The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival
Background: The serum levels of IgG antibodies reactive to glycoconjugates (TF, Tn and αGal) were found to be associated with prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. Aim: To study the relation between the levels of serum antibodies to TF-pAA, Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA polyacrylamide-based glycoconj...
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Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
2016
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| Cite this: | The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival / E.P. Smorodin, B.L. Sergeyev // Experimental Oncology. — 2016 — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 117-121. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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Smorodin, E.P. Sergeyev, B.L. 2018-06-17T20:26:46Z 2018-06-17T20:26:46Z 2016 The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival / E.P. Smorodin, B.L. Sergeyev // Experimental Oncology. — 2016 — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 117-121. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/137989 Background: The serum levels of IgG antibodies reactive to glycoconjugates (TF, Tn and αGal) were found to be associated with prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. Aim: To study the relation between the levels of serum antibodies to TF-pAA, Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA polyacrylamide-based glycoconjugates and survival in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The preoperative level of IgG antibodies was analysed in the serum of patients (n = 59) using ELISA with polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates namely, TF-pAA (amide-type), and ethanolamide-conjugates Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA. Survival rate and hazard ratio (HR) were assessed by the Kaplan — Meier method and Cox univariate analysis in different pathomorphological groups. Results: Significantly better survival was observed in patients with an increased level of anti-TF-pAA antibodies both for all patients in total and groups in stages II–III; N1–2 and G3 (p = 0.008–0.021, HR = 0.18–0.23, mean survival time in months 164–186 vs 69–121). A trend to worse survival was observed in increased level of anti-Tn IgG (stages II–III) and anti-αGal IgG (G3): p = 0.075, HR = 2.49 and p = 0.066, HR = 3.27, respectively. Conclusion: The method for the determination of circulating anti-TF-pAA IgG may be a useful supplement in long-term prognostic assessment of patients with breast cancer. This study was supported by a grant № 8399 from the Estonian Science Foundation. en Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України Experimental Oncology Original contributions The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival Article published earlier |
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The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
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The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival Smorodin, E.P. Sergeyev, B.L. Original contributions |
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The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
| title_full |
The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
| title_fullStr |
The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
| title_sort |
level of igg antibodies reactive to tf, tn and alpha-gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival |
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Smorodin, E.P. Sergeyev, B.L. |
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Smorodin, E.P. Sergeyev, B.L. |
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Original contributions |
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Original contributions |
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2016 |
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English |
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Experimental Oncology |
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Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України |
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Background: The serum levels of IgG antibodies reactive to glycoconjugates (TF, Tn and αGal) were found to be associated with prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. Aim: To study the relation between the levels of serum antibodies to TF-pAA, Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA polyacrylamide-based glycoconjugates and survival in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The preoperative level of IgG antibodies was analysed in the serum of patients (n = 59) using ELISA with polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates namely, TF-pAA (amide-type), and ethanolamide-conjugates Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA. Survival rate and hazard ratio (HR) were assessed by the Kaplan — Meier method and Cox univariate analysis in different pathomorphological groups. Results: Significantly better survival was observed in patients with an increased level of anti-TF-pAA antibodies both for all patients in total and groups in stages II–III; N1–2 and G3 (p = 0.008–0.021, HR = 0.18–0.23, mean survival time in months 164–186 vs 69–121). A trend to worse survival was observed in increased level of anti-Tn IgG (stages II–III) and anti-αGal IgG (G3): p = 0.075, HR = 2.49 and p = 0.066, HR = 3.27, respectively. Conclusion: The method for the determination of circulating anti-TF-pAA IgG may be a useful supplement in long-term prognostic assessment of patients with breast cancer.
