Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment

This work reviews the hitherto published and new results concerning the compositional, structural and magnetic properties of single crystal Si irradiated/implanted with non-magnetic atoms and, especially, with medium dosage (D≤1*10¹⁶ cm⁻²) of V⁺, Cr⁺ and Mn⁺, and subsequently processed at HT-(HP). T...

Повний опис

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Опубліковано в: :Functional Materials
Дата:2008
Автори: Misiuk, A., Ch. Lee
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2008
Теми:
Онлайн доступ:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/137235
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment / A. Misiuk, C. Lee // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 1. — С. 131-138. — Бібліогр.: 39 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-137235
record_format dspace
spelling Misiuk, A.
Ch. Lee
2018-06-17T09:16:17Z
2018-06-17T09:16:17Z
2008
Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment / A. Misiuk, C. Lee // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 1. — С. 131-138. — Бібліогр.: 39 назв. — англ.
1027-5495
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/137235
This work reviews the hitherto published and new results concerning the compositional, structural and magnetic properties of single crystal Si irradiated/implanted with non-magnetic atoms and, especially, with medium dosage (D≤1*10¹⁶ cm⁻²) of V⁺, Cr⁺ and Mn⁺, and subsequently processed at HT-(HP). The HT-(HP) treatment affects, among others, the solid phase epitaxial re-growth of amorphous a-Si layer created at implantation. Processed Si:V, Si:Cr and Si:Mn indicate magnetic ordering up to above 300 K. This means that the new Si:V, Si:Cr and Si:Mn materials belonging to the family of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors have been produced.
en
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
Functional Materials
Technology
Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
Матеріали для спінтроніки на основі кремнію, одержані шляхом імплантації та обробки температурою та тиском
Article
published earlier
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
title Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
spellingShingle Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
Misiuk, A.
Ch. Lee
Technology
title_short Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
title_full Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
title_fullStr Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
title_full_unstemmed Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
title_sort silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment
author Misiuk, A.
Ch. Lee
author_facet Misiuk, A.
Ch. Lee
topic Technology
topic_facet Technology
publishDate 2008
language English
container_title Functional Materials
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
format Article
title_alt Матеріали для спінтроніки на основі кремнію, одержані шляхом імплантації та обробки температурою та тиском
description This work reviews the hitherto published and new results concerning the compositional, structural and magnetic properties of single crystal Si irradiated/implanted with non-magnetic atoms and, especially, with medium dosage (D≤1*10¹⁶ cm⁻²) of V⁺, Cr⁺ and Mn⁺, and subsequently processed at HT-(HP). The HT-(HP) treatment affects, among others, the solid phase epitaxial re-growth of amorphous a-Si layer created at implantation. Processed Si:V, Si:Cr and Si:Mn indicate magnetic ordering up to above 300 K. This means that the new Si:V, Si:Cr and Si:Mn materials belonging to the family of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors have been produced.
issn 1027-5495
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/137235
citation_txt Silicon based materials for spintronics prepared by implantation and temperature - (pressure) treatment / A. Misiuk, C. Lee // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 1. — С. 131-138. — Бібліогр.: 39 назв. — англ.
work_keys_str_mv AT misiuka siliconbasedmaterialsforspintronicspreparedbyimplantationandtemperaturepressuretreatment
AT chlee siliconbasedmaterialsforspintronicspreparedbyimplantationandtemperaturepressuretreatment
AT misiuka materíalidlâspíntroníkinaosnovíkremníûoderžaníšlâhomímplantacíítaobrobkitemperaturoûtatiskom
AT chlee materíalidlâspíntroníkinaosnovíkremníûoderžaníšlâhomímplantacíítaobrobkitemperaturoûtatiskom
first_indexed 2025-11-24T15:49:08Z
last_indexed 2025-11-24T15:49:08Z
_version_ 1850848851550797824
