Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Functional Materials
Datum:2010
Hauptverfasser: Minenko, S.S., Lisetski, L.N., Goncharuk, A.I., Lebovka, N.I., Ponevchinsky, V.V., Soskin, M.S.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2010
Schlagworte:
Online Zugang:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136627
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Zitieren:Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture / S.S. Minenko, L.N. Lisetski, A.I. Goncharuk, N.I. Lebovka, V.V. Ponevchinsky, M.S. Soskin // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 4. — С. 454-459. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-136627
record_format dspace
spelling Minenko, S.S.
Lisetski, L.N.
Goncharuk, A.I.
Lebovka, N.I.
Ponevchinsky, V.V.
Soskin, M.S.
2018-06-16T14:39:19Z
2018-06-16T14:39:19Z
2010
Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture / S.S. Minenko, L.N. Lisetski, A.I. Goncharuk, N.I. Lebovka, V.V. Ponevchinsky, M.S. Soskin // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 4. — С. 454-459. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ.
1027-5495
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136627
en
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
Functional Materials
Characterization and properties
Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
Агрегати багатостінкових вуглецевих нанотрубок у нематичних рідких кристалах: експериментальні свідчення та фізична картина
Article
published earlier
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
title Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
spellingShingle Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
Minenko, S.S.
Lisetski, L.N.
Goncharuk, A.I.
Lebovka, N.I.
Ponevchinsky, V.V.
Soskin, M.S.
Characterization and properties
title_short Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
title_full Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
title_fullStr Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
title_full_unstemmed Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
title_sort aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture
author Minenko, S.S.
Lisetski, L.N.
Goncharuk, A.I.
Lebovka, N.I.
Ponevchinsky, V.V.
Soskin, M.S.
author_facet Minenko, S.S.
Lisetski, L.N.
Goncharuk, A.I.
Lebovka, N.I.
Ponevchinsky, V.V.
Soskin, M.S.
topic Characterization and properties
topic_facet Characterization and properties
publishDate 2010
language English
container_title Functional Materials
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
format Article
title_alt Агрегати багатостінкових вуглецевих нанотрубок у нематичних рідких кристалах: експериментальні свідчення та фізична картина
issn 1027-5495
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136627
citation_txt Aggregates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in nematic liquid crystal dispersions: experimental evidence and a physical picture / S.S. Minenko, L.N. Lisetski, A.I. Goncharuk, N.I. Lebovka, V.V. Ponevchinsky, M.S. Soskin // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 4. — С. 454-459. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ.
work_keys_str_mv AT minenkoss aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT lisetskiln aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT goncharukai aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT lebovkani aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT ponevchinskyvv aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT soskinms aggregatesofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesinnematicliquidcrystaldispersionsexperimentalevidenceandaphysicalpicture
AT minenkoss agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
AT lisetskiln agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
AT goncharukai agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
