can be
seen from the fig�
ure, the ignition in
ships’ holds and
tanks take place 2 times more frequent
than in the engine room, 2.5 times – in
residential cabins and 6 times – in a
galley facilities. However, fires in cargo
holds are mainly observed during
the transport of dangerous goods, while
other sources exist on all types of the
vessels.
Danger to the life and health of crew
Kitchen
7,1% Engine room
19,6%
Holds and
tanks
41,1%
Crew and
passendgers
premises
16,1%
Loading devices
and
management of
cargo
operations
premises
5,4%
Premises for
storage of
inflammable
materials
10,7%
Fig. 1. The frequency of fires in the different ship premises
Fig. 2. The main dangerous factors of fire on board and their effects on human health
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
29
and passengers depends on the ship
type, physical and chemical properties of
the burning dangerous goods, used in
the construction and decoration of ship
premises polymeric materials, the sce�
nario of fire, access of air (oxygen) in the
ship premises captured by fire [15]. How�
ever, as the global practice extinguishing
fires and the results of our researches
shows, this danger is defined by four
leading factors: heat, smoke, a lack of
oxygen and toxic vapors and gases (Fig.
2).
While each component is inherent in
its own distinctive set of danger signs,
usually they have a combined effect, re�
inforcing each other’s action (potentia�
tion). Moreover, the dominant value in a
highly saturated by polymer materials
ship spaces, including evacuation routes
and the crew and passengers cabins (up
to 6�8 m2 of polymer surfaces for 1 m3 of
the indoor air), acquire the toxic combus�
tion products, that under modern condi�
tions are the cause of death of more than
70% of people in fires [16].
The made researches have shown,
that the basic toxic products of burning
in fires on ships is the carbon oxide II
(CO) and carbon oxide IV, that corre�
sponds to data of the literature of fires
on other objects [17]. However, in the
indoor air, in the
chambers of experi�
mental installations,
even after fire extin�
guishing or the ex�
position termination,
there is a consider�
able enough assort�
ment токсикантов
which concentration
reach dangerous
levels is found out.
Among them chemi�
cal compounds
(HCN, HCl, NO
х
,
НСНО, allyl alde�
hyde, isocyanates,
p o l y a r e l e n e s ,
dioxins, polybrominated diphenylethers),
which are 2�3 orders more toxic of mag�
nitude from dominant components (CO
and CO
2
) [18, 19].
As an example, which illustrates the
contribution of minor components in the
overall toxicity of combustion products in
Fig. 3 are shown the 5 most common,
studied in our laboratory, the typical ma�
terials (1 � Polycarbonate, 2 � Polyole�
phine, 3 � Polyurethane; 4 � Polyvinylchlo�
ride, 5 � Polyester fiber glass).
The situation is extremely dynamic
and contradictory, because the compo�
sition of minor components is
complex, andtheir contribution to
the toxicity of combustion products of
polymers there is no doubt at least 55�
58% of cases. The demand increase fire
resistance and non�combustibility of
polymers used in the shipbuilding indus�
try at the expense of creating new and
filled with heat�resistant plastics and
composites, exclusion of their halogen
components � sources of HCl and other
irritating and highly toxic compounds.
Nevertheless, flammability of new plas�
tics and synthetic materials, unfortunate�
ly, remain quite high and, in some posi�
tions, even has tendency to grow. There�
fore, it is necessary to enter or carry out
surface treatment with flame retardants,
Figure 3. The maintenance of minor components in representatives of polymers differ-
ent classes of transport appointment. On an axis of ordinates - temperature of tests
and a material (the notation in the text), on an axis of abscisses - the contribution of
substance to toxicity in relation to the general contribution of all minor components, %
0 10 20 30 40 50
400°С
750°С
400°С
750°С
400°С
750°С
400°С
750°С
400°С
750°С
1
2
3
4
5
C6H5OH
CH3COCH3
H2CO
C6H6
NH3
NOx
HCL
HCN
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (22), 2011 г.
30
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
which often leads to increased toxicity
[20]. Not easier is the position with the
smoke production, which is often a lim�
iting factor in risk of danger, especially
on the ways of evacuation [21].
Therefore, both national and inter�
national standards stipulated by conduct�
ing small�scale laboratory testing of new
polymers. The staff of our laboratory in
the past decade conducted certification
testing of polymers more than 1,000
items, including 186 compositions of
transport and ship�building appointment.
