Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems
Mesophase formation is reported in ionic liquied crystal mixtures of lead decanoate with gadolinium alkanoates. The negative effect of Gd salts on mesophase thermal stability increased in the order stearate < undecanoate < 2-ethylhexanoate, with gadolinium-containing mesophase persisting on in...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Functional Materials |
|---|---|
| Datum: | 2007 |
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136934 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems / L.N. Zavora, V.D. Panikarskaya, N.A. Kasian, A.I. Bedrik, V.M. Shershukov, L.N. Lisetski, T.A. Mirnaya // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 488-491. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-136934 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
Zavora, L.N. Panikarskaya, V.D. Kasian, N.A. Bedrik, A.I. Shershukov, V.M. Lisetski, L.N. Mirnaya, T.A. 2018-06-16T17:53:07Z 2018-06-16T17:53:07Z 2007 Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems / L.N. Zavora, V.D. Panikarskaya, N.A. Kasian, A.I. Bedrik, V.M. Shershukov, L.N. Lisetski, T.A. Mirnaya // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 488-491. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136934 Mesophase formation is reported in ionic liquied crystal mixtures of lead decanoate with gadolinium alkanoates. The negative effect of Gd salts on mesophase thermal stability increased in the order stearate < undecanoate < 2-ethylhexanoate, with gadolinium-containing mesophase persisting on introduction of the non-mesogenic Gd salts up to 40%, 12% and 5%, respectively. In a ternary system, the mesophase range of ~20°C, starting below 80°C, could be obtained at ~25% gadolinium salt concentration. en НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України Functional Materials Characterization and properties Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems Утворення рідких кристалів у сумішах алканоатів металів: бінарні системи, що містять гадоліній Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| spellingShingle |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems Zavora, L.N. Panikarskaya, V.D. Kasian, N.A. Bedrik, A.I. Shershukov, V.M. Lisetski, L.N. Mirnaya, T.A. Characterization and properties |
| title_short |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| title_full |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| title_fullStr |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| title_sort |
liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems |
| author |
Zavora, L.N. Panikarskaya, V.D. Kasian, N.A. Bedrik, A.I. Shershukov, V.M. Lisetski, L.N. Mirnaya, T.A. |
| author_facet |
Zavora, L.N. Panikarskaya, V.D. Kasian, N.A. Bedrik, A.I. Shershukov, V.M. Lisetski, L.N. Mirnaya, T.A. |
| topic |
Characterization and properties |
| topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
| publishDate |
2007 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Functional Materials |
| publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Утворення рідких кристалів у сумішах алканоатів металів: бінарні системи, що містять гадоліній |
| description |
Mesophase formation is reported in ionic liquied crystal mixtures of lead decanoate with gadolinium alkanoates. The negative effect of Gd salts on mesophase thermal stability increased in the order stearate < undecanoate < 2-ethylhexanoate, with gadolinium-containing mesophase persisting on introduction of the non-mesogenic Gd salts up to 40%, 12% and 5%, respectively. In a ternary system, the mesophase range of ~20°C, starting below 80°C, could be obtained at ~25% gadolinium salt concentration.
