Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants
Terms used for categorization of power uprates of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are analyzed in the paper. The power uprate program adopted in Ukraine is briefly described to emphasize importance of this area and need to use the appropriate terms. The categories of power uprates adopted by the U.S. NR...
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Державне підприємство "Державний науково-технічний центр з ядерної та радіаційної безпеки" Держатомрегулювання України та НАН України
2016
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| Cite this: | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants / Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko, V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova, O. Ved // Ядерна та радіаційна безпека. — 2017. — № 4. — С. 70-73. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859860441186959360 |
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| author | Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, Yu. Vlasenko, K. Kovalchuk, V. Bodrova, I. Ved, O. |
| author_facet | Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, Yu. Vlasenko, K. Kovalchuk, V. Bodrova, I. Ved, O. |
| citation_txt | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants / Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko, V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova, O. Ved // Ядерна та радіаційна безпека. — 2017. — № 4. — С. 70-73. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Terms used for categorization of power uprates of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are analyzed in the paper. The power uprate program adopted in Ukraine is briefly described to emphasize importance of this area and need to use the appropriate terms. The categories of power uprates adopted by the U.S. NRC and applied by the IAEA are described. They include measurement uncertainty recapture, stretch, and extended power uprates. Translation of these terms into the Ukrainian language based on the analysis is proposed.
Аналізуються терміни, що використовуються для визначення категорій підвищення потужності атомних електростанцій (АЕС). Наведено стислий опис програми підвищення потужності АЕС в Україні, яка підкреслює важливість цього напрямку та необхідність використання відповідних термінів. Описуються категорії підвищення потужності, прийняті Комісією ядерного регулювання США, а також використовувані МАГАТЕ. Вони охоплюють підвищення потужності за рахунок вищої точності вимірювань, підвищення потужності в рамках проектних можливостей та розширене підвищення потужності. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано переклад цих термінів українською мовою.
Выполнен анализ терминов, применяемых для определения категорий повышения мощности АЭС. Приводится краткое описание программы повышения мощности АЭС в Украине, которое подчеркивает важность данного направления и необходимость использования соответствующих терминов. Описаны категории повышения мощности, принятые Комиссией ядерного регулирования США, а также применяемые МАГАТЭ. Они включают в себя повышение мощности за счет более высокой точности измерений, повышение мощности в рамках проектных возможностей энергоблока и расширенное повышение мощности. На основании выполненного анализа предложен перевод этих терминов на украинский язык
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:46:10Z |
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70 ISSN 2073-6231. ßäåðíà òà ðàä³àö³éíà áåçïåêà 4(76).2017
UDC 621.039:81'255
Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko,
V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova, O. Ved
State Scientific and Technical Center for Nuclear and Radiation
Safety, Kyiv, Ukraine
Analysis of Terminology
Used to Categorize Power
Uprates of Nuclear Power
Plants
Terms used for categorization of power uprates of nuclear power plants
(NPPs) are analyzed in the paper. The power uprate program adopted
in Ukraine is briefly described to emphasize importance of this area and
need to use the appropriate terms. The categories of power uprates
adopted by the U.S. NRC and applied by the IAEA are described. They
include measurement uncertainty recapture, stretch, and extended power
uprates. Translation of these terms into the Ukrainian language based
on the analysis is proposed.
K e y w o r d s: nuclear power plant, power uprate, safety margins,
safety upgrades.
Ю. Г. Малиновська, Ю. В. Єсипенко, К. М. Власенко,
В. Ю. Ковальчук, І. В. Бодрова, О. А. Ведь
Аналіз термінології, що застосовується для визна-
чення категорій підвищення потужності атомних
електростанцій
Аналізуються терміни, що використовуються для визначення кате-
горій підвищення потужності атомних електростанцій (АЕС). Наведено
стислий опис програми підвищення потужності АЕС в Україні, яка під-
креслює важливість цього напрямку та необхідність використання від-
повідних термінів. Описуються категорії підвищення потужності, при-
йняті Комісією ядерного регулювання США, а також використовувані
МАГАТЕ. Вони охоплюють підвищення потужності за рахунок вищої
точності вимірювань, підвищення потужності в рамках проектних мож-
ливостей та розширене підвищення потужності. На основі проведеного
аналізу запропоновано переклад цих термінів українською мовою.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: атомна електростанція, підвищення потужнос-
ті, запаси безпеки, заходи з підвищення безпеки.
© Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko, V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova,
O. Ved, 2017
T
he economic component of nuclear power engineering
is one of the most important factors in the development
of this industry in Ukraine. It determines the urgency
of addressing modern world trends in the field of power
uprate, which is less expensive and more efficient than
the construction of new power units from the economic point
of view. Due to the planned implementation of some types
of power uprate, there arose a problem regarding the correct use
of new terms in the Ukrainian language in the professional areas.
Based on the above, the paper objective is to analyze principles
of applying new terms, present correct options for the translation
of existing power uprate types and focus on the needed development
of technical guidance and introduction of these terms and their
definitions into glossaries for unambiguous translation.
The process of increasing the maximum power level at
which a commercial nuclear power plant (NPP) may operate
is called a power uprate [1]. Power uprates are an economical
way of producing more electricity at an NPP and have attracted
interest due to increased electricity prices, a situation that is
expected to remain [2]. Power uprates have been employed
to enhance the output of NPPs for over 30 years in many
countries. During that period, advances in technology
and the licensing environment enabled the development
and continued implementation of standard and new uprate
approaches and strategies [2]. Uprating of the existing plants
is a highly cost-effective way of bringing on new capacity [3].
Power uprate program in Ukraine. In the search for
new economically viable ways to improve the reliability
of the indicators of national power plants in the generation
of electricity, Ukraine turned to the experience of foreign
countries, which in recent years with increasing frequency call
on NPP thermal power uprate. Power uprate of the operating
NPPs in Ukraine is one of the most economic and effective
ways to ensure additional electricity generation using design
safety margins and equipment upgrades [4], as was pointed
out in the SNRIU Presentation at the Workshop on Nuclear
Power Plant Power Uprates conducted by the U.S. NRC in Kyiv
in November 2016 (Fig. 1).
Ukraine operates 15 power units, ranks the tenth in the world
for this indicator, and takes the seventh place in the installed
capacity. In 2016, NPPs produced 81.2 billion kW·h of electricity,
constituting 52.4 % of the total electricity production in Ukraine.
Safety improvement measures are under implementation
on a systematic basis at Ukrainian NPPs in compliance with
national regulations and recommendations of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), taking into account best
international practices [5].
The Energoatom Company adopted an industrial power uprate
program for operating NPPs. A schedule for thermal power
uprate of operating VVER-1000 units to 101.5 % and 104 %
has been developed and approved. Stage-by-stage power uprate
to 101.5 % and 104 % has been planned (for Rivne Unit 2
eventually to 108 %).
Energoatom actively cooperates with Westinghouse regarding
power uprate. As known from open sources, Westinghouse
signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ukrainian
Turboatom Company in May 2016, which is one of the leading
companies in the production of turbines for nuclear power
plants, thermal power plants, and hydroelectric power plants,
with the purpose of coordination and cooperation for power
uprates of Ukrainian NPPs. In particular, gradual VVER-1000
power uprate to 110 % is planned.
Overview of power uprates in other countries. Numerous
power reactors in USA, Belgium, Sweden, etc. have had their
generating capacity increased. In Switzerland, the capacity
of its five reactors has been increased by 13.4 %. In the USA,
ISSN 2073-6231. ßäåðíà òà ðàä³àö³éíà áåçïåêà 4(76).2017 71
Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has approved more than
140 uprates totaling over 6500 MWe since 1977, a few of them
“extended uprates” of up to 20 %. Spain has had a program to add
810 MWe (11 %) to its nuclear capacity through upgrading its
nine reactors by up to 13 %. Most of the increase is already
in place. For instance, the Almarez nuclear plant was boosted
by 7.4 %. Finland boosted the capacity of the original Olkiluoto
plant by 29 % to 1700 MWe. This plant started with two 660 MWe
Swedish BWRs commissioned in 1978 and 1980. The Loviisa
plant, with two VVER-440 (PWR) reactors, has been uprated
by 90 MWe (10 %). Sweden’s utilities have uprated all three
plants. The Ringhals plant was uprated by about 305 MWe over
2006–2014. Oskarshamn 3 was uprated by 21 % to 1450 MWe.