The received data have shown that along
with chemical, informative biological
markers, first of all, hemoglobin deriva�
tives (COHb, MtHb, SHb) in blood exhib�
ited by toxic combustive products on
white mice are productive (Table 1).
The presented in the table data
shows that, depending on the structure
and chemical properties of the studying
polymer the content of hemoglobin de�
rivatives in the peripheral blood of ani�
mals varies considerably (up to 60 times
as COHb, up to 10 times � on MtHb and
up to 5 times � on SHb). Their levels in
the blood of white mice correlates with
the integral marker of toxicity (HCl
50
),
which corresponds to the mass in grams
of material, the burning of which causes
the death of 50% taken into the test an�
imals. Comprehensive assessment of
chemical and biological markers signifi�
cantly improves the quality of examina�
tion and certification of polymer prod�
ucts.
It is the important argument in fa�
vor of the combined toxic action on an
organism of polymer combustive prod�
ucts, which cannot be described only as
a CO poisoning. The complex estimation
of chemical and biological markers es�
sentially raises the quality of examination
and certification of polymeric production.
Studies on mechanisms of toxicity
of polymer’s combustion products in ex�
perimental models in vivo et in vitro, the
complex clinical and physiological exam�
ination of affected patients during a fire,
and firefighters and rescuers in the med�
ical and psychological rehabilitation,
showed that at the heart of poisoning are
hypoxia and oxidative stress, and the
leading type of specific action (selective
toxicity) are neurotoxic and behavioral
effects of intoxication, including individ�
ual and personal responses and specific
forms of collective behavior [22, 23].
This brings to the fore, along with
toxicological and hygienic studies on ma�
terial’s certification, studying the mech�
anisms of toxicity and the finding of treat�
ment and prevention of poisoning, a
problem more in�depth study of psycho�
physiological aspects of the problem, as
most relevant to solving problems and
improving seamen readiness and effec�
tiveness of the crew and passengers
actions at fires and other emergencies on
board.
Part 2. Psychophysiology of
emergencies and safety of people in
a fire on board
Таble 1
The hemoglobin derivatives content in white mice’s blood after toxic combustive
products of polymers exposition, n=10
The hemoglobin derivatives blood
content, % № Polymer name
COHb MtHb SHb
1. Polyurethane 40,0 ± 2,1 7,2 ± 0,25 2,1 ± 0,12
2. Polyvinylchloride 38,4 ± 3,1 1,8 ± 0,11 0,3 ± 0,05
3. Fibreglass polyester 58,5 ± 3,8 1,1 ± 0,08 0,1 ± 0,05
4. Rubber covering 54,8 ± 2,8 4,5 ± 0,15 4,8 ± 0,22
5. Control 1,0 ± 0,06 0,8 ± 0,04 0
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
31
Fire in its power, biological and so�
cio�psychological significance belongs to
the category of emergency stressors.
Moreover, all its four major hazardous
component (smoke, heat, toxic fumes
and gases, oxygen deficiency) have an
impact on the relevant receptors and
analyzers functions, causing significant
changes in sensory, motor and regulator
(the nervous, endocrine, autonomic)
fields and physiological systems of the
organism, forming an integrated psycho�
physiological response to stress.
Of a great importance are also the
physical, individual psychological and
personality characteristics of a person.
They define emotional and behavioral
status, degree of activation of physiolog�
ical functions, the ability to support them
as long as necessary for the mobilization
of adaptive reserves, which integrally
manifests itself in readiness to act in a
complex emergent situation. The last one
(readiness) is associated with the activ�
ity, i.e. process of implementation of
human activity aimed at achieving this
goal deliberately [24]. In these circum�
stances, stress tolerance is not only oc�
cupationally, but also vital to the quality,
the basis of individual responses and be�
havior during the detection, localization
and extinguishing the fire. It provides a
maximum concentration of efforts to
overcome the dominant elements of the
stressor (fire) under control of the cen�
tral nervous system and the implemen�
tation of a number of responsibilities at
the expense of subconscious, vegetative
and emotional components [25].