fulltext 6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU�VSLQWURQLFVSUHSDUHG�E\�LPSODQWDWLRQ�DQG�WHPSHUDWXUH�Û�SUHVVXUH��WUHDWPHQW� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ ,QVWLWXWH�RI�(OHFWURQ�7HFKQRORJ\�����$O��/RWQLNRZ���������:DUVDZ��3RODQG 'HSDUWPHQW�RI�3K\VLFV��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�&HQWUDO�)ORULGD��2UODQGR� )/��������86$ 7KLV�ZRUN�UHYLHZV�WKH�KLWKHUWR�SXEOLVKHG�DQG�QHZ�UHVXOWV�FRQFHUQLQJ�WKH�FRPSRVLWLRQDO� VWUXFWXUDO�DQG�PDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�VLQJOH�FU\VWDO�6L�LUUDGLDWHG�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�QRQ�PDJ� QHWLF�DWRPV�DQG��HVSHFLDOO\��ZLWK�PHGLXP�GRVDJH��'d�������FPÜ���RI�9���&U��DQG�0Q���DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\� SURFHVVHG� DW�+7Ü�+3���7KH�+7Ü�+3�� WUHDWPHQW� DIIHFWV�� DPRQJ�RWKHUV�� WKH VROLG�SKDVH�HSLWD[LDO�UH�JURZWK�RI�DPRUSKRXV�D�6L�OD\HU�FUHDWHG�DW�LPSODQWDWLRQ��3URFHVVHG 6L�9��6L�&U�DQG�6L�0Q� LQGLFDWH�PDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ�XS�WR�DERYH�����.��7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH QHZ�6L�9��6L�&U�DQG�6L�0Q�PDWHULDOV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�RI�'LOXWHG�0DJQHWLF�6HPLFRQ� GXFWRUV�KDYH�EHHQ�SURGXFHG� �¯ÒmË�ËÓ�º­Ïº¯�¯ÈÓËË�º¹�­ãÒ}ºmÈÓÓ©²�Ò�Óºm©²�¯ËÏ�ã �È�ºm��º�Óº°«�Ò²°«�}�°º°�È� m��� °�¯�}��¯Ë�Ò�äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©ä�°mº®°�mÈä�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈããÒ�˰}º�º�6L�� º­ã��ËÓÓº�º�Òä¹ãÈÓ� �Ò¯ºmÈÓÓº�º�ÓËäÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©äÒ�È�ºäÈäÒ��m��Ȱ�Óº°�Ò���ä˯ËÓÓ©äÒ��ºÏÈäÒ��'d�������°äÜ�� 9���&U��Ò�0Q���È�ÏÈ�Ëä�º­¯È­º�ÈÓÓº�º�¹¯Ò�+7Ü�+3���|­¯È­º�}È�+7Ü�+3��mãÒ«Ë���¹ºäÒ� äº��¯��Ò²�²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}��ÓÈ��m˯�ºÁÈÏÓ©®�ª¹Ò�È}°ÒÈã Ó©®�¹ºm�º¯Ó©®�¯º°��È亯ÁÓº� �º�°ãº«�D�6L��º­¯ÈÏ� �Ë�º°«�¹¯Ò�Òä¹ãÈÓ�È�ÒÒ��|­¯È­º�ÈÓÓ©Ë��È}Òä�º­¯ÈϺä�6L�9��6L�&U Ò�6L�0Q� ¹¯º«mã« ��äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó� � �¹º¯«�º�ËÓÓº°� � m¹ãº� ��º� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯�� ¹¯Ëm©�È �Ò² ���� z�� w�º� ºÏÓÈ�ÈË��� ��º� mºÏäºÎÓº� ¹ºã��ËÓÒË� Óºm©²� äÈ�˯ÒÈãºm� �Ò¹È� 6L�9�� 6L�&U� Ò 6L�0Q��¹¯ÒÓÈ�ãËÎÈ�Ò²�}�°ËäË®°�m���¯ÈÏ­ÈmãËÓÓ©²�äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©²�¹ºã�¹¯ºmº�ÓÒ}ºm�� 7KH� VWXG\� RI� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� FRQWDLQLQJ PDJQHWLFDOO\� DFWLYH� DWRPV� �'LOXWHG�0DJQHWLF 6HPLFRQGXFWRUV��'06V��KDV�EHHQ�DQ�DFWLYH�UH� VHDUFK�DUHD�EHFDXVH�RI�WKHLU�SHUVSHFWLYH�VXLW� DELOLW\� IRU� VSLQ�WUDQVSRUW� HOHFWURQLFV� �VSLQ� WURQLFV���'06V�FRPELQH�WKH�HOHFWURQLF�SURSHU� WLHV�RI� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�DQG�PHPRU\�SRWHQWLDO RI� W\SLFDO� PDJQHWLFDOO\� RUGHUHG� PDWHULDOV� 0RVW�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�LQ�WKLV�ILHOG�ZHUH�IRFXVHG XS� WR�QRZ�RQ�IHUURPDJQHWLF� ,,,Ü9�FRPSRXQG VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�� ZLWK� PDQJDQHVH� DV� D� PDMRU GRSDQW��*D�±[0Q[$V�� ,Q�±[0Q[$V� DQG� UHODWHGPDWHULDOV� �*D1�0Q�� $O*D1�0Q� HWF�� ZHUH DPRQJ� WKH� PRVW� FRPSUHKHQVLYHO\� VWXGLHG PDWHULDOV�>�@��6RPH�RWKHU�GRSHG�VHPLFRQGXF� WRUV�LQVXODWRUV� �H�J��0Q�� RU�&X�GRSHG� =Q2� KDYH� EHHQ� DOVR� UHSRUWHG� WR� EH�PDJQHWLFDOO\ RUGHUHG�XS�WR�WHPSHUDWXUHV�DERYH�URRP�RQH >�@��0RUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�WKHVH�PDWHULDOV�DV ZHOO� DV� RQ� �WUDGLWLRQDO�� 0Q�GRSHG� ,,,Ü9 VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�ZLOO�EH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�&KDSWHU �� 5HFHQWO\��LW�KDV�EHHQ�FRQILUPHG�WKDW�VLQ� JOH� FU\VWDO� VLOLFRQ� LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�QRQ�PDJ� QHWLF� LRQV� RU� VXEMHFWHG� WR� QHXWURQ� LUUDGLD� WLRQ� FDQ� H[KLELW� VSHFLILF� PDJQHWLF� SURSHU� WLHV�� ZLWK� K\VWHUHVLV� ORRSV� VLPLODU� WR� WKH WKRVH� RI� FODVVLF� IHUURPDJQHWLF� PDWHULDOV� 7KLV� VSHFLILF� PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� KDV� EHHQ FDOOHG� WHQWDWLYHO\� �TXDVLIHUURPDJQHWLVP� >�@� �&KDSWHU� ���� 0DJQHWLFDOO\� RUGHUHG� 6L� EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�ZLWK�D�KLJK�&XULH�WHPSHUD� WXUH� �7&�� ZRXOG� EH� WKH� EHVW� ILWWLQJ� WR� GH�PDQGV� RI� WKH� PRGHUQ� 6L�EDVHG� PLFURHOHF� WURQLFV� WHFKQRORJ\�� 7KDW� LV� ZK\� WKH� SDSHU UHSRUWLQJ� WKH� DERYH�URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� IHU� URPDJQHWLVP�LQ�0Q�LRQ�LPSODQWHG�6L��6L�0Q� >�@�KDV�EHHQ�PHW�ZLWK�LQWHUHVW��5HFHQWO\��ZH GHPRQVWUDWHG� WKDW�6L� LPSODQWHG� ZLWK� YDQD� GLXP� RU� FKURPLXP� �FRQVLGHUHG� XVXDOO\� DV )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� QRQ�PDJQHWLF�� DOVR� VKRZ� IHUURPDJQHWLF� RU� GHULQJ�>�@� 