|
| issn |
1027-5495 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/136934 |
| citation_txt |
Liquid crystal formation in mixtures of metal alkanoates: gadolinium-containing binary systems / L.N. Zavora, V.D. Panikarskaya, N.A. Kasian, A.I. Bedrik, V.M. Shershukov, L.N. Lisetski, T.A. Mirnaya // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 488-491. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT zavoraln liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT panikarskayavd liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT kasianna liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT bedrikai liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT shershukovvm liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT lisetskiln liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT mirnayata liquidcrystalformationinmixturesofmetalalkanoatesgadoliniumcontainingbinarysystems AT zavoraln utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT panikarskayavd utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT kasianna utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT bedrikai utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT shershukovvm utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT lisetskiln utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi AT mirnayata utvorennârídkihkristalívusumíšahalkanoatívmetalívbínarnísistemiŝomístâtʹgadolíníi |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-25T20:35:34Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-25T20:35:34Z |
| _version_ |
1850523902084644864 |
| fulltext |
/LTXLG�FU\VWDO�IRUPDWLRQ�LQ�PL[WXUHV�RI�PHWDODONDQRDWHV��JDGROLQLXP�FRQWDLQLQJ�ELQDU\V\VWHPV
/�1�=DYRUD��9�'�3DQLNDUVND\D��1�$�.DVLDQ��$�,�%HGULN�9�0�6KHUVKXNRY��/�1�/LVHWVNL��7�$�0LUQD\D
,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLQWLOODWLRQ�0DWHULDOV��67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV��
1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�����/HQLQ�$YH���.KDUNLY��������8NUDLQH
9�9HUQDGVN\�,QVWLWXWH�RI�*HQHUDO�DQG�,QRUJDQLF�&KHPLVWU\��1DWLRQDO
$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH��������3DOODGLQ�$YH���.\LY��������8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�-XQH��������
0HVRSKDVH�IRUPDWLRQ�LV�UHSRUWHG�LQ�LRQLF�OLTXLG�FU\VWDO�PL[WXUHV�RI�OHDG�GHFDQRDWH�ZLWK
JDGROLQLXP� DONDQRDWHV�� 7KH� QHJDWLYH� HIIHFW� RI� *G� VDOWV� RQ� PHVRSKDVH� WKHUPDO� VWDELOLW\