AT lebovkani agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
AT ponevchinskyvv agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
AT soskinms agregatibagatostínkovihvuglecevihnanotrubokunematičnihrídkihkristalaheksperimentalʹnísvídčennâtafízičnakartina
first_indexed 2025-11-24T04:32:25Z
last_indexed 2025-11-24T04:32:25Z
_version_ 1850842171197882368
fulltext $JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ�QDQRWXEHVLQ�QHPDWLF�OLTXLG�FU\VWDO�GLVSHUVLRQV�H[SHULPHQWDO�HYLGHQFH�DQG�D�SK\VLFDO�SLFWXUH 6�6�0LQHQNR��/�1�/LVHWVNL��$�,�*RQFKDUXN ��1�,�/HERYND �9�9�3RQHYFKLQVN\ ��0�6�6RVNLQ ,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLQWLOODWLRQ�0DWHULDOV��67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV������ 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�����/HQLQ�$YH���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH )�2YFKDUHQNR�,QVWLWXWH�RI�%LRFROORLGDO�&KHPLVWU\�� 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�� ���9HUQDGVN\�3URVS���������.\LY��8NUDLQH� ,QVWLWXWH�RI�3K\VLFV��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH� ���3URVSHNW�1DXN\��������.\LY��8NUDLQH� 5HFHLYHG�6HSWHPEHU�������� )RUPDWLRQ�RI�DJJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ�QDQRWXEHV�GLVSHUVHG�LQ�QHPDWLF��&%�ZDV VWXGLHG� XVLQJ� GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV� �PLFURVFRS\�� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ�� HOHFWULF� FRQGXFWLYLW\� GLIIHUHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ� FDORULPHWU\�� DQG� PHWKRGV� RI� VLQJXODU� RSWLFV��� 0RQLWRULQJ� RI� WKH DJJUHJDWH�IRUPDWLRQ�RQ� WKH� WLPH�VFDOH�RI�VHYHUDO�KRXUV�KDV�EHHQ�UHDOL]HG��DQG�D�SK\VLFDO PRGHO� RI� WKH� DJJUHJDWLRQ� SURFHVV� KDV� EHHQ� SURSRVHG�� ,W� LV� DVVXPHG� WKDW� WKH� DJJUHJDWHV IRUPHG� FRQVLVW� RI� D� �VNHOHWRQ�� IRUPHG� E\� QDQRWXEHV� DUUDQJHG� LQ� D� VWRFKDVWLF� IUDFWDO VWUXFWXUH� DQG� D� �VKHOO�� ��FRDW��� RI� LQFRUSRUDWHG� DQG� DGMDFHQW� QHPDWLF� PROHFXOHV�� 7KH DJJUHJDWHV� RI� WKLV� W\SH� ��6�DJJUHJDWHV��� FDQ� EH� FRQVLGHUHG� DV� ODUJH� TXDVL�PDFURVFRSLF SDUWLFOHV� LQ� WKH�QHPDWLF�PDWUL[�� 7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� UHVXOWV� REWDLQHG�E\�GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV DSSHDU�WR�EH�LQ�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�WKH�SURSRVHG�SK\VLFDO�SLFWXUH� |­¯ÈϺmÈÓÒË� È�¯Ë�È�ºm� äÓº�º°�ËÓº�Ó©²� ��ã˯º�Ó©²� ÓÈÓº�¯�­º}�� �Ò°¹Ë¯�Ò¯ºmÈÓÓ©²� m ÓËäÈ�Ò�˰}ºä�ÎÒ�}ºä�}¯Ò°�ÈããË��v{��Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓº�¯ÈÏãÒ�Ó©äÒ�äË�º�ÈäÒ��äÒ}¯º°}º¹Ò«� º¹�Ò�˰}ºË� ¹¯º¹�°}ÈÓÒË�� ªãË}�¯º¹¯ºmº�Óº°� �� �ÒÁÁ˯ËÓ�ÒÈã ÓÈ«� °}ÈÓÒ¯� �È«� }È㺯Ò� äË�¯Ò«�Ò�äË�º�©�°ÒÓ��㫯Ӻ®�º¹�Ò}Ò���cËÈãÒϺmÈÓ�äºÓÒ�º¯ÒÓ��Áº¯äÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«�È�¯Ë�È�ºm ÓÈ�m¯ËäËÓÓºä�äȰ��È­Ë�Ó˰}ºã }Ò²��Ȱºm�Ò�¹¯Ë�ãºÎËÓÈ�ÁÒÏÒ�˰}È«�äº�Ëã ��º¹Ò°©mÈ �È« Ò²�º­¯ÈϺmÈÓÒË���¯Ë�¹ºãÈ�ÈË�°«����º�È�¯Ë�È�©�°º°�º«��ÒÏ��°}ËãË�È��ÒÏ�ÓÈÓº�¯�­º}���¹º¯«� �º�ËÓÓ©²�m�°�º²È°�Ò�˰}� �Á¯È}�Èã Ó� �°�¯�}��¯���Ò�º­ºãº�}Ò�����­©���ÒÏ�ÒÓ}º¯¹º¯Ò� ¯ºmÈÓÓ©²�Ò�¹¯ÒãË�È �Ò²�äºãË}�ã�ÓËäÈ�Ò}È��k�¯Ë�È�©�ª�º�º��Ò¹È� ��6�È�¯Ë�È�©���äºÎÓº ¯È°°äÈ�¯ÒmÈ� �}È}�}mÈÏÒäÈ}¯º°}º¹Ò�˰}ÒË��Ȱ�Ò�©�m�ÓËäÈ�Ò�˰}º®�äÈ�¯Ò�Ë��w}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ� �Èã Ó©Ë��ÈÓÓ©Ë��¹ºã��ËÓÓ©Ë�¯ÈÏãÒ�Ó©äÒ�äË�º�ÈäÒ��°º�ãȰ� �°«�äËÎ���°º­º®�Ò�°�¹¯Ë�ãÈ� �ÈË亮�ÁÒÏÒ�˰}º®�}ȯ�ÒÓº®�� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ 6LQFH� WKHLU� GLVFRYHU\� >�@�� FDUERQ� QDQRWXEHV �17��KDYH�EHHQ�D� VXEMHFW�RI� LQWHQVH� VWXGLHV� >�� �@�� $Q� LPSRUWDQW� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� 17� VWXGLHV� DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV�ZDV�UHODWHG� WR�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI� FRP� SRVLWH�PDWHULDOV�EDVHG�RQ�17�GLVSHUVLRQV�LQ�YDUL� RXV�FRQGHQVHG�RUJDQLF�PHGLD��VXFK�DV�SRO\PHUV�>�@ DQG� OLTXLG� FU\VWDOV� �/&��� ,Q� WKH� ODWWHU� FDVH� ILUVW� DSSOLFDWLRQ�UHODWHG� ZRUNV� ZHUH� PDGH� E\ :HL�/HH�H�D��>����@��DQG�WKH�ILUVW�SDSHU�ZKHUH