7R� SUHSDUH� PDWHULDOV� ZLWK� PDJQHWLF� RU� GHULQJ�� WKH� DV�LPSODQWHG� 6L�9�� 6L�&U� DQG 6L�0Q� ZHUH� VXEMHFWHG� WR� SRVW�LPSODQWDWLRQ DQQHDOLQJ� DW� HOHYDWHG� WHPSHUDWXUHV� �+7�� W\SLFDOO\� XQGHU� DWPRVSKHULF� SUHVVXUH �����3D���7KLV�LV�UHODWHG�WR�D�QHHG�WR�UHVWRUH WKH� VWUXFWXUH� RI� WKH� QHDU� VXUIDFH� DUHDV� RI LQLWLDOO\� SHUIHFW� 6L� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO�� KHDYLO\ GDPDJHG� E\� LPSODQWDWLRQ�� $PRUSKRXV� VLOL� FRQ� �D�6L�� LV� IRUPHG� XQGHU� LPSODQWDWLRQ� PRVW� DEXQGDQW� QHDU� WKH� SURMHFWHG� UDQJH� RI LPSODQWHG� LRQV� �5S��� $V� UHSRUWHG� UHFHQWO\>����@�� HQKDQFHG� K\GURVWDWLF� SUHVVXUH� �+3� RI� DPELHQW� LQHUW� JDV� HIIHFWV� VWURQJO\� WKH UH�FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ� �VROLG� SKDVH� HSLWD[LDO� UH� JURZWK��63(5��RI�D�6L� DQG� WKXV� WKH�UHVXOW� LQJ� PLFURVWUXFWXUH� DQG� PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� 7KDW�LV�ZK\�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�+3�DW�SUHSDUDWLRQ RI�PDJQHWLFDOO\�DFWLYH�6L�9��6L�&U�DQG�6L�0Q ZLOO�EH�DOVR�FRQVLGHUHG��&KDSWHUV��Ü���� ���0Q�GRSHG�,,,Ü9 VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�DQG�=Q2�GRSHG ZLWK�WUDQVLWLRQ�PHWDOV 'LD�� RU� SDUDPDJQHWLF� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� RU LQVXODWRUV�FDQ�EH�WUDQVIRUPHG�LQWR�WKH�PDJ� QHWLFDOO\� RUGHUHG� RQHV� E\� LQFOXGLQJ� DSSUR� SULDWH� WUDQVLWLRQDO� PHWDO� �70�� DWRPV� LQWR WKHLU� ODWWLFH�� 7KH� FXUUHQW� GHYHORSPHQW� RI VSLQWURQLF� PDWHULDOV� ZDV� FORVHO\� UHODWHG� WR SURGXFLQJ�*D�±[0Q[$V� RU� ,Q�±[0Q[$V� VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� �GHSRVLWHG� XVXDOO\� E\� 0ROHFXODU %HDP�(SLWD[\��0%(��/LTXLG�3KDVH�(SLWD[\� /3(��RU�UHODWHG�WHFKQLTXHV��ZLWK�7&�DV�KLJK DV� SRVVLEOH�� ,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI� SURWRW\SH�PDWH� ULDO��*D�±[0Q[$V��*D�DWRPV�FDQ�EH�UHSODFHGSDUWLDOO\� E\� VXEVWLWXWLRQDO� 0Q� DWRPV�� 7KH VXEVWLWXWLRQDO�0Q� DWRPV� SURYLGH� ERWK� ORFDO PDJQHWLF� PRPHQWV� DQG� GHORFDOL]HG� HOHFWURQ KROHV�� ,Q� VSLWH� RI� FRQVLGHUDEOH� HIIRUWV� >�@� QR� VDWLVI\LQJ� PDWHULDOV� ZLWK� 7&� PXFK� H[� FHHGLQJ� ���� .� KDYH� EHHQ� V\QWKHVL]HG� (LWKHU� IHUURPDJQHWLVP� LV�REVHUYHG�DW�PXFK EHORZ� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� RU� QR� IHUURPDJ� QHWLF� RUGHULQJ� LV� GHWHFWDEOH�� ,W� LV� ZRUWK� WR PHQWLRQ� WKDW� +3� DSSOLHG� DW� DQQHDOLQJ� RI ,Q$V�*D$V� DQG� VLPLODU� V\VWHPV� DIIHFWV VWURQJO\� WKHLU� VWUXFWXUH� >�@� DQG� WKHLU�PDJ� QHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� �WKHVH� HIIHFWV� DUH� QRZ� LQ� YHVWLJDWHG�LQ�GHWDLOV�>�@�� 7KH� LQWULQVLF�PRUSKRORJ\�RI�*D$V� �,Q$V� GHJUDGHV� FRQVLGHUDEO\� DV� WKH� 70� GRSLQJ OHYHO� H[FHHGV� �����FPÜ��� ZLWK� SUHFLSLWDWHV RI� 0Q$V� EHLQJ� IRUPHG� >�@�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� UH� SRUWHG�>��@�WKDW�DQQHDOLQJ�RI�PDJQHWLF�,,,Ü9 VHPLFRQGXFWRUV��DW�+7a�����.�UHVXOWV�LQ�WKH IRUPDWLRQ� RI� PXOWL�SKDVH� PDWHULDOV� ZLWK 0Q$V� DV� WKH�PDJQHWLFDOO\� DFWLYH� FRPSRQHQW� ZLWK�7&t����.��7KHVH�PDWHULDOV�DUH�QRZ�DOVRWKH�VXEMHFWV�RI�FRQVLGHUDEOH�LQWHUHVW�>�����@� 'RSHG�6Q2��� 7L2��� =Q2�� DQG� VLPLODU� LQ�VXODWRUV� DOVR� KDYH� DWWUDFWHG� VRPH�DWWHQWLRQ GXH�WR�H[SHFWDWLRQ� >�@�RI�KLJK�PDJQHWLF�RU� GHULQJ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI� WKHLU GRSLQJ�ZLWK�70V��6XFK�'06V�DUH�RI�VSHFLDO LQWHUHVW� EHFDXVH� RI� LQWHUHVWLQJ� RSWRHOHF� WURQLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�=Q2��5RRP�WHPSHUDWXUH PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� LQ� SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� 0Q GRSHG�=Q2�KDV�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG��ZLWK�PDJQHWL� ]DWLRQ� �0�� XS� WR� ����Ü�� HPX�J� >������@� 5RRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� KDV EHHQ�UHSRUWHG�DOVR�IRU�PLFURQ�VL]HG�=Q2�VLQ� JOH�FU\VWDOV�GRSHG�ZLWK�������0Q��0�XS�WR ����� HPX�J� DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� >��@�� ,W KDV�EHHQ�VWDWHG�UHFHQWO\�WKDW�URRP�WHPSHUD� WXUH� IHUURPDJQHWLVP� LQ� =Q2�0Q� FDQ� EH� DW� WULEXWHG� WR� VXEVWLWXWLRQDO� LQFRUSRUDWLRQ� RI 0Q� DW� WKH� =Q� ODWWLFH� SRVLWLRQV� UDWKHU� WKDQ GXH� WR� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� VHJUHJDWHG� VHFRQ� GDU\�SKDVH�>��@� &REDOW� GRSHG� =Q2� SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� IHUUR� PDJQHWLF� ILOPV� ZLWK� 7&� XS� WR� ����.�ZHUHSUHSDUHG� E\� PDJQHWURQ� FR�VSXWWHULQJ� >��@� VLPLODUO\�� SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� =Q2� ILOPV� FR� GRSHG� ZLWK�0Q� DQG�&R� KDYH� EHHQ� UHSRUWHG WR� VKRZ� IHUURPDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� ZLWK 7&t����.