LQFUHDVHG� LQ� WKH� RUGHU� VWHDUDWH� �� XQGHFDQRDWH� �� ��HWK\OKH[DQRDWH�� ZLWK� JDGROLQLXP�FRQ�
WDLQLQJ�PHVRSKDVH�SHUVLVWLQJ�RQ� LQWURGXFWLRQ�RI�WKH�QRQ�PHVRJHQLF�*G�VDOWV�XS�WR������
�����DQG������UHVSHFWLYHO\��,Q�D�WHUQDU\�V\VWHP��WKH�PHVRSKDVH�UDQJH�RI�a���&��VWDUWLQJ
EHORZ����&��FRXOG�EH�REWDLQHG�DW�a�����JDGROLQLXP�VDOW�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��
cȰ°äº�¯ËÓº�º¯ÈϺmÈÓÒË�äËϺÁÈÏ©�m�°ä˰«²�ÒºÓÓ©²�ÎÒ�}Ò²�}¯Ò°�Èããºm��Ë}ÈÓºÈ�È
°mÒÓ�È� Ò� Èã}ÈÓºÈ�ºm� �È�ºãÒÓÒ«�� {ãÒ«ÓÒË� °ºãË®� *G� ÓÈ� °ÓÒÎËÓÒË� �˯亰�ÈÒã Óº°�Ò
äËϺÁÈÏ©�mºÏ¯È°�Èãº� m�¯«��� °�ËȯÈ�����Ó�Ë}ÈÓºÈ�� �����ª�Òã�Ë}°ÈÓºÈ�� � °� °º²¯ÈÓËÓÒËä
äËϺÁÈÏ©� ¹¯Ò� mmË�ËÓÒÒ� ª�Ò²� ÓËäËϺ�ËÓÓ©²� °ºãË®� �È�ºãÒÓÒ«� �º� }ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�Ò®� �����
�����Ò������°ºº�mË�°�mËÓÓº��{��¯º®Óº®�°Ò°�ËäË�mºÏäºÎÓº��º°�ÒÎËÓÒË�ÒÓ�˯mÈãÈ�äËϺ�
ÁÈÏ©� a���&�� ÓÈ�ÒÓÈ«� º�� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯� ÓÒÎË� ���&�� ¹¯Ò� °º�˯ÎÈÓÒÒ� °ºãË®� �È�ºãÒÓÒ«
a������
5HFHQWO\� DQ� LQFUHDVHG� LQWHUHVW� KDV� EHHQ
QRWHG� LQ�FRQGHQVHG�SKDVHV�IRUPHG�E\�PHWDO
DONDQRDWHV��7KHVH�VXEVWDQFHV�FDQ�IRUP�ERWK
WKHUPRWURSLF� DQG� O\RWURSLF� PHVRSKDVHV�
/DQJPXLU�%ORGJHWW��/%��ILOPV��LVRWURSLF�DQG
PHVRPRUSKLF� JODVVHV��ZKLFK� FDQ� EH�XVHG� DV
PDWHULDOV� IRU� QRQ�OLQHDU� RSWLFV�� PHGLD� IRU
VWDELOL]DWLRQ�RI�QDQRSDUWLFOHV��HWF��>��@���
6\VWHPDWLF�VWXGLHV�RI�WKHUPRWURSLF�OLTXLG
FU\VWDOV� IRUPHG� E\� PHWDO� DONDQRDWHV� DQG
WKHLU� ELQDU\� PL[WXUHV� ZHUH� FDUULHG� RXW� E\
0LUQD\D� H�D�� >��@� DQG� %LQQHPDQV� H�D�� >��
���@�� ,Q� WKHVH� ZRUNV�� WKH� HIIHFWV� RI� XQL��
EL�� DQG� WULYDOHQW� PHWDO� LRQV�� DV� ZHOO� DV
VKRUWHU�DQG�ORQJHU�DON\O�FKDLQV��XSRQ�PHVR�
SKDVH�IRUPDWLRQ�KDYH�EHHQ�WKRURXJKO\�VWXG�
LHG�� $� VSHFLDO� LQWHUHVW� ZDV� QRWHG� IRU� DO�
NDQRDWHV� RI� UDUH�HDUWK� �5(�� PHWDOV�� ZKHUH
WKH� FRPELQDWLRQ� RI� RSWLFR�OXPLQHVFHQW� DQG
PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� I�HOHPHQWV� ZLWK� OLT�
XLG�FU\VWDOOLQH�VXSUDPROHFXODU�RUGHULQJ�FDQ
DOORZ� FUHDWLRQ� RI� IXQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV� ZLWK
XQLTXH�SK\VLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�>��������@�
6WXGLHV� RI� PHVRPRUSKLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI
ODQWKDQLGH�DONDQRDWHV�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLHZHG�LQ
>�@��7KH�FKDUDFWHULVWLF� OLTXLG�FU\VWDOOLQH�RU�
GHULQJ� LV� RI� VPHFWLF�$� �6P$�� W\SH�� 7KH
PDMRU� IDFWRUV� DIIHFWLQJ� WKH� PHVRPRUSKLF