D� SK\VLFDO� SLFWXUH� RI� RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�17V�E\� D QHPDWLF� /&� PDWUL[� ZDV� H[SOLFLWO\� VWDWHG� ZDV SUHVHQWHG�E\�/\QFK�DQG�3DWULFN�>�@�� 1XPHURXV� H[SHULPHQWDO� VWXGLHV� RI /&�17� GLVSHUVLRQV� ZHUH� ODUJHO\� VXPPD� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� UL]HG�LQ�VHYHUDO�UHYLHZV�>�Ü��@��$V�IRU�WKHR� UHWLFDO� WUHDWPHQW�� PXFK� OHVV� DWWHQWLRQ� KDV EHHQ� SDLG�� DQG� ZH� FDQ� RQO\� QRWH� SDSHUV ZKHUH� FDOFXODWLRQV� RI� 17�/&� PROHFXOH� LQ� WHUDFWLRQV�ZHUH�PDGH��XVLQJ�TXDQWXP�FKHP� LVWU\�>��@�DQG�PROHFXODU�G\QDPLFV�ZLWK�/HQ� QDUG�-RQHV�W\SH�DWRP�DWRP�SRWHQWLDOV�>��@�� DV� ZHOO� DV� VHPL�SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO� DS� SURDFKHV� UHODWLQJ� RULHQWDWLRQDO� RUGHU� SD� UDPHWHU� RI� WKH� QHPDWLF� PDWUL[� DQG� GLV� SHUVHG�17V�>������@� $PRQJ�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD�RQ�/&�17�GLV� SHUVLRQV��RQH�VKRXOG�QRWH�D�FRQFHSW�RI��SHU� FRODWLRQ��W\SH� EHKDYLRU� GHVFULELQJ� FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQ� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� HOHFWULF� FRQGXFWLYLW\ >��@�� DV� ZHOO� DV� GDWD� RQ� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLW� WDQFH�� 5DPDQ� VFDWWHULQJ�� DQG� HOHFWURRSWLF HIIHFWV�W\SLFDO�IRU�QHPDWLFV�REWDLQHG�LQ�GLI� IHUHQW�/&�PDWULFHV�>������@�� )URP�WKHVH�UHVXOWV�� WKH�SLFWXUH�RI�RULHQ� WDWLRQ�RI�17V�E\�WKH�/&�PDWUL[�VHHPV�WR�EH VXIILFLHQWO\� FOHDU�� ,Q�PDQ\� SDSHUV� >��Ü��@� H[SODQDWRU\� GUDZLQJV� DUH� LQFOXGHG�� GHSLFW� LQJ� 17V� DQG� 1/&�PROHFXOHV� LQ� D� MRLQW� VX� SUDPROHFXODU� DUUDQJHPHQW�� $FFRUGLQJ� WR WKHVH�SLFWXUHV��17V�FDQ�EH�UHDOO\�FRQVLGHUHG DV�D�VRUW�RI�QRQ�PHVRJHQLF�GRSDQWV�RI�ODUJH VL]H� DQG� DQLVRPHWU\�� ZLWK� QR� VSHFLILF� IHD� WXUHV� DQG� D� FRQYHQWLRQDO� VFKHPH� RI� WKH )UHHGHULFNV� WUDQVLWLRQ� >��@�� � 2QH� FDQ� MXVW PHQWLRQ� D� WRR� ODUJH� 17� OHQJWK� OHDGLQJ� WR VKXQWLQJ�RI�D�/&�FHOO�>��@� $W� WKH� OHYHO� RI� TXDOLWDWLYH� PROHFXODU PRGHOV�� WKH� PRVW� GHWDLOHG� DQG� FRPSUHKHQ� VLYH�GHVFULSWLRQ�VHHPV� WR�KDYH�EHHQ�RIIHUHG E\�%DVX�DQG�,DQQDFFKLRQH�>��Ü��@��7KHLU�YL� VLRQ� RI� VXSUDPROHFXODU� DUUDQJHPHQW� LQ 1/&�17�GLVSHUVLRQV�LV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�SLFWXUH RI�D�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ�QDQRWXEH�DV�D�UHOD� WLYHO\� ODUJH� F\OLQGHU�VKDSHG� REMHFW� DOLJQLQJ DQLVRPHWULF� QHPDWLF� PROHFXOHV� RI� PXFK VPDOOHU� VL]H� DW� WKH� VFDOH� RI� VHYHUDO�PROHFX� ODU� OD\HUV�� ,Q�WKLV�VXSUDPROHFXODU�VWUXFWXUH RI� WKH� QHDUHVW� PROHFXODU� HQYLURQPHQW� LQ� GXFHG� E\� WKH� QDQRWXEH�� WKH� ORFDO� RULHQWD� WLRQDO� RUGHU� SDUDPHWHU� RI� WKH� QHPDWLF� LV FOHDUO\� LQFUHDVHG�� KRZHYHU�� RQ� WKH� PDFUR� VFRSLF� VFDOH� WKH� QHPDWLF�LVRWURSLF� SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQ�LV�QRW�LQFUHDVHG��EXW�HYHQ�VOLJKWO\ GHFUHDVHG�� 7KLV� PRVW� SUREDEO\� UHIOHFWV� WKH IDFW� WKDW� GLUHFWRU� RULHQWDWLRQV� RI� WKH� RU� GHUHG��PLFUR�GRPDLQV��DUH�QRW�FRUUHODWHG�RQ WKH� PDFURVFRSLF� VFDOH�� DQG� WKH� UHVXOWLQJ FRQWULEXWLRQ� RQ� WKH� QHPDWLF� RUGHU� SDUDPH� WHU�WHQGV�WR�EH�QHJDWLYH� 7KLV� SLFWXUH�� KRZHYHU�� VHHPV� WR� DGH� TXDWHO\� GHVFULEH� RQO\� WKH� 1/&�17� GLVSHU� VLRQV� DW� YHU\� ORZ� 17� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV �����������RU�GXULQJ�D�VKRUW�WLPH� LQWHUYDO DIWHU� XOWUDVRQLFDWLRQ� ZKHQ� HPHUJLQJ� SURF� HVVHV�RI�17�DJJUHJDWLRQ�GR�QRW�VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW� WKH� SLFWXUH��:H� FDQ� UHIHU� WR� VHYHUDO SXEOLFDWLRQV� >��Ü��@� ZKHUH� WKLV� DVSHFW� KDV EHHQ�FRQVLGHUHG��WKRXJK�H[SOLFLW�GDWD�RQ�WKH HIIHFWV�RI�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�WLPH�UHODWHG�DJJUH� JDWLRQ�VHHP�WR�KDYH�UHPDLQHG�LQ�WKH��NQRZ� KRZ��VXEWH[W�LPSOLFDWLRQV�� ,Q� RXU� DSSURDFK��ZH� WUHDW� WKH� DJJUHJDWH IRUPDWLRQ� LQ�1/&�17� GLVSHUVLRQV� QRW� DV� D VSXULRXV� SKHQRPHQRQ� WKDW� VKRXOG� EH