�>��@��0RVW�SUREDEO\��WKH�SUHVHQFHRI�0Q�DV�ZHOO�DV�RI�VRPH�RWKHU�70�DWRPV�LQ =Q2�UHVXOWV�LQ�H[FKDQJH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ VS�EDQG� HOHFWURQV� RU� KROHV� DQG� WKH� G�HOHF� WURQ� VSLQV� RI� PDJQHWLF� GRSDQW� DWRPV�� &X� GRSHG� =Q2� GLVSOD\V� PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� DW URRP� WHPSHUDWXUHV�� WRR� >��@�� 7KH� RULJLQ� RI WKLV� PDJQHWLVP� LV� VWLOO� FRQWURYHUVLDO� >��@� ROGHU�UHVXOWV�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLHZHG�H�J��LQ�>��@� :KLOH� 70�GRSHG� FRPSRXQG� VHPLFRQGXF� WRUV�DQG�R[LGHV�H[KLELW�LQWHUHVWLQJ�PDJQHWLF SURSHUWLHV�� LW� LV� HYLGHQW� WKDW�6L�EDVHG�'06 ZRXOG� KDYH� FRQVLGHUDEOH� DGYDQWDJH� RYHU WKHP�DV�EHWWHU�FRPSDWLEOH�ZLWK�WKH�GRPLQDW� LQJ�6L�EDVHG�PLFURHOHFWURQLFV� ���4XDVLIHUURPDJQHWLF�6L�EDVHG PDWHULDOV )HUURPDJQHWLVP� UHODWHG� WR� WKH� SUHVHQFH RI� GLVORFDWLRQV� LQ� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� 6L� ZDV� UH� SRUWHG�PRUH� WKDQ����\HDUV�DJR� >��@��)HUUR� PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� DW� ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUH� LQ VLOLFRQ� LPSODQWHG� ZLWK� ORZ� HQHUJ\� $U�� DQG 1H��KDV�EHHQ�DOVR�UHSRUWHG�DW�WKH�VDPH�WLPH >��@�� 7KHUH� H[LVWV�� KRZHYHU�� VRPH� XQFHU� WDLQW\� FRQFHUQLQJ� WKH� ROGHVW� UHVXOWV� UH� SRUWHG��PRVWO\�EHFDXVH�RI�SRVVLEOH� FRQWDPL� QDWLRQ�RI�VLOLFRQ�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�DYDLODEOH�DW $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WKDW� WLPH� E\� IHUURPDJQHWLF� FRQWDPLQDQWV� LQFOXGLQJ�)H��&R�DQG�1L��5HFHQW�UHVXOWV�RE� WDLQHG�XVLQJ�WKH�PRGHUQ�KLJK�SXULW\�6L�VLQ� JOH� FU\VWDOV� DV� WKH� LPSODQWHG� VXEVWUDWH� DUH RI�PXFK�LPSURYHG�UHOLDELOLW\�LQ�WKLV�UHVSHFW� 7KH� EURDG� PDJQHWLF� UHVRQDQFH� OLQHV� �J� ����DQG������LQ�6L�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�KLJK�HQHUJ\ ;H�� �(� ������ *H9�� DQG� .U�� �(� �����0H9� ZHUH� DWWULEXWHG� WR� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH DUHDV� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� GHJUHH� RI� PDJQHWLF RUGHU� DV� D� UHVXOW� RI� KLJK� HQHUJ\� LPSODQWD� WLRQ� >��@�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� FRQVLGHUHG� WKHVH� VLJ� QDOV� FRPH� IURP� PDQLIHVWDWLRQ� RI� LQWHUQDO PDJQHWLF� ILHOGV� RULJLQDWLQJ� IURP� LQFOXVLRQV ZLWK� KLJK� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� XQSDLUHG� HOHF� WURQV�� 5HFHQWO\�� IHUURPDJQHWLF� K\VWHUHVLV ORRSV� KDYH� EHHQ� UHSRUWHG� DW� URRP� WHPSHUD� WXUH�IRU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDO�VLOLFRQ�VXEVWUDWHV�LP� SODQWHG�ZLWK�6L��GRVH��'� ��������FPÜ��RI�RU ZLWK�'� ��������FPÜ��RI�$U���DQG�IRU�6L�ZD� IHUV� LUUDGLDWHG� ZLWK� '� ��������FPÜ�� RI WKHUPDO�QHXWURQV�>�@��,W�KDV�EHHQ�VXJJHVWHG WKDW� WKH� SDUDPDJQHWLF� GHIHFWV� �GDQJOLQJ ERQGV�� IRUPHG� GXULQJ� WKH� LPSODQWDWLRQ� RU LUUDGLDWLRQ� DUH� UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU� REVHUYHG PDJQHWLF�EHKDYLRU�>��@��7KLV�W\SH�RI�TXDVLI� HUURPDJHQWLVP� VHHPV� WR� EH� QRW� OLPLWHG� WR WKH� LPSODQWHG� VLOLFRQ� RQO\�� 6SDUN�SURFHVVHG VLOLFRQ� >��@� DQG� SRURXV� VLOLFRQ� >��@� DOVR VKRZ� PDJQHWLF� K\VWHUHVLV�� $V� LW� IROORZV IURP�RXU�UHFHQW�PHDVXUHPHQWV��D�6L�VDPSOH LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�+H���6L�+H���(� ����NH9�DQG '� ��������FPÜ����DW�DQJOH�����ZLWK�UHVSHFW WR� WKH� VXEVWUDWH� QRUPDO�� LQGLFDWHV� VLJQV� RI PDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ� ,Q� )HUURPDJQHWLF� 5HVRQDQFH�� WKH� IUH� TXHQF\� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� UHVRQDQFH� ILHOG� I��+� YHUVXV� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� +�� IROORZV� D VWUDLJKW� OLQH� DV� VKRZQ� E\� WKH� HTXDWLRQ EHORZ� §̈ © I �SJ ·̧ ¹ � � �+5�+5����S0HII�� ,Q�WKLV�HTXDWLRQ��WKH�]HUR�ILHOG�LQWHUFHSW�JLYHV �S0HII� �� ��S0V� ZKHQ� WKHUH� LV� QR� PDJQHWLF DQLVRWURS\��DQG�WKH�VORSH��ZKLFK�LV�UHODWHG�WR WKH� J\URPDJQHWLF� UDWLR� J� �JP%�K��� )URP� J� WKH�/DQGH�J�IDFWRU�FDQ�EH�GHWHUPLQHG� 7KH� LQ�SODQH� FRPSRQHQW� RI� WKH� J�IDFWRU KDV� EHHQ� GHWHUPLQHG� WR� EH� HTXDO� WR� ����� $VVXPLQJ� DQ� LVRWURSLF� ILOP�� D� VDWXUDWLRQ PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� RI� 0V� ������HPX�FP�� KDV EHHQ�HVWLPDWHG� )HUURPDJQHWLF�K\VWHUHVLV� ORRSV�PHDVXUHG E\� WKH� 648,'� PHWKRG� IRU� )ORDWLQJ� ]RQH JURZQ�6L�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�+H���)]�6L�+H��DQG SURFHVVHG�DW�����.�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJ���� 7KH� DV�LPSODQWHG�)]�6L�6L� RI� D�����!�RUL� HQWDWLRQ��SUHSDUHG�E\�VHOI�LPSODQWDWLRQ�RI�)]� 6L� ZLWK� 6L�� �(� ����� NH9��'� ��������FPÜ�� VKRZHG� D� GLVWLQFW� K\VWHUHVLV� RI� PDJQHWL]D� WLRQ��+RZHYHU��SURFHVVLQJ�RI�WKLV�VDPSOH�DW ���� .