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1812-9269 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/137989 |
| citation_txt |
The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and Alpha-Gal polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival / E.P. Smorodin, B.L. Sergeyev // Experimental Oncology. — 2016 — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 117-121. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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| first_indexed |
2025-11-25T12:45:32Z |
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2025-11-25T12:45:32Z |
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1850512404711997440 |
| fulltext |
Experimental Oncology ��� �������� ���� ���ne���� �������� ���� ���ne� ���ne� ���
THE LEVEL OF IgG ANTIBODIES REACTIVE TO TF, Tn AND ALPHA-
Gal POLYACRYLAMIDE-GLYCOCONJUGATES IN BREAST CANCER
PATIENTS: RELATION TO SURVIVAL
E.P. Smorodin*, B.L. Sergeyev
Department of Oncology and Immunology, National Institute for Health Development,
Hiiu 42, Tallinn 11619, Estonia
Background: The serum levels of IgG antibodies reactive to glycoconjugates (TF, Tn and αGal) were found to be associated with
prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. Aim: To study the relation between the levels of serum antibodies to TF-pAA, Tn-PAA
and αGal-PAA polyacrylamide-based glycoconjugates and survival in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The preoperative
level of IgG antibodies was analysed in the serum of patients (n = 59) using ELISA with polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates namely,
TF-pAA (amide-type), and ethanolamide-conjugates Tn-PAA and αGal-PAA. Survival rate and hazard ratio (HR) were assessed
by the Kaplan — Meier method and Cox univariate analysis in different pathomorphological groups. Results: Significantly better
survival was observed in patients with an increased level of anti-TF-pAA antibodies both for all patients in total and groups
in stages II–III; N1–2 and G3 (p = 0.008–0.021, HR = 0.18–0.23, mean survival time in months 164–186 vs 69–121). A trend
to worse survival was observed in increased level of anti-Tn IgG (stages II–III) and anti-αGal IgG (G3): p = 0.075, HR = 2.49 and
p = 0.066, HR = 3.27, respectively. Conclusion: The method for the determination of circulating anti-TF-pAA IgG may be a use-
ful supplement in long-term prognostic assessment of patients with breast cancer.
Key Words: breast cancer, survival, glycoconjugates, antibodies, microbiota, dysbiosis.
INTRODUCTION
Resident microbiota in h�mans colonizes bo�ndary
s�rfaces maintaining imm�ne homeostasis [�]. Imba
lance in microbial comm�nities� or microbial dysbiosis�
has been shown to contrib�te to the cancero�s patho
genesis and progression incl�ding breast cancer [��
�]. Microbial glycans are key antigens in hostmicrobial
interactions [4]. Blood gro�p related cryptic glycans
Thomsen — Friedenreich �TF� Galβ���GalNAcα�� Tn
�GalNAcα� and αGal �Galα���Galβ� and/or mimicking
determinants are present in enteric bacteria [5��].
Besides� TF and Tn are t�morassociated glycans �TAG�
beca�se they are freq�ently expressed in adenocarci
nomas. The increased expression of TF and Tn is asso
ciated with the t�mor invasion and metastases [����].
The αGal epitope is aberrantly expressed in h�man cells
and it may be involved in a�toimm�ne diseases [�]. Be
ing a constant so�rce of foreign antigens� microbiota
stim�lates the prod�ction of antiglycan antibodies.
It is considered that the nat�ral antiTF� Tn and αGal
antibodies in h�man are ind�ced by enteric microorga
nisms [5� �]. The high IgG antibody level and its change
may reflect the adaptive imm�ne response of the host
to microorganisms or increased a�toreactivity to self an
tigens. Comparative data abo�t spontaneo�sly occ�r
ring antiglycan antibodies in cancer� their a�toreactivity
to “self” and “altered self” antigens incl�ding TAG de
serve a circ�mstantial investigation. We demonstrated
the prognostic significance of the level of ser�m IgG
antibodies to some glycans� and its relation to clinical
parameters� t�mor progression and histopathological
grading in gastrointestinal cancer patients [�����].
The antibody response to microbial glycans and its rela
tion to s�rvival has not been chara cterized in patients
with breast cancer yet.