DYRLGHG��XVLQJ�ORZHU�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV��PRUH�HI� ILFLHQW�VRQLFDWLRQ��FKHPLFDO�WUHDWPHQW�RI�17V� HWF����EXW�DV�D�QDWXUDO�EHKDYLRU�RI�D�FRPSOH[ PXOWL�FRPSRQHQW� DQLVRWURSLF� OLTXLG� V\VWHP� 7DNLQJ� GLVSHUVLRQV� RI� PXOWLZDOOHG� FDUERQ QDQRWXEHV� LQ�WKH�ZHOO�NQRZQ�QHPDWLF��&%�DV D�EDVLV�IRU�RXU�VWXGLHV��ZH�XVHG�ILYH�GLIIHUHQW H[SHULPHQWDO�PHWKRGV�WR�PRQLWRU�WKH�G\QDP� LFV�RI�17�DJJUHJDWH�IRUPDWLRQV�DQG�SURSRVHG D� WHQWDWLYH� WKHRUHWLFDO�PRGHO� WR� GHVFULEH� WKH ZKROH�FRPSOH[�RI�WKH�REWDLQHG�UHVXOWV�� ���0DWHULDOV�DQG�PHWKRGV $V� D� QHPDWLF� KRVW�� ZH� XVHG� ��SHQW\O��c� F\DQRELSKHQ\O� ��&%�� Û� D� W\SLFDO� /&� VXE� VWDQFH�ZLWK�GLHOHFWULF�DQLVRWURS\�'H�!���DQG QHPDWLF� UDQJH� ��Ü���&� �&KHPLFDO�5HDJHQWV 3ODQW��.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH���7KH�PXOWL�ZDOOHG 17V� �706SHWVPDVK� /WG��� .\LY�� 8NUDLQH� ZHUH� SUHSDUHG� IURP� HWK\OHQH� XVLQJ� WKH FKHPLFDO�YDSRXU�GHSRVLWLRQ��&9'��PHWKRG�DV GHVFULEHG� LQ� >������@�� 7KH� 17V� LQYROYHG W\SLFDOO\� KDG� WKH� RXWHU� GLDPHWHU� GH� DERXW��Ü���QP��ZKLOH�WKHLU�OHQJWK�UDQJHG�IURP�� WR����PP� 7KH� RSWLFDO� PLFURVFRS\� LPDJHV� ZHUH� RE� WDLQHG� XVLQJ� 2,��� 8+/� ���� PLFURVFRSH �/202�� 5XVVLD��� 7KH� PLFURVFRSH� GHWHFWRU XQLW� ZDV� LQWHUIDFHG� ZLWK� D� GLJLWDO� FDPHUD DQG� D� SHUVRQDO� FRPSXWHU�� 7KH� LPDJHV� ZHUH WDNHQ� ZLWK� ���� HQODUJHPHQW�� WKH� OD\HU WKLFNQHVV�ZDV����PP� 7KH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� VSHFWUD� ZHUH PHDVXUHG�LQ�D����PP�WKLFN�FHOO�XVLQJ�D�+LWD� FKL� ���� VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU�� 7KH� VWXGLHG� GLV� SHUVLRQ�ZDV�LQWURGXFHG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FHOO�ZDOOV E\� WKH� FDSLOODU\� IRUFHV�� WKH� UHVXOWLQJ� DOLJQ� PHQW�ZDV�EHOLHYHG�WR�EH�FORVH�WR�SODQDU�� 7KH� KRPH�PDGH� FHOO�� XVHG� IRU� PHDVXUH� PHQW� RI� HOHFWURSK\VLFDO� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�� LQ� FOXGHG� D� JURXQGHG� JXDUG� ULQJ�� ZKLFK� UH� GXFHG� WKH� LQIOXHQFH� RI� WKH� HGJH� HIIHFWV� 7KH� FHOO�ZDV� D� FDSDFLWRU�ZLWK�PHWDO� SODWHV� FRYHUHG� E\� D� SRO\YLQ\O� DOFRKRO� ILOP� UXEEHG LQ�RQH�GLUHFWLRQ�IRU�HQVXULQJ�WKH�SODQDU�WH[� WXUH��7KH�FHOO� WKLFNQHVV�����PP��ZDV�VHW�E\ D� 7HIORQ� VSDFHU�� %HIRUH� WKH� PHDVXUHPHQWV� 6�6�0LQHQNR�HW�DO����$JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� WKH� FHOO� SDUWV� ZHUH� ZDVKHG� LQ� KH[DQH� DQG GULHG� DW� ���� .�� $IWHU� DVVHPEOLQJ�� WKH� FHOO ZDV� FRQQHFWHG� WR� (����� /&5�PHWHU� �.$� /,%5�� %HODUXV��� WR� PDNH� VXUH� WKDW� WJG� RI WKH�HPSW\�FHOO�GLG�QRW�H[FHHG�������� )RU� FRQGXFWLYLW\� DQG� FDSDFLWDQFH� PHDV� XUHPHQWV�� WKH� DF� YROWDJH� RI� ����� 9� DQG �� 0+]� ZDV� XVHG�� ZKLFK� VKRXOG� QRW� DIIHFW WKH�/&�GLUHFWRU�ILHOG��7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�VHW� XS� SURYLGHG� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� '&� ELDV� YROWDJH XS� WR� ��� 9� WR� WKH� FHOO�� 7KH� H[WHUQDO� '& YROWDJH�FRXOG�DOLJQ�WKH�PROHFXOHV��WKXV�OHDG� LQJ�WR�UH�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�QHPDWLF�GLUHFWRU DQG� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� FKDQJHV� LQ� GLHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV�DQG�FRQGXFWLYLW\���� 'LIIHUHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ� FDORULPHWU\� �'6&� PHDVXUHPHQWV� LQ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJH DURXQG� WKH� QHPDWLF�LVRWURSLF� WUDQVLWLRQ ����&��ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�XVLQJ�D�0HWWOHU�7$ ����� WKHUPRDQDO\WLFDO� V\VWHP� DW� �� .