� XQGHU� +3� UHVXOWHG� LQ� DEVHQFH� RI PDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� �)LJ������ PRVW� SUREDEO\ EHFDXVH� RI� SURFHVVLQJ�LQGXFHG� UHFRYHU\� RI VDPSOH�FU\VWDOOLQLW\� ,W� LV�TXLWH�UHDVRQDEOH�WR�DVVXPH�WKDW�WKH LPSODQWDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� GHIHFWV� FRXOG� LQFUHDVH WKH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� XQSDLUHG� HOHFWURQV� LQ 6L�� 7KH� SURFHVVLQJ� �� DQQHDOLQJ� RI� WKH� LP� SODQWHG�VDPSOHV�UHVXOWV�LQ�JUDGXDO�UHFRYHU\ RI�WKH�VDPSOH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�VR�LQ�GHFUHDVHG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RI�XQSDLUHG�HOHFWURQV� )LJ�����)HUURPDJQHWLF�K\VWHUHVLV�ORRSV�RI�)]�6L�+H �'� ��������FPÜ��� (� ����� NH9�� 5S� ���PP�SURFHVVHG�IRU���K�DW�����.�XQGHU�����*3D��PHDV� XUHG� DW� 7� ��� .� �RSHQ� PDUNV�� DQG� 7� ����. �EODFN�PDUNV���� )LJ�����0DJQHWL]DWLRQ��0��YHUVXV�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG �+�� DW�7� ���.�IRU�)]�6L�6L� �'� ��������FPÜ�� (� �����NH9��SURFHVVHG�IRU���K�DW�����.�XQGHU ����*3D�� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� ���6LOLFRQ�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK YDQDGLXP 6LPLODUO\� DV� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI� 6L�+H� DQG 6L�6L�� LPSODQWDWLRQ� ZLWK� 9�� SURGXFHV VWURQJO\� GLVRUGHUHG� DUHD� QHDU� 5S�� ,Q� WKHFDVH� RI�'t�����FPÜ��� DPRUSKL]DWLRQ� RI� WKH 6L�PDWUL[�ZLWK�WKH�FUHDWLRQ�RI�D�6L�OD\HU�FDQ EH� H[SHFWHG�� )RU� WKH� FDVH�(� �����NH9�DQG '� ���Ü��������FPÜ��� WKH� WRWDO� HQHUJ\� LQWUR� GXFHG�GXULQJ�LPSODQWDWLRQ�H[FHHGV�WKH�DPRU� SKL]DWLRQ�WKUHVKROG��7KHUHIRUH��WKH�D�6L�OD\HU VWURQJO\�HQULFKHG�LQ�YDQDGLXP��XS�WR�DERXW �������KDV�EHHQ�IRUPHG�QHDU�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� VLOLFRQ� �F�6L�� DW� D� GHSWK� RI DERXW������PP��)LJ������7KLV�LV�HYLGHQFHG�E\ WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�D�6L�GHWHFWDEOH�E\�7UDQVPLV� VLRQ�(OHFWURQ�0LFURVFRS\��7(0��DIWHU�WUHDW� PHQW�RI�6L�9�DW�����.��7KH�WUHDWPHQW�DW�XS WR�DERXW�����.�GRHV�QRW�UHVXOW�LQ�D�GHWHFWDEOH UHFRYHU\�RI�WKH�LQLWLDO�FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF�SHUIHF� WLRQ� RI� WKH�6L� PDWUL[�� 7KH�6L�9� VDPSOH� SURF� HVVHG�DW�����.�VKRZV�D�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�GHFUHDV� LQJ�D�OLWWOH�ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�PHDVXUHPHQW�WHP� SHUDWXUH��IURP���.�WR����.��)LJ�����FI��>�@��� $W� DQQHDOLQJ�� WKH� D�6L� OD\HU� LV� VXEMHFWHG WR� 63(5�� 7KLV� UHVXOWV� LQ� WKH�PRYHPHQW� RI WKH�D�F�LQWHUIDFH�WRZDUG�WKH�6L�VXUIDFH�HYHQ DW� UHODWLYHO\� ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� �)LJ����� 6LQFH�WKH�VROXELOLW\�RI�9� LQ�FU\VWDOOLQH�6L� LV YHU\� ORZ�>��@��WKH�9� LRQV�DUH�H[SHOOHG�IURP WKH�UH�JURZWK�UHJLRQ�DV� WKH�D�6L�FU\VWDOOLQH 6L� LQWHUIDFH� PRYHV� WRZDUG� WKH� VXUIDFH� 7KURXJK� WKLV� �VQRZ�SORZ�� SURFHVV�� D� PLQL� PXP� LQ� WKH� 9� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� SURILOH� LV IRUPHG� DERXW� ���� PP� EHORZ� WKH� VXUIDFH� LQ 6L�9�SURFHVVHG�DW�����.��)LJ����� 7KH� H[FHVV� YDQDGLXP� LV� DFFXPXODWHG� DW WKH� D�F� LQWHUIDFH�� DQG� WKH� 9� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ UHDFKHV�D�SRLQW�DW�ZKLFK�WKH�H[FHVV�9�LPSX� ULW\�FDQQRW�EH�SXVKHG�DZD\��$W�KLJKHU�WHP� SHUDWXUHV� �t���� .��� WKH� D�6L� OD\HU� LV� FRQ� YHUWHG� LQWR� SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� VWDWH� DQG� WKH VLOLFLGH�96L��LV�IRUPHG�>��@��7KH�VLOLFLGH�IRU�PDWLRQ� HQWKDOS\� DPRXQWV� ���� H9�� VR� 96L�UHPDLQV�VWDEOH�HYHQ�DW�KLJK�WHPSHUDWXUHV��$ VLPLODU� 9� GLVWULEXWLRQ� ZLWKLQ� WKH� QHDU�VXU� IDFH� ����� PP� WKLFN� OD\HU� HYLGHQFHV� WKDW� 9 DWRPV�IRUP�VLOLFLGHV��)LJ����� $V� HYLGHQFHG� E\�;�UD\� 5HFLSURFDO� 6SDFH 0DSSLQJ��;5560� �)LJ������ 63(5� RI� WKH� D� 6L� OD\HU�UHPDLQV�XQFRPSOHWHG�DIWHU�SURFHVV� LQJ�DW������.�� ���6LOLFRQ�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK FKURPLXP 0RVW� UHVXOWV� KLWKHUWR� UHSRUWHG� RQ� WKH SURSHUWLHV� RI� VLOLFRQ� LPSODQWHG� ZLWK� FKUR� PLXP�FRQFHUQ�6L�&U�SUHSDUHG�E\�&U��LPSODQ� WDWLRQ� LQWR� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOOLQH� &]±6L� VXE� VWUDWH� DW� QHDU�URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� ,Q� PDQ\ UHVSHFWV�� WKH� EHKDYLRU� RI� DV�LPSODQWHG� DQG SURFHVVHG� 6L�&U� UHPLQGV� WKDW� RI� 6L�9�� 7KH DV�LPSODQWHG�6L�&U�VDPSOH��'� ��������FPÜ�� (� ����� NH9�� LQGLFDWHV� D� GLVWLQFW� PDJQHWL� ]DWLRQ�ZLWK� ERWK� WKH� VDWXUDWLRQ�PDJQHWL]D� WLRQ� DQG� FRHUFLYLW\� GHSHQGLQJ� RQO\� VOLJKWO\ RQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� ZLWKLQ� WKH� �Ü��� .