The aim of the present st�dy was to eval�ate whe
ther the level of IgG antibodies to TFpAA� TnPAA and
αGalPAA is related to s�rvival of patients with breast
cancer� taking also into consideration the stage of the
disease� t�mor vol�me� morphology and the t�mor
spread in regional lymph nodes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients. The investigation was carried o�t in ac
cordance with the ICH GCP Standards and approved
by Tallinn Medical Research Ethics Committee� Esto
nia. The informed consent was obtained from each
patient �nder examination. Females with breast cancer
in stages I�III �n = 59� whose diagnosis was verified
by the pTNM system [�4]� were incl�ded in the st�dy.
The chemo and Xray therapyprescribed patients
as well as patients who died of ca�ses other than t�mor
rec�rrence were excl�ded from the st�dy. The median
and mean age ± SD was 5�.5 and 5�.� ± 9.4.
Glycoconjugates. The synthetic glycoconj�gates
that are homogeno�s antigens with a single reiterative
glycotope [�5] were obtained from Lectinity Holding
Inc. The sol�ble TF conj�gate with N�ns�bstit�ted
polyacrylamide �TFpAA� amidetype� as well as etha
nolamidetype glycoconj�gates of the poly[N��
hydroxyethyl�acrylamide] namely� TnPAA and αGal
PAA �BdiPAA� were �sed in ELISA. The TFpAA con
tained �.� mol of TF per � mol of pAA. The rest of the
conj�gates had �.� mol of a saccharide per � mol
Submitted: April 05, 2016.
*Correspondence: Tel.: +372-6593934; fax: +372-6593901;
E-mail: jevgeni.smorodin@tai.ee
Abbreviations used: HR — hazard ratio; IEF — isoelectric focusing;
PAA — polyacrylamide; R — responders; WR — weak responders;
TAG — tumor-associated glycans; TF — Thomsen — Friedenreich
glycan; Tn — GalNAcα; αGal — (Galα1–3Galβ).
Exp Oncol ����
��� �� �������
��� Experimental Oncology ��� �������� ���� ���ne�
of PAA. Tris�hydroxymethyl�aminomethanePAA was
�sed as an adeq�ate negative control [��].
Indirect ELISA. The assay was performed as de
scribed earlier [��]. The sera were kept at 4 °C for
no longer than three weeks or were frozen �−5� °C�
and thawed once before �se. The IgG antibody level
was estimated as a ratio of Atest/Acontrol� where Atest is the
absorbance with the glycoconj�gate and Acontrol� with
the TrisPAA. The variation coefficient was �%.
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and Western blotting.
IEF was performed in a �% agarose IEF �GE Healthcare
BioSciences AB� Sweden� containing ��% glycerol
as described in [��]. A pH gradient was formed in the
gel with 4% Ampholytes high resol�tion ���� �Sigma
Aldrich� USA� and �% Pharmalyte 5�� �GE Healthcare
BioSciences AB� Sweden�.
Statistical analysis. The levels of antibodies were
st�died in relation to overall s�rvival time starting from
the date of the preoperatively taken blood sample.
The Kaplan — Meier method was �sed for the esti
mation of s�rvival c�rves in the �nivariate analysis
of patients gro�ps� the significance of differences was
analyzed by the logrank test. The Cox proportional
hazards model was �sed to eval�ate the risk of death.
Statistical analysis was performed �sing SPSS� ver
sion ��.�. The median �M� of the level of antiTFpAA�
Tn and αGal antibodies was �sed as c�toff to dis
criminate between responders �R� the level above
or eq�al to M� and weak responders �WR� the level
below M�. S�rvival of R vs WR was eval�ated in s�b
gro�ps divided by stages� t�mor vol�me� t�mor grade
and regional lymph node metastases. The difference
in s�rvival between patient gro�ps was considered
to be significant when p ≤ �.�5.
RESULTS
Median and mean of the preoperative antibody
le vels shown in Table � ranked as TFpAA<Tn<αGal.