�PLQ VFDQQLQJ�UDWH�ERWK�RQ�KHDWLQJ�DQG�FRROLQJ� ([SHULPHQWV� XVLQJ� PHWKRGV� RI� VLQJXODU RSWLFV� ZHUH� FDUULHG� RXW� HVVHQWLDOO\� DV� GH� VFULEHG�LQ�>��@� ,Q�DOO�WKH�H[SHULPHQWV�FDUULHG�RXW�E\�WKH DERYH�OLVWHG� PHWKRGV�� WKH� �&%�17� GLVSHU� VLRQV�ZHUH� ILUVW� VWXGLHG� MXVW� DIWHU� SUHSDUD� WLRQ� �VRQLFDWLRQ��� DQG� WKHQ� PHDVXUHPHQWV XQGHU� WKH� VDPH� FRQGLWLRQV� ZHUH� UHSHDWHG DIWHU� WKHVH� GLVSHUVLRQV� KDG� EHHQ� LQFXEDWHG IRU� VHYHUDO� KRXUV� �L�H���ZKHQ� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ SURFHVV�RI�17�DJJUHJDWHV�ZDV�H[SHFWHG�WR�EH VXIILFLHQWO\� GHYHORSHG� �DW� OHDVW� SDUWLDOO\ FRPSOHWHG������ 5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ )LJ���� VKRZV� WKH� PLFURVFRSLF� SLFWXUH� RI WKH�GLVSHUVLRQ��&%����������17� MXVW�DIWHU VRQLFDWLRQ� �D�� DQG� DIWHU� LQFXEDWLRQ� IRU ��KRXUV�DW����&��E���,W�FDQ�EH�VHHQ�WKDW�17 DJJUHJDWHV� KDYH� EHHQ� VXEVWDQWLDOO\� JURZQ� ERWK� LQ� UHODWLYH� DQG�DEVROXWH� VL]H�� WKH� DUHD IUDFWLRQ� RFFXSLHG� E\� WKH� DJJUHJDWHV� DIWHU LQFXEDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�HVWLPDWHG�DV���Ü�����RI WKH�WRWDO�DUHD��7KH�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�FKDQJHV�LQ RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� �PHDVXUHG� LQ� SDUDOOHO H[SHULPHQWV�XVLQJ�WKH�VDPH�GLVSHUVLRQ�VDP� SOHV��DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����7KH�FKDUDFWHULVWLF �MXPS�� RI� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� DW� WKH� QH� PDWLF�LVRWURSLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� >������@� EHFRPHV QRWLFHDEO\�VPDOOHU�DIWHU�LQFXEDWLRQ��7KLV�UH� IOHFWV� D� GHFUHDVH� LQ� WKH� JHQHUDO� DQLVRWURS\ RI� WKH� FRPSRVLWH� V\VWHP��ZKLFK� FDQ� EH� GXH WR� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� 17� DJJUHJDWHV� �FRQVLGHUHG DV� �QRQ�DQLVRPHWULF�� REMHFWV� HPEHGGHG� LQWR WKH�DQLVRWURSLF�SKDVH�IRUPHG�E\�DQLVRPHWULF )LJ�����0LFURSKRWRJUDSKV�RI��&%���������17�GLVSHUVLRQ�VDPSOHV�EHIRUH��D��DQG�DIWHU��E��LQFXEDWLRQ IRU���K��7KH�QXPEHU�DQG�VL]H�RI�DJJUHJDWHV�LV�REYLRXVO\�LQFUHDVHG� )LJ����� 2SWLFDO� WUDQVPLWWDQFH� LQ� WKH� YLFLQLW\ RI� LVRWURSLF�QHPDWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH IRU� XQGRSHG� �&%� ���� DQG� �&%������� �� 17 GLVSHUVLRQ��MXVW�DIWHU�VRQLFDWLRQ�����DQG�DIWHU LQFXEDWLRQ�IRU���K������� 6�6�0LQHQNR�HW�DO����$JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� SDUWLFOHV� ��&%� PROHFXOHV� DQG� LQGLYLGXDO 17V���6XFK�EHKDYLRU�LV�VLPLODU�WR�WKDW�QRWHG HDUOLHU�IRU�(%%$�17�GLVSHUVLRQV�>��@��� )LJ���� VKRZV� FKDQJHV� LQ� HOHFWULFDO� FRQ� GXFWLYLW\� XSRQ� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� GF� YROWDJH� WR WKH� �IUHVK�� DQG� LQFXEDWHG� �&%�������� � 17�GLVSHUVLRQ�VDPSOHV��7KH� LQWURGXFWLRQ�RI 17V� OHDGV� WR� D� VLJQLILFDQW� LQFUHDVH� LQ� FRQ� GXFWLYLW\��ZLWK�WKH�UHODWLYH�LQFUHDVH�LQ�FRQ� GXFWLYLW\� DERYH� D� FHUWDLQ� �WKUHVKROG�� YROW� DJH�EHFRPLQJ�QRWLFHDEO\�ODUJHU��7KLV�FDQ�EH H[SODLQHG� E\� WKH�PHFKDQLVP� RI�)UHHGHULFNV WUDQVLWLRQ� W\SLFDO� IRU� QHPDWLFV� ZLWK� 'H�!�� >��@�� ZKHQ� WKH� SODQDU� DOLJQPHQW� RI� ERWK �&%� PROHFXOHV� DQG� QDQRWXEHV� LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR� WKH� RULHQWDWLRQDOO\� RUGHUHG� QHPDWLF VWUXFWXUH� LV� FKDQJHG� LQWR� WKH� KRPHRWURSLF DOLJQPHQW� �ZLWK� ORQJ� D[HV� RI� DQLVRPHWULF SDUWLFOHV� DOLJQHG� DORQJ� WKH� HOHFWULF� ILHOG� >��@�� $IWHU� LQFXEDWLRQ� DQG� UHVXOWLQJ� ODUJH� VFDOH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�17�DJJUHJDWHV��WKH�DIWHU� WKUHVKROG� FRQGXFWLYLW\� YDOXHV� EHFRPH VPDOOHU� �UHIOHFWLQJ� D� GHFUHDVH� LQ� WKH� JHQHUDO DQLVRWURS\�RI� WKH� V\VWHP��� DQG� WKH� WKUHVKROG YROWDJH��DQG�WKH�RQVHW�YROWDJH�RI�WKH�FRQGXF� WLYLW\� ULVH�� LV� LQFUHDVHG�� 7KLV� FDQ�PHDQ� WKDW WKH�17�DJJUHJDWHV�IRUPHG�KLQGHU�WKH�UHRULHQ� WDWLRQ�RI��&%�PROHFXOHV��DQG�QDQRWXEHV�LQFRU� SRUDWHG�LQWR�WKH�RULHQWHG�QHPDWLF�VWUXFWXUH�� $W� WKLV� VWDJH�� ZH� UHFDOOHG� VRPH� HDUOLHU H[SHULPHQWV� PDGH� XQGHU� WKH� VDPH� FRQGL� WLRQV��ZKHQ�ZH�VWXGLHG��&%�17�GLVSHUVLRQV LQWR�ZKLFK�ZH�DGGHG��DW�WKH�VWDJH�RI�SUHSD� UDWLRQ�RI�WKH�GLVSHUVLRQ��FHUWDLQ�DPRXQWV�RI RUJDQRPRGLILHG� PRQWPRULOORQLWH� �007� >��@�� 7KH� SUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� /&�007� GLVSHU� VLRQV�PHDQV��DW�WKH�OHYHO�RI�PROHFXODU�SK\V� LFV�� H[IROLDWLRQ� RI� WKH� RUJDQRFOD\� SODWH�OLNH SDUWLFOHV� DQG� WKHLU� LQFRUSRUDWLRQ� LQWR� WKH RULHQWDWLRQDOO\� RUGHUHG� QHPDWLF� VWUXFWXUH� 7R�PDNH� WKH� FRPSDULVRQ� HDVLHU��ZH� SUHVHQW