Formation of the occupational dy�
namic stereotype (ODS), as a functional
adaptation system to some concrete type
of work, provides a clear psychophysio�
logical reactions in sailor, a member of
the salvage party, fire rescue in an emer�
gent situation, while respecting the prin�
ciple of minimizing the cost of physical
and courage strength, control deficien�
cies emotive behavior. This is particular�
ly important in the socio�psychological
terms, as a number of people in emer�
gency situations is found not only imita�
tive behavior, but also have amplification
of negative emotional and behavioral el�
ements to the level of continued, uncon�
trolled reactions (negative sociologisa�
tion behavior). The main dangerous man�
ifestations of stress in the fire include
anxiety and fear, which in the individual
psychological terms can be manifested in
increased anxiety, emotivity, affective
behavior, or the predominance of inhibi�
tory processes in the CNS with symptoms
of hypo� and areactivity, stupor, torpor.
In accordance with the conceptual
model anxiety is understood as the emo�
tional state of acute painful meaningless
anxiety to be associated in the con�
sciousness of the individual with the ex�
pectation (prediction) risk in terms of
pragmatic uncertainty. The intensity of
emotional reaction to the stress situation
disproportionately higher than the value
of objective risk [26].
Unlike anxiety, fear – is a reaction
to a specific (real) danger to life and
health situation In its genesis fear is
based on a protective biological reaction,
has a certain emotional and physiologi�
cal mechanisms include. In the social�
psychological level of anxiety and fear,
covering a group of people, who are at
the heart of panic [27]. The latter is a
group phenomenon of human behavior
that have no clear idea of the strategy
and how to avoid and reduce its risk.
Because the risk is generally associated
with stress, the level of individual and
personal stress management and group
behavior are the most important indica�
tors for the detection, localization and
liquidation of a fire on board. This is
clearly seen in the simulation of emer�
gency situation in the training of ship’s
alarms.
The reaction of the crew in the per�
formance of training assignments de�
pends on the individual typological prop�
erties of higher nervous activity in a par�
ticular seaman (genetic component), and
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (22), 2011 г.
32
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
the source of fire scenarios (technical,
ergonomic and hygienic component), the
level of competence (training and expe�
rience), individual and collective stress
(physical and psychological endurance,
coherence and cohesion of the group �
the individual�personal, social and psy�
chological components). They have
roughly equal representation in assess�
ing the effectiveness of functional re�
sponsibilities during the training ses�
sions.
More informative were the results
of studies of professionally important
qualities (PIQ) on the scales that are
based on analysis of individual�personal
qualities of seafarers. The results of the
before and after the training psychophys�
iological researches the correlation ma�
trix was performed on the base of de�
fined markers. Also factor analysis was
conducted to study the structure of the
internal connections of various elements
of the system. This analysis allowed to
identify four groups of personality traits
and four groups of PIQ (Table 2).
From the data, summarized in the
table, it is shown that there are quite reg�
ular, statistically significant markers of
the psychophysiological functions mobi�
lization, which are responsible for the
success of operational activities of fire�
fighters.
The 1st personal factor includes
markers of quality, which determine the
expression of anxiety, emotional stress
and emotivity. Generalized, this factor is
designated as a factor of “emotional ex�
pressivity.”
The 2nd factor is designated as
“psycho�vegetative”, as it combines
markers of the functional state of the or�
ganism, and may reflect the type of cop�
ing strategies for stress loads.
The 3rd factor is designated as the
“psychosomatic”, and it defines avoidant
type of behavior in stressful situations
and the emergence of anxiety and ten�
sion on the somatic type.
The 4th factor is designated as the
factor of “vegetative anxiety.” It reflects
the disregulative disorders in the most
Table 2
The results of factor analysis of received psychophysiological data during the training,
reflect to the degree of PIQ tension
PIQ Factors № Markers 1 2 3 4
A. The Raven test productivity, 0,84
The time of Raven test performing 0,81
Dubbing lines in Benton test - 0,57
A.
The deviation from the autogenous norm in
Lusher test
- 0,53
Errors in the test «Tracking the target» 0,82
Expert rating 0,79
B.
Post-stress reaction - 0,58
Psycho-emotional stress 0,83
Situational anxiety by Spielberger - 0,73
C.
The deviation from the autogenous norm in
Lusher test
- 0,53
The level of urinary epinephrine excretion 0,88
Ratio of K + / Na + in the mixed saliva 0,86
Errors of visual retention in Benton test - 0,58
D.
Systolic blood pressure -0,69
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
33
dynamic mechanism of psychosomatic
homeostasis � neurovegetative functions,
that are already in the first stage of the
pathological process manifested in the
form of neurocirculatory dystonia.