Forsmark 2 had a 120 MWe uprate (12 %) to 2013 [3].
U.S. NRC categories of power uprates. The U.S. NRC
dedicated website (Fig. 2) describes the background, regulatory
process, regulations and guidance, status, and types of power
uprates [1] as cited below.
Measurement uncertainty recapture power uprates are less
than 2 percent and are achieved by implementing enhanced
techniques for calculating reactor power. This involves the use
of state-of-the-art feedwater flow measurement devices to more
precisely measure feedwater flow, which is used to calculate
reactor power. More precise measurements reduce the degree
of uncertainty in the power level, which is used by analysts
to predict the ability of the reactor to be safely shutdown under
postulated accident conditions.
Stretch power uprates are typically up to 7 percent and are
within the design capacity of the plant. The actual value for
percentage increase in power a plant can achieve and stay
within the stretch power uprate category is plant-specific and
depends on the operating margins included in the design
of a particular plant. Stretch power uprates usually involve
changes to instrumentation setpoints but do not involve major
plant modifications.
Extended power uprates are greater than stretch power uprates
and have been approved for increases as high as 20 percent. These
uprates require significant modifications to major balance-of-
plant equipment such as the high-pressure turbines, condensate
pumps and motors, main generators, and/or transformers.
IAEA definitions of power uprates. The IAEA publication
“Power Uprate in Nuclear Power Plants: Guidelines and
Experience” applies the three terms [2] for power uprates
as adopted by the U.S. NRC:
Measurement uncertainty recapture (MUR) uprate. A term
applied to the regulatory process of reducing certain emergency
core cooling system (ECCS) assumptions regarding reactor
power measurement uncertainty from a standard assumption
(typically 2–3 %) to a specific value based on the use of more
accurate feedwater flow measurement devices. The reduction
in the uncertainty assumption can result in an increase
in reactor licensed thermal power of 1.2–1.7 % above currently
licensed thermal power.
Stretch power uprate (SPU). A term describing an uprate that
uses the original plant design excess margin to accommodate
an increase in reactor thermal power. Conceptually, such
an uprate would not require significant plant modifications
since it is ostensibly using existing design margin in the plant
Fig. 1. U.S. NRC presentation on power uprate, Workshop on Nuclear Power Plant Power Uprates, November 2016
72 ISSN 2073-6231. ßäåðíà òà ðàä³àö³éíà áåçïåêà 4(76).2017
Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko, V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova, O. Ved
equipment. In the USA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) has defined a stretch power uprate as any uprate less
than 7 % of the originally licensed thermal power of the plant.
Extended power uprate (EPU). A term generally used
to describe a large increase in licensed reactor thermal power
above the originally licensed thermal power. In the USA,
the NRC has defined any uprate of 7 % or higher to be
an EPU [2].
Definitions in French power uprate publication. “Power Uprate
of a French Nuclear Plant” developed by ENSTA ParisTech,
which belongs to the foremost graduate schools of engineering
in France, describes advantages, feasibility, and technical
studies for power uprates and refers to the U.S. NRC’s three
categories of power uprates mentioned above, leaving the terms
and their abbreviations in English.
Measurement uncertainty recapture (MUR). A significant
reduction in uncertainties in thermal heat calculations has
reduced the safety margins applied during plant operation.
The NRC granted license amendments to increase power by less
than 2 %, allowing the operator to use these reduced margins.
Stretch power uprates. Some conservative measures were
taken during the construction of the plant and were not planned
at the time of design and licensing by the safety authorities.
Power uprates of this type, up to 7–8 %, take advantage of these
measures. They are essentially based on new procedures and
on modification of the equipment configuration, only a few
minor components have to be replaced.
Extended power uprate (EPU). Power uprate of up to 20 % can
be achieved, requiring the replacement of many of the plant’s
heavy components [6].
Ukrainian translation of power uprate terms. Therefore,
the terms adopted by the U.S. NRC to categorize power uprates
are used internationally. At the Nuclear Power Plant Power
Uprates Workshop arranged by the U.S. NRC in Kyiv in November
2016 under International Regulatory Development Partnership,
a series of topics relating to power uprates were addressed. They
included NRC licensing process for power uprates, detailed
description of measurement uncertainty, stretch, and extended
power uprates, as well as NRC experience in the development
and implementation of power uprate programs. Therefore,
the translators faced the need to find the closest equivalents
of these terms, which are missing in the Ukrainian language.