SURSHUWLHV�DUH�WKH�5(�LRQ�VL]H�DQG�WKH�DON\O
FKDLQ� OHQJWK�� 7KH� OLTXLG� FU\VWDO� IRUPDWLRQ
LV�VXSSUHVVHG�ZLWK�KHDYLHU�5(�LRQV��WKXV��LQ
WKH�GRGHFDQRDWH�VHULHV��RQO\�/D����&H����3U��
DQG� 1G��� VDOWV� DSSHDU� WR� EH� PHVRPRUSKLF
>�@�� 1R� GDWD� KDYH� EHHQ� IRXQG� IRU� JDGROLQ�
LXP�VDOWV��ZKLFK��DFFRUGLQJ� WR�JHQHUDO� FRQ�
VLGHUDWLRQV��DUH�QRW�H[SHFWHG�WR�IRUP�PHVR�
SKDVHV�DV�LQGLYLGXDO�FRPSRXQGV�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
*DGROLQLXP�LV�D�YHU\�LQWHUHVWLQJ�HOHPHQW
IURP� WKH� YLHZSRLQW� RI� SRVVLEOH� DSSOLFDWLRQV
GXH�WR�LWV�LQWULQVLF�PDJQHWLF�PRPHQW��ODUJH
QHXWURQ�FDSWXUH�FURVV�VHFWLRQ�� DQG� OXPLQHV�
FHQW� SURSHUWLHV�� 7KH� XVH� RI� JDGROLQLXP� DO�
NDQRDWHV� LQ� OLTXLG� RUJDQLF� VFLQWLOODWRUV� IRU
QHXWURQ� GHWHFWLRQ� KDV� EHHQ� UHSRUWHG� >��@�
(YHQ� PRUH� SURPLVLQJ� FDQ� EH� JDGROLQLXP�
FRQWDLQLQJ�DQLVRWURSLF�PHGLD��WKXV��JDGROLQ�
LXP� VWHDUDWH� /%� ILOPV� ZHUH� FRQVLGHUHG� DV
WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO�PDJQHWLFV�>��@��,W�KDV�EHHQ
DOVR� NQRZQ� WKDW�PHVRPRUSKLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI
5(�DONDQRDWHV�FDQ�EH�HQKDQFHG�E\�XVLQJ�EL�
QDU\�V\VWHPV�RI��PHVRJHQ��QRQ�PHVRJHQ�
W\SH�>��@�
7KH�DLP�RI�WKH�SUHVHQW�ZRUN�ZDV�WR�RXW�
OLQH�WKH�ZD\�IRU�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�JDGROLQLXP�
FRQWDLQLQJ� PHVRSKDVHV� ZLWK� VXIILFLHQWO\
EURDG� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJHV� DQG�KLJK�FRQFHQ�
WUDWLRQ� RI� JDGROLQLXP� LQ� PHWDO� DONDQRDWH
PL[WXUHV��:H�XVHG�OHDG�GHFDQRDWH�DV�D�EDVLF
�PDWUL[�� FRPSRXQG� RI� WKHVH� PL[WXUHV�� GXH
WR� LWV� EURDG� PHVRPRUSKLF� UDQJH�� UHODWLYHO\
ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUH� RI� OLTXLG� FU\VWDO� Û� LVR�
WURSLF� WUDQVLWLRQ�� DQG� JRRG� VROYHQW� SURSHU�
WLHV� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� PDQ\� PHVRJHQV� DQG
QRQ�PHVRJHQV� RI� GLIIHUHQW� FKHPLFDO� FODVVHV
>��@�� $OVR�� ELQDU\� V\VWHPV� RI� PHWDO� DO�
NDQRDWHV� RI� GLIIHUHQW� YDOHQFH� �LQ� RXU� FDVH�
3E���DQG�*G����FRXOG�EH�H[SHFWHG�WR�VKRZ�D
WHQGHQF\� WR� JODVV� IRUPDWLRQ� >��@�� ZKLFK
FRXOG�UHVXOW�LQ�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�5(�FRQWDLQLQJ
DQLVRWURSLF�RUJDQLF�JODVVHV�
,Q�RXU�H[SHULPHQWV��WHPSHUDWXUHV�DQG�HQ�
WKDOSLHV� RI� SKDVH� WUDQVLWLRQV� ZHUH� GHWHU�
PLQHG�XVLQJ�D�0HWWOHU�7$������WKHUPRDQD�
O\WLFDO� V\VWHP� XQGHU� DUJRQ� IORZ� ERWK� RQ
KHDWLQJ�DQG�FRROLQJ��ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH�VFDQ�
QLQJ�UDWH�RI���.�PLQ�
7KH� OHDG� GHFDQRDWH� �3E&���� VDPSOH� ZDV
WKH�VDPH�DV�XVHG�LQ�RXU�SUHYLRXV�ZRUN�>��@�
LWV� PHDVXUHG� SKDVH� WUDQVLWLRQV� ZHUH
&U��o������&�o�&U��o������&�o�6P$�o�
������&�o�,�� ZKLFK� ZDV� LQ� JRRG� DJUHHPHQW
ZLWK�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�GDWD�>������@��
*DGROLQLXP�VWHDUDWH� �*G&����ZDV�V\QWKH�VL]HG�IURP�IUHVKO\�SUHSDUHG�DPRUSKRXV�JDG�
ROLQLXP� K\GUR[LGH� LQ� LVRSURSDQRO�WROXHQH
VROYHQW��7KH�WHPSHUDWXUH�ZDV�LQFUHDVHG�IURP
���&�WR��������&��DQG�RFWDGHFDQRLF�DFLG�ZDV
DGGHG�GURSZLVH��ZLWK�WKH�UHDFWLRQ�ZDWHU�FRQ�
WLQXRXVO\� UHPRYHG�� *DGROLQLXP� ��HWK\O� KH[�
DQRDWH� �*G&������ ZDV� V\QWKHVL]HG� LQ� D� VLPL�
ODU�ZD\��XVLQJ�HWK\OKH[DQRLF�DFLG��
*DGROLQLXP�XQGHFDQRDWH� �*G&����ZDV�RE�WDLQHG� IURP� IUHVKO\� SUHSDUHG� VRGLXP�XQGH�
FDQRDWH� DQG�ZDWHU�IUHH� JDGROLQLXP� FKORULGH
LQ�WROXHQH�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�XQGHU�DUJRQ
IORZ���
$OO� WKH� HVWHUV� REWDLQHG�ZHUH� SXULILHG� E\
UHFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ�IURP�KH[DQH��WKH�PHDVXUHG
PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� ZHUH�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�
�����&� �*G&����� ������&� �*G&������� DQG
������&� �*G&����� $V� LW� FRXOG� EH� H[SHFWHG�QR�PHVRSKDVH�IRUPDWLRQ�ZDV�QRWHG��
7KH�SKDVH�GLDJUDP�RI� WKH� ELQDU\� V\VWHP
3E&���*G&���LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����7KH�OLTXLGFU\VWDO�SKDVH�SHUVLVWHG�XS�WR�a�����*G&���8S� WR� a������ JDGROLQLXP� VWHDUDWH� GLG� QRW
FDXVH�QDUURZLQJ�RI�WKH�PHVRSKDVH�WHPSHUD�
WXUH� UDQJH�� DOO� SKDVH� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUD�
WXUHV� ZHUH� PRQRWRQRXVO\� GHFUHDVLQJ�� 7KH
VWURQJHVW�VXSSUHVVLRQ�RI�WKH�&U��o�6P$�DQG
6P$�o�,� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� �a��� .�
)LJ����� 3KDVH� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� LQ
3E&���*G&��� ELQDU\� V\VWHP�� ,� � LVRWURSLF
SKDVH�� 6P$� Û� VPHFWLF�$�� &U�� DQG� &U�� Û
VROLG� FU\VWDO� SKDVHV�� 6ROLG� OLQHV� � KHDWLQJ�
GDVKHG�OLQHV�Û�FRROLQJ�
)LJ����� 3KDVH� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� LQ
3E&���*G&��� ELQDU\� V\VWHP�� 1RWDWLRQ� V\P�EROV�DUH�VLPLODU�WR�)LJ����
/�1�=DYRUD�HW�DO����/LTXLG�FU\VWDO�IRUPDWLRQ�LQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
ZDV� QRWHG� IRU� ��� �� RI�*G&��� LQ� OHDG� GH�FDQRDWH��:LWK�JDGROLQLXP�XQGHFDQRDWH�� WKH
JHQHUDO�SLFWXUH�ZDV�VLPLODU��)LJ������WKRXJK