These results play an important role
in studying the mechanisms underlying
such a key PIQ, as tolerance to stress.
They also open up the new possibilities
for solving the problems of psychophys�
iological selection of seamen. Along with
periodic medical examination occupa�
tional psychophysiological selection
forms the first com�
pulsory stage and is
a key element in the
system of seafarers
p s y c h o s o m a t i c
health preservation
[6, 28, 29], includ�
ing possibil i ty to
predict their occu�
pational activity and
quality of work in
emergency s itua�
tions.
Based on
these studies it was
possible to identify
the most informative
markers of
psychological tests
to assess the PIQ. All factors on the base
of PIQ were grouped around the following
parameters: A � Raven test passes or
fails, B � error on the test “Target
tracking”, C � psycho�emotional stress,
D � the level of epynephrine excretion in
the urine and the ratio K + / Na + in the
mixed saliva (almost equal in impor�
tance).
According to leading markers, the
selected factors determine the PIQ of
logical th inking, spatial perception,
stress, occupational health and adapta�
Fig. 4. The level of the main classis of PIQ manifistation in different groups of
seafarers, involved to the rescue parties of firefighting on board of sea going
ships
Table 3
Correlation matrix of individual-personal qualities of a ship's officers (command-
ers of emergency parties) as a function of individual personality traits and work
experience on ships
Tolerance to stress Experience Personal
properties 1* 2** Up to 5
years
Over 5
years
Aggressiveness 0,621 0,707 0,718 0,676
Demonstrativeness 0,538 0,789 0.735 0,642
Propensity to risk 0,492 0,698 0,614 0,459
Addiction to com-
munication 0,572 0,598 0,662 0,497
Activity 0,711 0,629 0,741 0,596
Expert evaluation r = 0,83;
p < 0,01
r = 0,65;
p < 0,05
r = 0,58;
p < 0,05
r = 0,75;
p < 0,01
Notes: * / - tolerant to stress; ** / - neuroticism
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (22), 2011 г.
34
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
tion to professional activity. This is con�
firmed by the correlation analysis to the
grade of PIQ manifestation
in the groups of ship officers, crew
members, who involved in the rescue
parties, and other staff (fig. 4).
From the presented data in the fig�
ure is seen, that the greatest degree of
PIQ mobilization occurs in commanders
of rescue parties. Moreover, if the rank
and file members of parties dominated by
emergency of locomotor and character�
ological quality (4,53 ± 0,39 and 4,35 ±
0,32, respectively) then the officers � the
cognitive and characterological quality
(4,56 ± 0,61 and 4,89 ± 0,54, respective�
ly).
Last one closely related to individ�
ual personality traits (Eysenck test on),
stress tolerance and experience of work
on the vessels (Table 3). Because most
high performance and their professional
importance occurred in marine officers
and commanders of other rescue units at
a later stage was compared between the
correlation matrix of individual�personal
qualities of the representatives of the
contingent and stress tolerance (Table 3).
From the presented data in the ta�
ble shows that the basis of the reaction
vessel officers in stress situation (“fire on
board”) are individual�personal qualities
that are only partially optimized with the
experience. Moreover, the tightness of
correlation for all defined parameters was
statistically significant (r > 0,4; p < 0,05).
In respondents with the signs of neurot�
icism there were higher aggressiveness,
demonstrative behavior and appetite for
risk, which is already under fire drills, in
some cases leads to a decrease in the
quality of assignments and the negative
psychological reactions.
Studies results have shown that tol�
erance to stress is an important quality
in the system of PIQ for seamen. It is
closely linked with other PIQ and general
psycho�physiological status of the crew
members, whose behavior in emergency
situations has a significant impact on the
young sailors, cadets and passengers,
preventing anxiety, fear and panic on
board of ship.
This corresponds with the results of
factor analysis of psychophysiological
functions, which indicate the dominant
role of individual�personal qualities of a
sailor in reactions to extreme situations,
including such as a fire on board.
Conclusion
Thus, a fire on board is particularly
hazardous to the health and lives of sea�
farers and passengers the emergency,
which is much easier to prevent than to
locate and eliminate. Therefore, to solve
the problem requires a comprehensive
systems approach.
Based on these studies was devel�
oped and implemented in maritime trans�
port and in offices of the Ministry of
Emergency Situations integrated securi�
ty system that consists of the following
units:
1. Normative and methodical
documentation of the toxicological
and hygienic and
psychophysiological aspects of fire
safety in transport.