KHUH�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�UHVXOWV��)LJ������,W�FDQ�EH QRWHG� WKDW� LQWURGXFWLRQ� RI� 007� SDUWLFOHV LQWR� WKH� �&%�17� GLVSHUVLRQ� OHDGV� WR FKDQJHV� LQ� WKH� FRQGXFWLYLW\� EHKDYLRXU� DW )UHHGHULFNV� WUDQVLWLRQ� WKDW� DUH� VLPLODU� WR WKRVH� LQGXFHG� E\� 17� DJJUHJDWH� IRUPDWLRQ �WKH� DIWHU�WKUHVKROG� FRQGXFWLYLW\� YDOXHV� EH� FRPH�VPDOOHU��DQG�WKH�WKUHVKROG�RQVHW�YROW� DJH�LV�LQFUHDVHG���7KH�LGHD�RI�17�DJJUHJDWHV DV�QHZO\�IRUPHG�SDUWLFOHV��ZLWK�WKHLU�WKUHH� GLPHQVLRQDO� VKDSH� PRUH� SODWH�OLNH� � WKDQ HORQJDWHG�� DQG� SUREDEO\� RI� IUDFWDO� QDWXUH >��@��GRHV�QDWXUDOO\�DULVH� &RQVLGHULQJ�17�DJJUHJDWHV� LQ�/&�PHGLD� RQH�FDQ�LPDJLQH�WZR�OLPLWLQJ�FDVHV�RI�WKHLU HYHQWXDO� VWUXFWXUH�� 2QH� RI� WKHP�� ZLWK VWURQJ� LQWHUDFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� 17V�� DUH�� LQ IDFW�� UHVLGXDO� EXQGOHV� RU� FOXVWHUV� RI� QRW IXOO\� GLVSHUVHG� QDQRWXEHV� VWUXFWXUHG� SDUDO� OHO� WR� HDFK� RWKHU�� 7KH� RWKHU� W\SH� FRXOG HPHUJH� DV� D� UHVXOW� RI� �VHFRQGDU\�� LQWHUDF� WLRQ� RI� WKH� GLVSHUVHG� LQGLYLGXDO� QDQRWXEHV LQ� WKH� /&�PHGLXP�� 7KLV� LQWHUDFWLRQ� FDQ� EH GHVFULEHG� DV� SURSRVHG� LQ� >��@�� 7KH� FDVH� LO� OXVWUDWHG� E\� )LJ���E� RI� WKLV� SDSHU� LQYROYHV IUDFWDO�FOXVWHUV�RI�URGV�IRUPHG�E\�GLIIXVLRQ� OLPLWHG� FOXVWHU� DJJUHJDWLRQ�� ZLWK� LVRWURSLF GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� URG�RULHQWDWLRQV�� ,I� WKH� YRO� XPH� IUDFWLRQ� LV� ORZ�� WKH� IUDFWDO� VWUXFWXUH LPSOLHV�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�YRLGV�LQ�WKH�VXVSHQ� VLRQ�RI�UHODWLYHO\�ODUJH�VL]H��,Q�IXUWKHU�QDU� UDWLRQ��ZH�ZLOO� GHQRWH� WKH� VWUXFWXUHV� RI� WKLV W\SH�IRUPHG�E\�QDQRWXEHV�DV��6�DJJUHJDWHV�� )LJ�����&KDQJHV� LQ� UHODWLYH�HOHFWULFDO� FRQGXF� WLYLW\�V�VR�YHUVXV�WKH�GF�YROWDJH�8�DSSOLHG�WRWKH� PHDVXUHPHQW� FHOO� FRQWDLQLQJ� SXUH� QH� PDWLF� �&%� ���� DQG� �&%� GRSHG� E\� 0:&17 �������ZW��IRU��IUHVK������DQG��LQFXEDWHG���� ���KRXUV��VXVSHQVLRQV��7� �����.� )LJ�����5HODWLYH�FKDQJHV�LQ�HOHFWULFDO�FRQGXF� WLYLW\�V�VR�YHUVXV�WKH�GF�YROWDJH�8�DSSOLHG�WRWKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�FHOO�FRQWDLQLQJ�XQGRSHG�QH� PDWLF� �&%� ���� DQG� �&%� GRSHG� ZLWK� ���� � 0:&17� ����� DQG� ���� �� 0:&17������� � RUJDQRPRGLILHG� 007� ����� ,QVHUW� VKRZV� WKH WKUHVKROG�YROWDJHV�8WK�IRU�VDPSOHV��Ü�� 6�6�0LQHQNR�HW�DO����$JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� 2QH�FDQ�LPDJH�DQ�6�DJJUHJDWH�DV�D�IUDFWDO VWUXFWXUH� IRUPHG� E\� QDQRWXEHV� ZLWK� YRLGV ILOOHG�ZLWK� FDSWXUHG� QHPDWLF�PROHFXOHV�� ,Q� D VLPSOLILHG�PRGHO�� WKH� LQWHUVHFWLQJ� LQGLYLGXDO QDQRWXEHV� IRUP� VWRFKDVWLF� IUDFWDO� VWUXFWXUHV EDVHG� RQ� VLPSOH� JHRPHWULFDO� ILJXUHV�� ,I� WKH QDQRWXEH�OHQJWK�LV�D��DQG�LWV�DVSHFW�UDWLR�LV�U� RQH�FDQ�FDOFXODWH�WKH�YROXPH�9V�RI�D�WKUHH�GL�PHQVLRQDO��VNHOHWRQ���DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�WRWDO�YRO� XPH�9Q� RI� WKH� QDQRWXEHV� IRUPLQJ� WKH� VNHOH�WRQ��$W�DVSHFW�UDWLRV�RI�a�����WKH�9V�9Q�UDWLRFDQ� EH� RI� WKH� RUGHU� RI� VHYHUDO� KXQGUHG��7KH UDPLILHG� 6�DJJUHJDWHV� FDSWXUH� VXUURXQGLQJ /&�PROHFXOHV��DQG�WKHLU�PLFURVL]H�YROXPH�FDQ EH� E\� �Ü���� RUGHUV� JUHDWHU� WKDQ� WKH� WRWDO YROXPH� RI� WKH� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� LQYROYHG�� 7KLV PHDQV� WKDW�DW�17�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI�a������ WKH� YROXPH� IUDFWLRQ� RI� 6�DJJUHJDWHV� LQ� WKH QHPDWLF�PDWUL[�FDQ�UHDFK���Ü�����DQG�PRUH� ZKLFK�LV�FOHDUO\�UHIOHFWHG�LQ�WKH�PLFURVFRSLF LPDJHV�� 7KXV�� ZH� REWDLQ� D� KHWHURJHQHRXV V\VWHP�FRPSULVLQJ�6�DJJUHJDWHV�ZLWK� LQFRU� SRUDWHG�DQG�DGMDFHQW�QHPDWLF�PROHFXOHV�DQG WKH� �EXON�� QHPDWLF� SKDVH� ZLWK� GLVSHUVHG �XQFDSWXUHG��QDQRWXEHV�� ,W� FRXOG� EH� H[SHFWHG� WKDW� EHKDYLRU� RI� QH� PDWLF� PROHFXOHV� �LQVLGH�� DQG� �RXWVLGH�� WKH 6�DJJUHJDWHV� LQ� WKH� QHPDWLF�LVRWURSLF� SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQ�ZRXOG�EH�GLIIHUHQW��DQG�WKHVH�IHD� WXUHV�ZRXOG� DIIHFW� WKH� VKDSH�RI� FRUUHVSRQG� LQJ� '6&� SHDNV�� 