WKH�PHVRSKDVH�UDQJH�EHFDPH�QRWLFHDEO\�QDU�
URZHU� DW� a��� ��� ZKHUH� WKH� ZLGHQLQJ� FDO�
RULPHWULF�SHDNV�EHFDPH�VPHDUHG�
8QOLNH� *G&��� DQG� *G&���� WKH� VKRUW�FKDLQHG� DQG� EUDQFKHG� JDGROLQLXP� ��HWK\O�
KH[DQRDWH� VKRZHG� PXFK� ZRUVH� VROXELOLW\
LQ� WKH� 3E&��� PHVRSKDVH� � XS� WR� �� �� �
�)LJ������7KLV�FRXOG�EH�H[SHFWHG��VLQFH�JDG�
ROLQLXP���HWK\OKH[DQRDWH�PROHFXOHV��GXH�WR
WKHLU� VKDSH�� FRXOG� QRW� EH� LQFRUSRUDWHG� LQWR
VPHFWLF� OD\HUV� RI� WKH� PDWUL[� ZLWKRXW� GLV�
UXSWLQJ�RI�WKH�DON\O�FKDLQV�SDFNLQJ��
:LWK� ORQJHU�DON\O�FKDLQV��WKH�GHSUHVVLRQ
UDWH�RI�WKH�OLTXLG�FU\VWDO��LVRWURSLF�WUDQVL�
WLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7L� LV� GHFUHDVLQJ�� )RU� LQ�LWLDO� VHJPHQWV�RI�SORWV� LQ�)LJ�����ZKHUH� WKH
GHSHQGHQFH� RI�7L� RQ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� F� LV� OLQ�HDU��WKH�YDOXHV�RI�G7L�GF� IRU�*G&����*G&��DQG� *G&����� DUH� ���� .���� ���� .��� DQG
����.���� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� )RU� WKH�&U��o�6P$
WUDQVLWLRQ�� WKH� YDOXHV� RI� G7F�GF� DUH� ORZHUDQG� FORVH� IRU� DOO� WKUHH� JDGROLQLXP� DO�
NDQRDWHV��a����.�����
)XUWKHU� EURDGHQLQJ� RI� WKH� PHVRSKDVH
UDQJH� DQG� LWV� VKLIW� WR� ORZHU� WHPSHUDWXUHV
FDQ�EH�DFKLHYHG�E\�XVLQJ�WHUQDU\�PL[WXUHV�
H�J��� 3E&�����*G&�����*G&���� � $GGLWLRQ� RI�� �� *G&��� WR� WKH� 3E&���*G&��� PL[WXUH
ZLWK� ��� �� *G&��� �)LJ����� ORZHUV� 7L� E\����&� �IURP� ����� WR� �����&��� DQG�7V�� E\
����&��IURP������WR������&���EURDGHQLQJ�WKH
PHVRSKDVH�UDQJH�E\�����&����
7KXV��ZH�KDYH�GHPRQVWUDWHG�D�SRVVLELOLW\
WR�REWDLQ�VXIILFLHQWO\�VWDEOH�JDGROLQLXP�FRQ�
WDLQLQJ� PHVRSKDVHV� E\� LQFRUSRUDWLQJ� JDG�
ROLQLXP� DONDQRDWHV� LQWR� PL[WXUHV� EDVHG� RQ
OHDG�GHFDQRDWH��)RU�VXFK�V\VWHPV��WKH�HIIHFW
RI� DON\O� FKDLQ� RQ� WKH�PD[LPXP� FRQWHQW� RI
JDGROLQLXP�LRQV�LQ�WKH�PHVRSKDVH�DQG�RQ�LWV
WKHUPDO�VWDELOLW\�KDYH�EHHQ�GHWHUPLQHG��DQG
ZD\V�IRU�LPSURYHPHQW�RI�PHVRPRUSKLF�FKDU�
DFWHULVWLFV�DUH�RXWOLQHG�
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���.�%LQQHPDQV��&KHP��5HY��������������������
� ���1�9RO\QHWV��1�'HUHY\DQNR��)�,VKFKHQNR��HW�DO��
3URF��63,(������������������
� ���7�$�0LUQD\D��'�9�%\OLQD��6�9�9RONRY��HW�DO���LQ�
0ROWHQ�6DOWV�&KHPLVWU\�DQG�7HFKQRORJ\��06���
HG�� 3�7D[LO�� 3XEO��8QLYHUVLWDLUH� 3DXO� 6DEDWLHU�
7RXORXVH��)UDQFH���������S�����
� ���7�$�0LUQD\D�� 9�'�3ULV\D]KQ\L�� 9�'�6KFKHU�
EDNRY��8VSHNKL�.KLPLL�����������������
� ���7�$�0LUQD\D��8NU��.KLP��=K����������������
� ���'�9�%\OLQD�� 7�$�0LUQD\D��8NU��.KLP��=K��� ���
����������
� ���'�9�%\OLQD�� 7�$�0LUQD\D�� =K��1HRUJ��.KLPLL�
���������������
� ���'�9�%\OLQD�� 7�$�0LUQD\D��8NU��.KLP��=K��� ���
����������
� ���.�%LQQHPDQV�� /�-RQJHQ�� &�*RUOOHU�:DUODQG�
3K\V��&KHP��&KHP��3K\V������������������
����.�%LQQHPDQV�� /�-RQJHQ�� &�*RUOOHU�:DUODQG�
HW� DO��� (XURSHDQ� -��,QRUJ��&KHP��� ���� ����
�������
����.�%LQQHPDQV�� /�-RQJHQ�� *�0H\HU�� '�+LQ]�
&KHP��0DW�������������������
����+�/L�� :�%X�� :�4L�� /�:X�� -��3K\V��&KHP��%�
�������������������
����3�.�/LJKWIRRW�� 9�$�.XGU\DYWVHY�� 1�-�&�6SRRQHU
HW�DO���1XFO��,QVWU��DQG� 0HWK��LQ� 3K\V�� 5HV�� $�
����������������
)LJ����� 3KDVH� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� LQ
3E&���*G&����� ELQDU\� V\VWHP��1RWDWLRQ� V\P�EROV�DUH�VLPLODU�WR�)LJ����
)LJ����� ,VRWURSLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� LQ
ELQDU\� V\VWHPV� EDVHG� RQ� OHDG� GHFDQRDWH� DV
IXQFWLRQ� RI� JDGROLQLXP� DONDQRDWH� FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQ�����*G&�������*G&�������*G&�����
/�1�=DYRUD�HW�DO����/LTXLG�FU\VWDO�IRUPDWLRQ�LQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
����� (�.�.RY\HY�� 6�1�3RO\DNRY�� $�0�7LVKLQ�
7�9�<XURYD��*�%�.KRPXWRY��.ULVWDOORJUDIL\D�
���������������
����7�$�0LUQD\D��/�1�/LVHWVNL��9�'�3DQLNDUVND\D�
1�$�.LUHHYD��8NU��.KLP��=K�����������������
����7�$�0LUQD\D��*�*�<DUHPFKXN��9�6�'UDGUDNK�
6�9�9RONRY��=K��1HRUJ��.KLPLL�����������������
����+�$�(OOLV�� 0RO��&U\VW��/LT��&U\VW��� ����� ���
�������
����7�$�0LUQD\D�� *�*�<DUHPFKXN�� 9�$�3HVKNRY�
6�9�9RONRY��8NU��.KLP��=K�����������������
��mº¯ËÓÓ«�¯L�}Ò²�}¯Ò°�ÈãLm���°�äL�Ȳ�Èã}ÈÓºÈ�LmäË�ÈãLm��LÓȯÓL�°Ò°�ËäÒ���º�äL°�«� ��È�ºãLÓL®
��l�~Èmº¯È��{�i��ÈÓL}ȯ° }È��s�|�zȰ«Ó��|�,�rË�¯Ò}�{�l�b˯��}ºm����l��Ò°Ë� }Ò®����k�lÒ¯ÓÈ
cºÏ�ã«Ó��º���mº¯ËÓÓ«�äËϺÁÈÏÒ���°�äL�Ȳ�LºÓÓÒ²�¯L�}Ò²�}¯Ò°�ÈãLm��Ë}ÈÓºÈ���°mÒÓ�
�
��È�Èã}ÈÓºÈ�Lm��È�ºãLÓL
��sË�È�ÒmÓÒ®�m¹ãÒm�°ºãË®�*G�ÓÈ��˯亰�ÈLã ÓL°� �äËϺÁÈÏÒ
ϯº°�Èm���¹º°ãL�ºmÓº°�L�°�ËȯÈ�����Ó�Ë}ÈÓºÈ�������ª�Òã�Ë}°ÈÓºÈ��ÏL�Ï˯ËÎËÓÓ«ä�äËϺ�
ÁÈÏÒ��ã«�}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�L®�ÓËäËϺ�ËÓÓº��°ºãL��È�ºãLÓL
��º��mL�¹ºmL�Óº��������������È�����
�� ¹º�¯L®ÓL®� °Ò°�ËäL� äºÎãÒmº� �º°«�ÓËÓÓ«� LÓ�˯mÈã�� äËϺÁÈÏÒ� a���&�� ¹º�ÒÓÈ
�Ò� mL�
�Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯�ÓÒÎ�Ë����&��ÏL�mäL°�ºä�°ºãË®��È�ºãLÓL
�a�����
/�1�=DYRUD�HW�DO����/LTXLG�FU\VWDO�IRUPDWLRQ�LQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|