� UDQJH� 6LPLODUO\�DV�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�&]�6L�9�SURFHVVHG DW� ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUHV�� WKH� &]�6L�&U� VDPSOHV )LJ�����0DJQHWL]DWLRQ��0��YV�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG��+� IRU� &]�6L�9� �'� ��������FPÜ��� (� �����NH9�� SURFHVVHG�IRU���K�DW�����.�XQGHU�����3D��0HDV� XUHPHQWV�ZHUH�SHUIRUPHG�DW�7� ���.�����DQG�7 ����.�����)LJ����� 6,06� GHSWK� SURILOHV� RI� 9� LQ� &]�6L�9 �SUHSDUHG� E\� 9�� LPSODQWDWLRQ� ZLWK� '� �������FPÜ��� (� ����� NH9� LQWR� &]RFKUDOVNL JURZQ�VLOLFRQ��&]�6L���DV�LPSODQWHG�DQG�SURF� HVVHG�XQGHU�FRQGLWLRQV�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�)LJXUH� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� SURFHVVHG� DW�d����.�LQGLFDWH�IHUURPDJQHWLF RUGHULQJ�>�����@� ,W� LV� LPSRUWDQW�WR�PHQWLRQ�WKDW�PDJQHWL� ]DWLRQ� SURSHUWLHV� RI� 6L�9� DQG� RI� 6L�&U� DUH UHIOHFWLQJ� WKH�PLQXWH� VL]H� RI� WKH� IHUURPDJ� QHWLF�SKDVH�SUHVHQW�ZLWKLQ�WKH�VDPSOH��FRP� SRVHG�RI�WKLQ�GDPDJHG�EXULHG�OD\HU�HQULFKHG LQ�PDJQHWLFDOO\� DFWLYH� LPSODQWHG� DWRPV��$V VHHQ�DOVR�LQ�WKH�7(0�SDWWHUQV��ORZ�WHPSHUD� WXUH� SURFHVVLQJ� RI� &]�6L�&U� UHVXOWV� LQ� WKH SUHVHQFH� RI� FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF� GHIHFWV� ZLWKLQ WKH�6L�PDWUL[� 63(5� RI� D�6L� LV� PXFK� PRUH� SURQRXQFHG DW�����Ü�����.��7(0�DQG�;5560�UHVXOWV�� 1R� PDUNHG� VWUXFWXUDO� GLIIHUHQFHV� EHWZHHQ WKH�UH�JURZWK�UHJLRQ�DW�WKH�GHSWK�������PP DQG� WKH� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� VLOLFRQ� VXEVWUDWH� DW !�����PP�GHSWK�ZHUH�GHWHFWHG�DIWHU�SURFHVV� LQJ� DW� ����� .� XQGHU� ���� 3D� �)LJ������ ,Q FRQWUDVW� WR� 6L�9�� WKH� GLIIXVLRQ�&U� EHKDYLRU LQ� 6L�&U� DW� ����� .� LV� VWURQJO\� DIIHFWHG� E\ +3��)LJV����DQG����VHH�DOVR�>�����@�� ���6LOLFRQ�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK PDQJDQHVH 6WUXFWXUDO� DQG� PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI VLOLFRQ� LPSODQWHG� ZLWK� PDQJDQHVH� �6L�0Q� ZHUH� VXEMHFWHG�� DV� VR� IDU�� WR� WKH� PRVW� H[� WHQGHG� UHVHDUFK� >�����Ü��@�� 6L�0Q� VDPSOHV �'� XS� WR� �������FPÜ��� (� �����NH9� 7V#���� .�� VXEMHFWHG� WR� UDSLG� WKHUPDO� DQ�QHDOLQJ� RU� VKRUW�WLPH� DQQHDOLQJ� ��� PLQ�� DW XS� WR� DERXW� �����.� XQGHU� ����3D� LQGLFDWH WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� IHUURPDJQHWLF� K\VWHUHVLV ORRSV��7KH�&XULH�WHPSHUDWXUH�RI�DOO�VDPSOHV SURFHVVHG� XQGHU� DWPRVSKHULF� SUHVVXUH� ZDV IRXQG�WR�H[FHHG�����.�>�����Ü��@��7KH�VDWX� UDWLRQ� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� LQFUHDVHV� ZLWK� WKH SRVW�LPSODQW� DQQHDOLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� DWWDLQ� LQJ� ���� HPX�J� DW� DERXW� ����� .�� 7KH� RXW� GLIIXVLRQ� RI� LPSODQWHG�0Q� ZDV� REVHUYHG� DW KLJKHU� WHPSHUDWXUHV� DFFRPSDQLHG� E\� D� GH� FUHDVH� LQ� WKH� VDWXUDWLRQ� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�� ,W KDV� EHHQ� VXJJHVWHG� WKDW� WKH� UHVLGXDO� LP� SODQW�GDPDJH�PD\�SOD\�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�UROH�LQ WKH� REVHUYHG� IHUURPDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ� RI 6L�0Q�>������@� ,W�KDV�EHHQ�VWDWHG�WKDW�WKH�VXEVWUDWH�WHP� SHUDWXUH�DQG�WKH�LPSODQWHG�0Q��GRVH�DUH�RI JUHDW� LPSRUWDQFH� IRU� WKH� ILQDO� VWUXFWXUDO DQG� PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� 6L�0Q�� 3URFHVV� LQJ�IRU���K�RI�6L�0Q�VDPSOHV�SUHSDUHG�E\�KLJK GRVH�0Q��LPSODQWDWLRQ��'� ��������FPÜ���(� ���� NH9��7V� ����� .� RU� ���� .��� DW� d����.ERWK� XQGHU� ���� 3D� DQG�+3� �����*3D� � UH� VXOWV�LQ�GLVWLQFW�IHUURPDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ�>��� ��@��7KLV�RUGHULQJ�LV�GHWHFWDEOH�XS�WR�DERYH URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH��)LJ����� $W� KLJK�GRVH� 0Q�� LPSODQWDWLRQ �'t�������FPÜ��� DQG� IRU� 7Vd���� .�� WKH� 6LODWWLFH�QHDU�5S�LQ�6L�0Q�LV�VXEMHFWHG�WR�FRP� SOHWH�DPRUSKL]DWLRQ��$W�KLJK� WHPSHUDWXUHV� D�6L�LV�VXEMHFWHG�WR�63(5��GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�DQ� QHDOLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH�� +3�� DQG� SURFHVVLQJ WLPH�� ,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI�6L�0Q� SUHSDUHG� E\� LP� )LJ�����;5560�V� RI�&]�6L�9� �'� ��������FPÜ�� (� ����� NH9��� SURFHVVHG� IRU� �� K� DW� ����� . XQGHU�����3D��$��DQG�����*3D��%�� )LJ�����6,06�GHSWK�SURILOHV�RI�&U� LQ�&]�6L�&U �'� ��������FPÜ��� (� ����� NH9��� SURFHVVHG IRU���K�DW������.�DQG������.�XQGHU�����3D� )LJ�����6,06�GHSWK�SURILOHV�RI�&U� LQ�&]�6L�&U �'� ��������FPÜ��� (� ����� NH9��� SURFHVVHG IRU� �� K� DW� ����� .� DQG� ����� .� XQGHU ����*3D� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� SODQWDWLRQ�DW�7Vd����.��WKH�6L�VWUXFWXUH�UH�FRYHU\� �63(5� RI� D�6L�� DIWHU� SURFHVVLQJ� DW ����Ü�����.