Similar ratio of antibody levels was observed in gastro
intestinal cancer patients and donors. The TFR of dif
ferent gro�ps demonstrated a significantly better s�r
vival: p < �.�5� hazard ratio �HR� �.����.��� mean
s�rvival time of R > WR �Table �; Fig. �� a�c�. The dif
ference in s�rvival between TFR and TFWR in stages
I�II and N� as well as in grades G��� or t�mor vo
l�me T��4 was insignificant. The difference in s�r
vival between TnR and TnWR as well as αGalR and
αGalWR was insignificant for all patients or their patho
morphological s�bgro�ps. A trend to a worse s�rvival
of TnR and αGalR �HR �.4���.��� in some s�bgro�ps
was observed �Table �; Fig. �� d�.
Table 1. Median and mean of the antibody level in the serum of patients
Antibodies Median Mean ± SD, R Mean ± SD, WR
TF-pAA 1.255 2.999 ± 2.463 1.134 ± 0.063
Tn 1.805 3.913 ± 2.487 1.380 ± 0.236
αGal 3.790 6.293 ± 2.858 2.180 ± 0.790
The specificity of antiTFpAA antibodies affinity
isolated from cancero�s sera was described ear
lier [��]. In the present st�dy� we analyzed antibodies
�sing IEF and the IgGWestern blotting and showed
their polyclonal pattern �Fig. ��.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
Su
rv
iva
l p
ro
ba
bi
lit
y
(%
)
Months
HR = 0.23
P = 0.021
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
Su
rv
iva
l p
ro
ba
bi
lit
y
(%
)
Months
HR = 3.27
P = 0.066
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
Su
rv
iva
l p
ro
ba
bi
lit
y
(%
)
Months
HR = 0.18
P = 0.017
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
Su
rv
iva
l p
ro
ba
bi
lit
y,
%
Months
HR = 0.22
P = 0.012
d
b
c
a
Fig. 1. Probability of s�rvival in R �the level of ser�m antibodies
above or eq�al to median M� a red line� vs WR �the level below
M� a bl�e line�: a� b� c — the relation of the antiTFpAA IgG level
to s�rvival; d — the relation of the antiαGal IgG level to s�rvival.
a — all patients; b — patients with an N��� stat�s; c� d — patients
with G� t�mors
Experimental Oncology ��� �������� ���� ���ne���� �������� ���� ���ne� ���ne� ��9
Table 2. The relation of the antibody level in the serum of patients to survival
Anti-
bodies Group n p HR Mean survival time,
months and 95% CL*
TF-pAA All 56 0.012 0.22 185.8 (163.2–208.4)
vs 121.2 (84.9–157.4)
Stages
II–III
40 0.008 0.23 169.7 (136.8–202.6)
vs 95.8 (56.7–134.9)
T2–4 36 0.062 0.30 168.1 (130.0–206.2)
vs 100.3 (53.3–147.3)
N1–2 28 0.021 0.23 164.2 (123.1–205.3)
vs 81.8 (38.1–125.6)
G3 25 0.017 0.18 167.5 (122.1–212.9)
vs 68.7 (26.8–110.5)
Tn Stages
II–III
42 0.075 2.49 108.3 (66.5–150.1)
vs 157.9 (125.2–190.6)
αGal All 59 0.101 2.43 147.0 (115.0–178.9)
vs 181.3 (160.8–201.7)
G3 27 0.066 3.27 98.4(40.4–156.3)
vs 159.1 (121.1–197.2)
Note: *R vs WR. 95% confidence limit (CL) is lower and upper confidence
limits shown in brackets. Breast cancer patients that were described in re-
ference [19] are also included in the Table
ba
Fig. 2. IEF and the IgGWestern blotting of samples affinity
isolated from the ser�m of cancer patient: a — pAAreactive
antibodies isolated on TFαspacerSepharose; b — pAAreactive
antibodies isolated on TFαPAASepharose. a and b correspond
to samples � and � that described in [��]. The arrows show the
difference in intensity of IgGbands. The cathode on the top
DISCUSSION
We demonstrated earlier an association of the level
of examined antibodies with s�rvival of patients with
gastrointestinal cancer incl�ding pathomorphological
s�bgro�ps. A significantly better s�rvival has been ob
served in patients with an increased level of antibodies
to TFpAA and TnPAA while� on the contrary� a signifi
cantly worse s�rvival was observed in an increased anti
αGalPAA IgG level or its postoperative elevation [��].