2. Methodological basis for
toxicological and hygienic tests of
new polymer materials for
transportation purposes (certified
installation for small�scale tests,
standardized fire s imulation
scenarios specific to the object,
certified chemical analytical methods
and toxicological researches,
evaluation cr iteria (three of
normative�methodical documents
and 7 patents of Ukraine).
3. Standardized protocols of polymer
materials hygienic studies with full�
bench and field trials to assess the
fire safety of materials and objects.
4. Developed and implemented
comprehensive computerized
psychophysiological selection of
seafarers, firefighters and rescuers
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
35
of entrants to study in the specialized
institutions of higher education.
5. Substantiated scientif ic and
methodological approaches and
conducted three�stage medical and
psychological rehabil i tation of
contingent workers involved in
dealing with emergencies, including
fires at the facilities of transport.
In general, the combustion toxicol�
ogy is relatively new and successful de�
veloping branch of modern toxicology.
Many of its problems are only identified
and marked. They require further epide�
miological, experimental and clinical
studies. Psychophysiological aspects in
addressing these issues in maritime
transport plays an important role.
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ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE �#3 (25), 2011
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ � № 3 (25), 2011 г.
37
Резюме
ПОЖЕЖА НА БОРТУ: ГІГІЄНА,
ТОКСИКОЛОГІЯ, ПСИХОФІЗІОЛОГІЯ
Шафран Л.М.
Серед надзвичайних ситуацій на
морських суднах і морських
свердловин пожежі відносяться до
числа найбільш частих, небезпечних,
як для здоров’я і життя людей, так і для
матеріальних цінностей (суден,
вантажів, портового устаткування і
обладнання. Величина ризику
виникнення пожежі визначається
властивостями вантажу, що
транспортується, типом і віком судна,
якістю підготовки і рівнем
компетентності суднових офіцерів
підготовки (згідно Міжнародної
конвенції ІМО ПДНВ 78/95), досвідом
роботи і єдністю екіпажу, умовами
плавання тощо. Тому здійснення
системи протипожежних, в тому числі
токсиколого�гігієнічних заходів на
транспортних об’єктах і серед члені
екіпажів морських суден є актуальною
проблемою сучасного суднобудування
і судноплавства. Розроблено і
впроваджено систему токсиколого�
гігієнічної і медико�психологічної
безпеки, яка включає нормативну і
методичну базу, критерії оцінки і
гігієнічної регламентації полімерів
транспортного призначення,
небезпечних вантажів, а також
психофізіологічний відбір, тренінг і
аутотренінг моряків і пасажирів.
Впровадження розроблених заходів в
практику суднобудування і
судноплавство має вагомий
соціальний, економічний і медичний
ефект.
Ключові слова: пожежа, гігієна, токси�
кологія, психофізіологія
Резюме
ПОЖАР НА БОРТУ: ГИГИЕНА,
ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ,
ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ
Шафран Л.М.
Среди чрезвычайных ситуаций на
морских судах и буровых платформах
пожары относятся к числу наиболее
частых и опасных, как для жизни лю�
дей, так и материальных ценностей
(судов, грузов, портового оборудова�
ния и сооружений), а также в плане
загрязнения окружающей среды. Ве�
личина риска возникновения пожара
на борту определяется свойствами
перевозимого груза, типом и возрас�
том судна, качеством подготовки (в
соответствии с Международной Кон�
венцией ИМО ПДНВ 78/95) и опытом
работы судового экипажа, условиями
плавания и другими факторами.
Поэтому осуществление системы
противопожарных, в том числе токси�
колого�гигиенических, мероприятий,
является актуальной проблемой со�
временного судостроения и судоход�
ства. Разработана и внедрена система
токсиколого�гигиенической и медико�
психологической безопасности, кото�
рая активно внедряется в транспорт�
ной отрасли. Она включает норматив�
ную и методическую базу, критерии
оценки и гигиенической регламента�
ции полимерных материалов, а также
психофизиологический отбор, тренинг
и аутотренинг моряков и пассажиров.
Внедрение разработанных мероприя�
тий в практику судостроения и судо�
ходства имеет весомый социальный,
экономический эффект.
Ключевые слова: пожар, гигиена,
токсикология, психофизиология
Впервые поступила в редакцию 29.08..2011 г.
Рекомендована к печати на заседании
редакционной коллегии после рецензирования
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