�LV�VWLOO�LQFRPSOHWH��'HSHQGLQJ RQ� WKH� SURFHVVLQJ� FRQGLWLRQV�� FU\VWDO� ORJUDSKLF� GHIHFWV�� VXFK� DV� GLVORFDWLRQV� �DV HYLGHQFHG� E\� WKH� GLVORFDWLRQ�UHODWHG� '�� 3/ OLQH�DW�DERXW������H9���ZHUH�IRUPHG��)LJ����� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� VWDWHG� UHFHQWO\� WKDW� VSHFLILF ORFDO�RUGHULQJ�QHDU�WKH�LPSODQWHG�0Q�DWRPV LQ�6L�0Q�FDQ�EH�FULWLFDO�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�PDJ� QHWLF�RUGHULQJ�>��@��1R�PDUNHG�HIIHFW�RI�WKH FRQGXFWLYLW\�W\SH�RQ�PDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI 6L�0Q� SURFHVVHG� DW� ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� KDV EHHQ�VWDWHG� >��@�� ,Q� WKH�FDVH�RI�6L�0Q�SURF� HVVHG�DW�����Ü�����.��WKH�HIIHFW�RI�+3�RQ GLIIXVLYLW\� RI� 0Q� DWRPV� LV� HVSHFLDOO\� SUR� QRXQFHG��&RQWUDU\�WR�WKH�FDVH�RI�&U�LQ�6L�&U� 0Q� DWRPV� GLIIXVH� IDVWHU� XQGHU� +3�� HVSH� FLDOO\� DW� ����� .� >������@�� ,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI SURORQJHG� ��Ü�� K�� DQQHDOLQJ� XQGHU� ����3D DQG� LQ� FRQWUDVW� WR� HDUOLHU� REVHUYDWLRQ� IRU WKH� VKRUWHU� WLPH� SURFHVVHG� 6L�0Q� VDPSOHV >������@�� VRPH� 0Q� DWRPV� DW� WKH� !����� PP GHSWK� UHPDLQ�DW� WKH� VDPH�SRVLWLRQ� DV� WKHVH LQ� WKH�DV�LPSODQWHG�VDPSOH��3HUKDSV�WKLV� LV UHODWHG� WR� WKH� UHODWLYHO\� KLJK�0Q� VROXELOLW\ LQ�6L� ��������FPÜ�� DQG� �������FPÜ��� UHVSHF� WLYHO\��IRU�0Q�DQG�&U�DW������.�>��@��DQG�WR 0Q� JHWWHULQJ� RQ� VRPH� LPSODQWDWLRQ�LQGXFHG GHIHFWV�DW�WKH�EHORZ�5S�GHSWK��2Q�WKH�RWKHUKDQG�� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� WHWUDJRQDO� 0Q�6L��ZLWK� 7&|��� .� >��@�� LQ� 6L�0Q� SUHSDUHG� E\ LPSODQWDWLRQ� DW� 7V� ����� .� DQG� SURFHVVHGDW�t����.��KDV�EHHQ�GHWHFWHG�UHFHQWO\�>��@� 7KH� LPSURYHG� URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH� IHUUR� PDJQHWLVP� KDV� EHHQ� DOVR� UHSRUWHG� IRU� &R� DQG�0Q�LRQ�LPSODQWHG�VLOLFRQ�>��@�DV�ZHOO�DV IRU�0Q�LRQ�LPSODQWHG�6L�QDQRZLUHV�>��@� 7R�FRQFOXGH��RXU�UHSRUW�UHYLHZV�KLWKHUWR SXEOLVKHG� DQG� VRPH� XQSXEOLVKHG� GDWD� FRQ� FHUQLQJ� WKH� FRPSRVLWLRQ�� VWUXFWXUH�� DQG PDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�VLQJOH�FU\VWDO�VLOLFRQ LPSODQWHG� ZLWK� PHGLXP� GRVDJH� RI� YDQD� GLXP�� FKURPLXP� DQG� PDQJDQHVH� DQG� SURF� HVVHG� DW� XS� WR� DERXW� ����� .�� DOVR� XQGHU LQFUHDVHG�K\GURVWDWLF� SUHVVXUH��XS� WR�DERXW ����*3D��6L�9��6L�&U�DQG�6L�0Q��DV�LPSODQWHG DQG� SURFHVVHG� DW� VSHFLILF� FRQGLWLRQV�� LQGL� FDWH�GHWHFWDEOH�IHUURPDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ��ZLWK 7&� RI� VRPH� 6L�0Q� VDPSOHV� DW� DERYH� URRP WHPSHUDWXUHV�� 6SHFLILF� ORFDO� RUGHULQJ� QHDU WKH� LPSODQWHG� WUDQVLWLRQ� PHWDO� DWRPV� LQ 6L�0� PDWHULDOV� �0� �9�� &U� RU� 0Q�� FDQ� EH FULWLFDO� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� WKH� UHSRUWHG� PDJ� QHWLF�RUGHULQJ��6WLOO��WKH�REVHUYHG�PDJQHWLF RUGHULQJ� LQ� WKH� DV�LPSODQWHG� DV� ZHOO� DV� LQ SURFHVVHG�6L�9��6L�&U� DQG�6L�0Q� VHHPV� WR� EH UHODWHG�LQ�SDUW�WR�WKH�TXDVL�IHUURPDJQHWLVP REVHUYHG� LQ�VLOLFRQ�LPSODQWHG�ZLWK�QRQPDJ� QHWLF� VSHFLHV� DQG� WKHQ� SURFHVVHG� DW� UHOD� WLYHO\�ORZ�WHPSHUDWXUHV� 7R� XQGHUVWDQG� WKH�PHFKDQLVPV� RI� IHUUR� PDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ�LQ�LRQ�LPSODQWHG�6L�EDVHG PDWHULDOV��RI�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�VSHFLILF�FU\V� WDOOLQH� PDJQHWLFDOO\� RUGHUHG� SKDVHV� DQG� RI WKH� RULJLQ� RI� � TXDVL�IHUURPDJQHWLVP� GH� PDQGV� IXUWKHU� UHVHDUFK�� $� MXVWLILHG� KRSH FRXOG�EH�H[SUHVVHG�WKDW�QHZ�6L±9��6L±&U�DQG 6L±0Q�PDWHULDOV� EHORQJLQJ� WR� WKH� IDPLO\� RI 'LOXWHG�0DJQHWLF� 6HPLFRQGXFWRUV� DQG� FRP� SDWLEOH� ZLWK� 6L�EDVHG� PLFURHOHFWURQLFV� ZLOO EH�GHYHORSHG�� $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV�� 7KH� DXWKRUV� DUH WKDQNIXO� WR� '�6F�$�%DUF]� DQG� 0U�0�3UX� MV]F]\N�IURP�WKH�,QVWLWXWH�RI�(OHFWURQ�7HFK� QRORJ\�� :DUVDZ�� '�6F�-�%DN�0LVLXN� DQG )LJ����� 0DJQHWL]DWLRQ� �0�� YHUVXV� PDJQHWLF ILHOG� �+�� IRU� )]�6L�0Q� �)]� PHDQV� )ORDWLQJ ]RQH� JURZWK��'� ��������FPÜ���(� �����NH9� 7V� ����� .��� SURFHVVHG� IRU� �� K� DW� ���� .XQGHU�����3D�� )LJ�����3KRWROXPLQHVFHQFH��3/��VSHFWUD�RI�)]� 6L�0Q� �'� ��������FPÜ��� (� ����� NH9�� 7V� ����.��� DV� LPSODQWHG� DQG� SURFHVVHG� IRU� �� K DW������.�XQGHU�����3D� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� 'U�:�2VLQQL\�IURP�WKH�,QVWLWXWH�RI�3K\VLFV� 3$6��:DUVDZ�� 0�6F�%�6XUPD� IURP� WKH� ,Q� VWLWXWH�(OHFWURQ�0DWHULDOV�7HFKQRORJ\��:DU� VDZ�� 3RODQG�� DQG� 'U�5�9DQIOHHW� IURP %ULJKDP� <RXQJ� 8QLYHUVLW\�� 3URYR�� 86$� IRU� H[SHULPHQWDO� DVVLVWDQFH�� VRPH� H[SHUL� PHQWDO�GDWD�DQG�YDOXDEOH�GLVFXVVLRQ� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���+�2QR��3K\VLFD�%�����Ü���������������� � ���2�'�-D\DNXPDU�� ,�.�*RSDODNULVKQDQ�� 6�.