The present st�dy demonstrates an association of the
ser�m level of antiTFpAA IgG and trend to associa
tion of antiTn and antiαGal IgG with s�rvival of breast
cancer patients. Better s�rvival was revealed in an in
creased level of antiTFpAA antibodies for all gro�p.
Similar to patients with gastrointestinal cancer� a better
s�rvival of TFR was observed in s�bgro�ps of an ad
vanced breast cancer and G� t�mor �see Table ��. Al
tho�gh a significant differences for TnR vs TnWR and
αGalR vs WR were not fo�nd� val�es of HR>� and
mean s�rvival time for s�bgro�ps presented in Ta
ble � show a trend to worse s�rvival with an increased
level of antibodies. The relation of antiTn and αGal
antibodies level to s�rvival is less significant in breast
cancer than in gastrointestinal cancer. The antibody
response to some glycans of enteric microorganisms
may be more informative for t�mors of digestive tract.
A low level of preoperative antiTFpAA IgG domi
nated in stages III�IV of gastric cancer or in metastases
N���� as well as in poorly differentiated carcinoma
G� and it was �nfavorable indicator of s�rvival [��� �9].
Noteworthy� TFWR in s�bgro�ps N��� and G� de
monstrated worse s�rvival either in gastrointestinal
or in breast cancer. The lower level of antiαGal IgG
has been associated with an advanced breast cancer.
A significantly lower antiαGal IgG was noted for gre ater
t�mor size �T� + T� vs T�� and for stage II vs I as well
as for lowdifferentiated breast carcinomas G� vs G� +
G� [�9]. However� patients with G� t�mor and a lower
level of antiαGal antibodies �αGalWR� were prone
to longer s�rvival �see Table ��.
The low IgG reactivity to TFpAA in patients with
cancer may be d�e to the presence of ser�m factors
that infl�ence the detection of antibodies. Nat�ral
antiglycan antibodies are mostly IgMclass antibo
dies. IgM with corresponding specificities can compete
with IgG for binding to glycan in ELISA and thereby
red�ce IgG signal [��]. As a r�le� we observed a low
IgM reactivity to TFpAA in ser�m samples with a high
corresponding IgG reactivity b�t inverse correlation was
not revealed. No difference in s�rvival of gastric cancer
patients was demonstrated in relation to the antiTF
pAA IgM level [��]. The other ser�m factor that can
red�ce IgG binding to TFpAA and thereby red�ce the
signal of antibodies in ELISA is the TFbinding protein
galectin �. Ser�m levels of galectin � in patients with
breast and gastrointestinal cancer were significantly
elevated especially in metastatic gastrointestinal carci
noma as compared with healthy individ�als [��]. A high
level of galectin � is associated with the worse s�rvival
of colorectal cancer patients [��]. The increased level
of galectin � in advanced cancer and its competition
may be an additional factor improving eval�ation
of s�rvival �sing determination of IgG reactivity �level�
to TFpAA. This s�pposition needs f�rther detailed
investigations.
Antiglycan antibodies belong to nat�ral antibo dies.