7KH� REWDLQHG� '6&� WKHUPR� JUDPV� IRU� SXUH� �&%� DQG� �&%������� �� 17 GLVSHUVLRQ� EHIRUH� DQG� DIWHU� LQFXEDWLRQ� DUH VKRZQ�LQ�)LJV������ 2Q�KHDWLQJ��WKH�QHPDWLF�LVRWURSLF�WUDQVL� WLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7L� RI� WKH� �IUHVK�� GLVSHU�VLRQ� LV�VOLJKWO\� �E\����Ü����&�� ORZHUHG��DQG WKH� SHDN� LV� VOLJKWO\� EURDGHQHG��7KLV� EHKDY� LRU�LV�FORVH�WR�WKDW�REVHUYHG�LQ�>��Ü��@��VXJ� JHVWLQJ� WKDW� WKH� IHZ�DOUHDG\� IRUPHG�DJJUH� JDWHV� SUDFWLFDOO\� GR� QRW� FRQWULEXWH�� $IWHU LQFXEDWLRQ�� WKH� SHDN� EURDGHQV� IXUWKHU�� DQG WKLV� EURDGHQLQJ� JRHV� HVVHQWLDOO\� WR� KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUHV�� WKH� EURDGHQHG� SHDN� VHHPV� WR FRYHU� 7L� YDOXHV� RI� ERWK� SXUH� �&%� DQG �IUHVK�� GLVSHUVLRQ�� 7KLV� PD\� LQGLFDWH� WKDW �FDSWXUHG���&%�PROHFXOHV�XQGHUJR�WKH�WUDQ� VLWLRQ�ZLWK�D�FHUWDLQ�ODJ�� 2Q� FRROLQJ�� 7L� RI� SXUH� �&%� LV� ORZHU� E\���Ü����� WKDQ� RQ� KHDWLQJ� �ZKLFK� LV� W\SLFDO IRU� DOO� QHPDWLFV��� :LWK� LQFXEDWHG� GLVSHU� VLRQV�� WKH� LVRWURSLF�QHPDWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� EH� JLQV� HDUOLHU� WKDQ� ZLWK� SXUH� �&%�� DQG� WKH DSSDUHQW�7L�LV�FORVH�WR�WKDW�RQ�KHDWLQJ��2QHPD\�DVVXPH�WKDW��&%�PROHFXOHV�LQ�WKH��FDS� WXUHG�� VWDWH� DUH� RULHQWHG� PRUH� UHDGLO\� Û WKH��VNHOHWRQ��IDYRUV�WKH�QHPDWLF�RUGHULQJ� :LWK� �IUHVK�� GLVSHUVLRQV� WKH� SLFWXUH� LV VLPLODU��EXW�OHVV�SURQRXQFHG������,Q�DQRWKHU VHW�RI�H[SHULPHQWV��XVLQJ�PHWKRGV�RI�VLQJX� ODU� RSWLFV� DV� GHVFULEHG� LQ� >��@� LW� ZDV� VKRZQ WKDW� VXFK� DQLVRWURSLF�PLFURVL]HG� VKHOOV� LQLWL� DWH� VWURQJ� VSHFNOHG� VFDWWHULQJ� ZLWK� LQGXFHG RSWLFDO� VLQJXODULWLHV�� ZKLFK� LV� FOHDUO\� HQ� KDQFHG�DIWHU� LQFXEDWLRQ��7KH�GHWDLOV�RI�WKHVH H[SHULPHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SXEOLVKHG�HOVHZKHUH� ���&RQFOXVLRQV )RUPDWLRQ� RI� DJJUHJDWHV� RI� PXOWLZDOOHG FDUERQ� QDQRWXEHV� GLVSHUVHG� LQ� QHPDWLF� �&% ZDV�VWXGLHG�XVLQJ�ILYH�GLIIHUHQW�H[SHULPHQWDO WHFKQLTXHV� �PLFURVFRS\�� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� HOHFWULF� FRQGXFWLYLW\�� GLIIHUHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ FDORULPHWU\��DQG�PHWKRGV�RI�VLQJXODU�RSWLFV�� ,W�LV�DVVXPHG�WKDW�WKHVH�DJJUHJDWHV�FRQVLVW�RI D��VNHOHWRQ��IRUPHG�E\�QDQRWXEHV�DUUDQJHG�LQ D� VWRFKDVWLF� IUDFWDO� VWUXFWXUH� DQG� D� �VKHOO� ��FRDW���RI�WKH� LQFRUSRUDWHG�DQG�DGMDFHQW�QH� PDWLF�PROHFXOHV��7KHVH�DJJUHJDWHV�FDQ�EH�FRQ� VLGHUHG�DV�ODUJH�TXDVL�PDFURVFRSLF�SDUWLFOHV�LQ WKH�QHPDWLF�PDWUL[��7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�UHVXOWV REWDLQHG�E\�GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV�DSSHDU�WR�EH�LQ DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK� HDFK�RWKHU� DQG� WKH�SURSRVHG SK\VLFDO�SLFWXUH��� 1H[W� VWHSV� WRZDUG� GHHSHU� XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI� WKH� SURFHVV� RI� 17� DJJUHJDWH� IRUPDWLRQ DQG� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� D� PROHFXODU� WKHRU\� RI WKLV� QHZ� FODVV� RI� DQLVRWURSLF� FROORLGDO� V\V� WHPV�UHTXLUH�IXUWKHU�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD�� LQ� FOXGLQJ� WKH� HIIHFWV� RI� QDQRWXEH� FRQFHQWUD� )LJ�����+HDW�IORZ�+�YHUVXV�WHPSHUDWXUH�7�LQ�'6& H[SHULPHQWV��KHDWLQJ��ZLWK�SXUH��&%�����DQG��&% ILOOHG�E\�0:&17������ZW�����IRU��IUHVK������DQG �LQFXEDWHG�������IRU���K�DW�����.��VXVSHQVLRQV� )LJ�����+HDW�IORZ�+�YHUVXV�WHPSHUDWXUH�7�LQ�'6& H[SHULPHQWV��FRROLQJ��ZLWK�SXUH��&%�����DQG��&% ILOOHG�E\�0:&17������ZW�����IRU��IUHVK������DQG �LQFXEDWHG�������IRU���K�DW�����.