�.XO� VKUHVWKD��3K\VLFD�%������������������� � ���7�'XEURFD��-�+DFN��5�(�+XPPHO�HW�DO���$SSO� 3K\V��/HWW��������������������� � ���0�%ROGXF�� &�$ZR�$IIRXGD�� $�6WROOHQZHUN� HW DO���3K\V��5HY��%�������������������� � ���$�0LVLXN�� /�&KRZ�� $�%DUF]� HW� DO��� LQ�� +LJK 3XULW\� 6LOLFRQ� ��� (GV�� &�/�&ODH\V�� 5�)DOVWHU� 0�:DWDQDEH��3�6WDOOKRIHU��,6%1������������� ���������S������ � ���$�0LVLXN��%�6XUPD��-�%DN�0LVLXN��6ROLG�6WDWH 3KHQ������Ü���������������� � ���7�'LHWO�� +�2QR�� )�0DWVXUD� HW� DO��� 6FLHQFH� ����������������� � ���-�%DN�0LVLXN��$�6KDOLPRY��-�.DQLHZVNL�HW�DO�� &U\VW��5HV��7HFKQRO������������������� � ���-�%DN�0LVLXN��$�0LVLXN��3�5RPDQRZVNL��VXE� PLWWHG�IRU��7KLQ�6ROLG�)LOPV�� ����0�0RUHQR��$�7UDPSHUW��%�-HQLFKHQ�HW�DO�� -��$SSO��3K\V�������������������� ����+�5DHELJHU�� 7�+\QQLQHQ�� $�$\XHOD� HW� DO�� 3K\VLFD�%�����Ü���������������� ����3�6KDUPD�� $�*XSWD�� .�9�5DR� HW� DO��� 1DW� 0DWHU����������������� ����-�=KDQJ�� 5�6NRPVNL�� '�-�6HOOP\HU�� -��$SSO� 3K\V���������'����������� ����2�'�-D\DNXPDU��,�.�*RSDONULVKQDQ��&�6XGDNDU� -��&U\VW��*URZWK������������������ ����2�'�-D\NXPDU�� ,�.�*RSDODNULVKQDQ�� 6�.�.XO� VKUHVWKD��3K\VLFD�%������������������ ����&�6RQJ�� )�=HQJ�� .�:�*HQJ�� HW� DO��� -��0DJQ� 0DJQ��0DWHU������������������ ����<�:DQJ�� <�6RQJ�� 6�<LQ� HW� DO��� 0DWHU��6FL� (QJQ��%���������������� ����'�%�%XFKKRO]��5�3�+�&KDQJ��-�+�6RQJ�HW�DO�� $SSO��3K\V��/HWW��������������������� ����'�-�.HDYQH\��'�%�%XFKKRO]��4�0D�HW�DO���$SSO� 3K\V��/HWW��������������������� �����0DJQHWLVP�LQ�6HPLFRQGXFWRU�2[LGHV��� ,6%1 ���������������HG��1�+�+RQJ��5HVHDUFK�6LJQ� SRVW�������� ����7�)LJLHOVNL��LQ��3URF��9�,QW��6XPPHU�6FKRRO�RQ 'HIHFWV��.U\QLFD��0D\������������3ROLVK�6FL� 3XEOLVKHUV���������S������� ����$�)�.KRNKORY�� 3�9�3DYORY�� -(73� /HWW��� ��� ����������� ����6�9�$GDVKNHYLFK��1�0�/DSFKXN��9�)�6WHO�PDNK HW�DO���-(73�/HWW������������������ ����-�+DFN��0�+�/XGZLJ��:�*HHUWV�HW�DO���0DWHU� 5HV��6RF��6\PS��3URF�������������������� ����5�/DLKR�� (�/DKGHUDQWD�� /�9ODVHQNR� HW� DO�� -��/XPLQHVFHQFH������������������ ����.�6�-RQHV�� 6�3UXVVLQ�� (�5�:HEHU��$SSO��3K\V� $��6ROLG�6XUI���������������� ����6�3�0XUDUND��6LOLFLGHV�IRU�9/6,�$SSOLFDWLRQV� $FDGHPLF�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN�������� ����$�0LVLXN��$�%DUF]��/�&KRZ�HW�DO���6ROLG�6WDWH 3KHQ������Ü����������������� ����0�%ROGXF�� &�$ZR�$IIRXGD�� )�5DPRV� HW� DO�� -��9DF��6FL��7HFKQRO���$���������������� ����0�%ROGXF�� &�$ZR�$IIRXGD�� $�6WROOHQZHUN� HW DO��� 1XFO��,QVWUXP��0HWK��3K\V��5HV��%�� ���� ����������� ����$�0LVLXN�� %�6XUPD�� -�%DN�0LVLXN� HW� DO�� 0DWHU��6FL��6HPLFRQG��3URFHVV���������������� ����$�0LVLXN��-�%DN�0LVLXN��%�6XUPD�HW�DO���-��$O� OR\V�&RPS������������������� ����$�:ROVND�� .�/DZQLF]DN�-DEORQVND�� 0�.OHSND HW�DO���3K\V��5HY��%�������������������� ����:�-XQJ��$�0LVLXN��9DFXXP������������������ ����+�)UDQFRLV�6DLQW�&\U�� (�$QRVKNLQD�� )�6WHYLH HW�DO���-��9DF��6FL��7HFKQRO��%������������������� ����8�*RWWOLHE�� $�6XOSLFH�� %�/DPEHUW�$QGURQ� HW DO���-��$OOR\V�&RPS������������������� ����-�%DN�0LVLXN��(�'\QRZVND��3�5RPDQRZVNL�HW DO���6ROLG�6WDWH�3KHQ������Ü���������������� ����3�5�%DQGDUX�� -�3DUN�� -�6�/HH� HW� DO��� $SSO� 3K\V��/HWW���������������������� ����+�:�:X�� &�-�7VDL�� /�-�&KHQ�� $SSO��3K\V� /HWW��������������������� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� lÈ�˯LÈãÒ��ã«�°¹LÓ�¯ºÓL}Ò�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL�}¯ËäÓL �º�˯ÎÈÓL��㫲ºä�Lä¹ãÈÓ�È�L���È�º­¯º­}Ò�Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯º ��È��Ò°}ºä k�lL° }���L� º� �º�ÈÓº� º�ã«�� ¯ÈÓL�Ë� º¹�­ãL}ºmÈÓÒ²� �È� ÓºmÒ²� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�Lm�� «}L� °�º°� � °«� °}ãÈ��� °�¯�}��¯Ò��È�äÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ²�mãȰ�Òmº°�Ë®�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãL�Óº�º�6L��º¹¯ºäLÓËÓº�º�Lä¹ãÈÓ�ºmÈÓ� º�º�ÓËäÈ�ÓL�ÓÒäÒ�È�ºäÈäÒ��Ϻ}¯ËäÈ��¹ºäL¯ÓÒäÒ��ºÏÈäÒ��'d�������°äÜ���9���&U���È�0Q�� È�¹º�Lä�º­¯º­ãËÓº�º�¹¯Ò�+7Ü�+3���|­¯º­}È�+7Ü�+3��m¹ãÒmȼ��¹º¯«��Ï�LÓ�ÒäÒ�²È¯È}� �˯Ұ�Ò}ÈäÒ�� ÓÈ� �m˯�ºÁÈÏÓÒ®� ˹L�È}°LÈã ÓÒ®� ¹ºm�º¯ÓÒ®� ¯L°�� È亯ÁÓº�º��ȯ�� D�6L� «}Ò®���mº¯ ¼� °«�¹¯Ò�Lä¹ãÈÓ�È�L���|­¯º­ãËÓL��È}Òä��ÒÓºä�6L�9��6L�&U��È�6L�0Q�mÒ«mã«� � � äÈ�ÓL�Ó�� m¹º¯«�}ºmÈÓL°� � �º� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯� ¹ºÓÈ�� ���� z�� ¡Ë� ºÏÓÈ�ȼ� äºÎãÒmL°� º�˯ÎÈÓÓ«�ÓºmÒ²�äÈ�˯LÈãLm��Ò¹��6L�9��6L�&U��È�6L�0Q��«}L�ÓÈãËÎÈ� ��º��¯�¹Ò��¯ºÏ­ÈmãË� ÓÒ²�äÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ²�ÓȹLm¹¯Lmº�ÓÒ}Lm�� $QGU]HM�0LVLXN��/HH�&KRZ���6LOLFRQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV�IRU��� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������