Comm�nities of microbiota transmitted from mother
to newborn remain stable in lifetime. The nat�ral IgG
antibodies are also transferred from mother to fet�s
and the repertoire of IgG a�toantibodies remains
stable [��� �4���]. We observed a similar pattern
of antiTFpAA� Tn and αGal IgG in sera of grand
mother� mother and her ad�lt son; moreover� everyone
of donors had a high level of antiTFpAA and antiαGal
IgGs. In most gastrointestinal cancer patients the an
tibodies level is slightly changed b�t in some patients
��� Experimental Oncology ��� �������� ���� ���ne�
we observed a high level of antiglycan IgG and its
postoperative elevation [��� ��� ��]. A very high level
of antiTFpAA IgG was marked in eight longterm
s�rvivors in stages II�III among ��4 patients �nder
st�dy [��]. The twelvefold change of the antiTFpAA
IgG level was noted in the follow�p. In one case the
stable increase over the backgro�nd level co�ld be d�e
to prolonged chemotherapy. The antiTFpAA IgG level
correlated with a co�nt of blood lymphocytes and in
versely correlated with ne�trophil/lymphocyte ratio [���
��]. Together these observations point to the adaptive
antiTFpAA IgG response at least in some patients.
Antiglycan antibodies associated with s�rvival may
be involved in cancer progression thro�gh different path
ways. Some of them are crossreactive to histoblood
gro�p related antigens that may be aberrantly expressed
in t�mors as prec�rsors or incompatible antigens [��].
Some genera of microbiota might express TAGmimic
antigens and stim�late TAGa�toreactive antibodies�
which may be beneficial or adverse for cancer patients.
To characterize the specificity of antibodies� anti
TFpAA IgGs were affinityisolated from the ser�m
samples of longterm s�rvivors� �sing different TFα
conj�gated sorbents. AntiTFpAA IgG displayed a low
specificity to the m�cino�s fraction isolated from
malignant breast t�mors except three specimens [���
�9]. Affinityisolated antiTn and αGal IgG also were
low specific. The crossreactivity of antiTFpAA IgG
to different determinants incl�ding TFα�nrelated
reactivity and reactivity to the pAA carrier witho�t
glycans was revealed. We renamed term �sed ear
lier “antiTF IgG” to “antiTFpAA IgG”. Antibodies
were more reactive to TFβ �Galβ���GalNAcβ� than
to TF �TFα� conj�gates� and they were a heterogenic
pop�lation varying in the crossreactivity to glycolipid
related glycans with TFβ terminal resid�es� GA� and
Gb5tri [��� ��� ��]� the latter being a terminal trisac
charide of Gb5 �stagespecific embryonic antigen ��
SSEA��� which is expressed in ��.5% of breast cancer
specimens [��]. The specificity to the pAA carrier and
��%TFαpAA b�t not to the standart ��%TFαPAA�
which was inherent in all IgG s�bpop�lations incl�ding
those isolated witho�t carrier� is enigma [��]. These
IgG s�bpop�lations belong to polyclonal antibodies
�see Fig. ��. The pAAmimic �glyco�peptide seq�ences
of �nknown proteins may be nat�ral determinants for
antibodies. The identification of nat�ral targets co�ld
el�cidate the direct or indirect relation of a longlasting
antiTFpAA IgG imm�ne response to s�rvival.
Dysbiosis is associated with a breast cancer state
and severity. The total bacterial DNA load was red�ced
in the t�mor as compared to normal tiss�e and corre
lated inversely with an advanced disease [�]. Dysbiosis
may infl�ence the t�mor development via complex
interrelations within the triad: resident microbiota —
t�mor — imm�ne response in which some antiglycan
antibodies might be involved. The dynamic st�dy of the
h�moral imm�ne response �sing glycomics together
with microbial genomics can el�cidate interrelations
leading to the carcinogenesis and t�mor progression.
CONCLUSIONS
The present st�dy demonstrates prognostic sig
nificance of antiTFpAA IgG� which is acceptable not
only for gastrointestinal cancer b�t also for breast can
cer. The noninvasive screening test may be a �sef�l
s�pplement in clinical o�tcome assessment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This st�dy was s�pported by a grant № ��99 from
the Estonian Science Fo�ndation.
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