��VXVSHQVLRQV� 6�6�0LQHQNR�HW�DO����$JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WLRQ�� DVSHFW� UDWLR�� SHUFRODWLRQ� SKHQRPHQD� PROHFXODU� VWUXFWXUH� RI� DQLVRWURSLF� GLVSHU� VLRQ� PHGLD�� HWF�� 7KHVH� VWXGLHV� DUH� QRZ XQGHU� ZD\� LQ� RXU� ODERUDWRULHV� DQG� ZLOO� EH SUHVHQWHG�LQ�IXUWKHU�SXEOLFDWLRQV������ 5HIHUHQFHV � ���6�,LMLPD��1DWXUH����������������� � ���3�0�$MD\DQ��&KHP��5HY������������������� � ���$�.KDUH��6�%RVH��-��0LQHUDOV�DQG�0DWHU��&KDU� DFWHU��DQG�(QJLQ���������������� � ���:�/HH��&��6�&KLX��2SW��/HWW������������������ � ���:�/HH�� 6��/�<HK�� &�&�&KDQJ�� &�&�/HH��2SWLFV ([SUHVV���������������� � ���0�'�/\QFK��'�/�3DWULFN��1DQR� /HWW��� ��� ���� ������� � ���&�=DNUL��/LT��&U\VW��7RGD\��������������� � ���-�3�)�/DJHUZDOO�� *�6FDOLD�� -��0DWHU��&KHP�� ���������������� � ���0�5DKPDQ�� :�/HH�� -��3K\V��'�$SSO��3K\V��� ��� �������������� ����/�'ROJRY�� 2�.RYDOFKXN�� 1�/HERYND� HW� DO�� &DUERQ� 1DQRWXEHV�� HG�� -�0�0DUXODQGD�� LQ� 7HFK� (GXFDWLRQ� DQG� 3XEOLVKLQJ�� 9XNRYDU� &URDWLD���������S����� ����.�$�3DUN�� 6�0�/HH�� 6�+�/HH�� <�+�/HH�� -� 3K\V��&KHP��&������������������� ����:�*ZL]GDOD��.�*RUQ\��=�*EXUVNL��-��0RO��6WUXFW�� ���������������� ����3�9DQ� GHU� 6FKRRW�� 9�3RSD�1LWD�� 6�.UDOM�� -� 3K\V��&KHP��%������������������� ����9�3RSD�1LWD��6�.UDOM��-��&KHP��3K\V�������������� �������� ����/�/\VHWVNL\�� 9�3DQLNDUVND\D�� 2�6LGOHWVNL\� HW DO���0RO��&U\VW��/LT��&U\VW������������������� ����1�/HERYND��7�'DGDNRYD��/�/\VHWVNL\�HW�DO���-� 0RO��6WUXFW������������������� ����/�1�/LVHWVNL�� 6�6�0LQHQNR�� $�3�)HGRU\DNR� 1�,�/HERYND��3K\VLFD�(����������������� ����,�'LHUNLQJ��*�6FDOLD��3�0RUDOHV��-��$SSO��3K\V�� ������������������ ����,�'LHUNLQJ�� 6�(UHQ� 6DQ�� $SSO��3K\V��/HWW��� ��� �������������� ����-�/\GRQ��/LT��&U\VW��7RGD\��������������� ����,�'LHUNLQJ�� .�&DVVRQ�� 5�+DPSVRQ�� -DS��-� $SSO��3K\V������������������� ����+�-�6KDK�� $�.�)RQWHFFKLR�� '�0DWWLD�� <�*R� JRWVL��-��$SSO��3K\V���������������������� ����5�%DVX��*�6�,DQQDFFKLRQH��-��$SSO��3K\V������� �������������� ����5�%DVX�� *�6�,DQQDFFKLRQH�� $SSO��3K\V��/HWW�� ������������������ ����5�%DVX�� *�6�,DQQDFFKLRQH�� 3K\V��5HY��(�� ��� �������������� ����6�-�-HRQJ��.�$�3DUN��6�+�-HRQJ� HW� DO���1DQR /HWW������������������ ����2�7UXVKNHY\FK��1�&ROOLQJV��7�+DVDQ�HW�DO���-� 3K\V��'�$SSO��3K\V��������������������� ����2�7UXVKNHY\FK��)�*ROGHQ��0�3LYQHQNR� HW�DO�� (OHFWURQ��/HWW������������������� ����$�9�0HOH]K\N��<X�,�6HPHQWVRY��9�9�<DQFKHQNR� 5XVVLDQ�=K��3ULNO��&KLPLL����������������� ����$�,�*RQFKDUXN�� 1�,�/HERYND�� /�1�/LVHWVNL� 6�6�0LQHQNR�� -��3K\V��'�$SSO��3K\V��� ��� ����������������� ����3�GH�*HQQHV��-�3URVW��3K\VLFV�RI�/LTXLG�&U\V� WDOV��&KDSWHU���������&ODUHQGRQ�3UHVV��2[IRUG ��������S����� ����6�6�0LQHQNR��$�,�.RFKHU]K\Q��/�1�/LVHWVNL��1�,�/H� ERYND��)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV����������������� ����0�-�6RORPRQ�� 3�7�6SLFHU�� 6RIW� 0DWWHU�� �� ������������ ����9�9�3RQHYFKLQVNL\�� $�,�*RQFKDUXN�� 9�,�9D� VLO\HY��1�,�/HERYND��0�6�6RVNLQ��=K��(NVS��7HRU� )L]��/HWW������������������ k�¯Ë�È�Ò�­È�È�º°�LÓ}ºmÒ²�m��ãË�ËmÒ²�ÓÈÓº�¯�­º}��ÓËäÈ�Ò�ÓÒ²�¯L�}Ò²�}¯Ò°�ÈãȲ��Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓL°mL��ËÓÓ«��È�ÁLÏÒ�ÓÈ�}ȯ�ÒÓÈ v�v�lLÓËÓ}º����l��Ò°Ë� }Ò®��k�,��ºÓ�ȯ�}��l�,��Ë­ºm}È�{�{��ºÓËm�ÒÓ° }Ò®��l�v�vº°}LÓ ��mº¯ËÓÓ«�È�¯Ë�È�Lm�­È�È�º°�LÓ}ºmÒ²�m��ãË�ËmÒ²�ÓÈÓº�¯�­º}���Ò°¹Ë¯�ºmÈÓÒ²���ÓËäÈ� �Ò�Óºä�� ¯L�}ºä�� }¯Ò°�ÈãL� �&{�� �º°ãL�ÎËÓº� ¯LÏÓÒäÒ� äË�º�ÈäÒ� �äL}¯º°}º¹L«�� º¹�Ò�ÓË ¹¯º¹�°}ÈÓÓ«�� ËãË}�¯º¹¯ºmL�ÓL°� �� �ÒÁ˯ËÓ�LÈã ÓÈ� °}ÈÓ� �È� }È㺯ÒäË�¯L«� L� äË�º�Ò °ÒÓ��㫯Ӻ��º¹�Ò}Ò���~�L®°ÓËÓº�äºÓL�º¯LÓ��Áº¯ä�mÈÓÓ«�È�¯Ë�È�Lm����Ȱºmºä��äȰ��È­L �Ë}Lã }º²� �º�ÒÓ��È� Ïȹ¯º¹ºÓºmÈÓº�ÁLÏÒ�Ó��äº�Ëã ��«}È�º¹Ò°�¼� �²� ��mº¯ËÓÓ«���¯Ò¹�°� }ȼ� °«���º�È�¯Ë�È�Ò�°}ãÈ�È � °«�ÏL��°}ËãË�È��LÏ�ÓÈÓº�¯�­º}���¹º¯«�}ºmÈÓÒ²���°�º²È°� �Ò�Ó�� Á¯È}�Èã Ó�� °�¯�}��¯��� �È� º­ºãºÓ}Ò� ����­Ò��� Ï� LÓ}º¯¹º¯ºmÈÓÒ²� �È� ¹¯ÒãË�ãÒ² äºãË}�ã�ÓËäÈ�Ò}È��k�¯Ë�È�Ò�� º�º��Ò¹����6�È�¯Ë�È�Ò���äºÎÓÈ�¯ºÏ�ã«�È�Ò�«}�}mÈÏL�äÈ}� ¯º°}º¹L�ÓL� �Ȱ�ÒÓ}Ò� �� ÓËäÈ�Ò�ÓL®� äÈ�¯Ò�L�� p}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓL� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�Ò�� º�¯ÒäÈÓL ¯LÏÓÒäÒ�äË�º�ÈäÒ���Ï�º�Î� � °«�äLÎ�°º­º ��È�Ï�¹¯º¹ºÓºmÈÓº �ÁLÏÒ�Óº �}ȯ�ÒÓº �� 6�6�0LQHQNR�HW�DO����$JJUHJDWHV�RI�PXOWLZDOOHG�FDUERQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���