Using the definitions provided above and material explained at
the workshop, the terms were translated as follows:
Measurement uncertainty recapture (MUR) power uprate,
which can increase the licensed thermal power by less than
2 percent, is achieved by implementing enhanced techniques for
calculating core thermal power, and should have limited effect
on plant analyses and equipment, is translated as «ï³äâèùåííÿ
ïîòóæíîñò³ çà ðàõóíîê âèùî¿ òî÷íîñò³ âèì³ðþâàíü».
Stretch power uprate (SPU), which constitutes up to 7 %
above the original licensed thermal power limit for PWRs
(up to 5 % for BWRs) and implemented within the original
design capacity of the plant but does not involve major plant
modifications, is rendered as «ï³äâèùåííÿ ïîòóæíîñò³ â ìåæ-
àõ ïðîåêòíèõ ìîæëèâîñòåé åíåðãîáëîêà».
Extended power uprate (EPU), which requires significant
changes to the plant, involving engineering, installation, and
management systems, multi-disciplined plant modifications,
and operational changes, is translated as «ðîçøèðåíå ï³äâèùåí-
íÿ ïîòóæíîñò³».
To sum up, the following translation of power uprate types
were offered to be used by Ukrainian experts: measurement
uncertainty recapture power uprate — ï³äâèùåííÿ ïîòóæíîñò³
çà ðàõóíîê âèùî¿ òî÷íîñò³ âèì³ðþâàíü; stretch power uprate —
ï³äâèùåííÿ ïîòóæíîñò³ â ìåæàõ ïðîåêòíèõ ìîæëèâîñòåé
åíåðãîáëîêà; extended power uprate — ðîçøèðåíå ï³äâèùåííÿ
ïîòóæíîñò³.
Fig. 2. U.S. NRC website dedicated to power uprate
ISSN 2073-6231. ßäåðíà òà ðàä³àö³éíà áåçïåêà 4(76).2017 73
Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants
Conclusions
The relevance and significance of NPP power uprate have
been confirmed by numerous examples worldwide. Power
uprate of the operating NPPs in Ukraine is one of the most
economic and effective ways to ensure additional electricity
generation using design safety margins and equipment upgrades
as compared to the construction of new power units. Analysis
of the terminology used in this area shows that the three
categories of power uprates adopted by the U.S. NRC are
used internationally. They were extensively presented at
the U.S. NRC Workshop on Nuclear Power Plant Power Uprates.
These categories include measurement uncertainty recapture,
stretch, and extended power uprates. Ways of their translation
into the Ukrainian language are offered in the paper. However,
this issue requires comprehensive analysis and technical
guidance to settle the translation options down in order to avoid
misunderstanding and ambiguity among experts in professional
areas and to make the use of newly translated terms official.
References
1. U.S. NRC Power Uprates, URL: https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/
operating/licensing/power-uprates.html
2. Power Uprate in Nuclear Power Plants: Guidelines and
Experience. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NP-T-3.9, IAEA, Vienna,
2011, 119 p.
3. Plans for New Reactors Worldwide, URL: http://www.world-
nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/plans-
for-new-reactors-worldwide.aspx
4. Power Uprate of Nuclear Power Plants Operated by Energoatom,
SNRIU Presentation at U.S. NRC Workshop on Nuclear Power Plant
Power Uprates, November 2016, Kyiv, Ukraine, 245 p.
5. Report on Nuclear and Radiation Safety in Ukraine for 2016,
SNRIU Editorial Board, Kyiv, 2016, 84 p.
6. Augmentation de la Puissance D’une Centrale Nucléaire Française,
URL: http://www.doyoubuzz.com/var/f/1Z/4G/1Z4GSPJNf5rmQnux-
BjREyv8q6egYO3AKc9U0IstXh2 V_WbTpi.pdf
Received 09.08.2017.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-140263 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 2073-6231 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:46:10Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Державне підприємство "Державний науково-технічний центр з ядерної та радіаційної безпеки" Держатомрегулювання України та НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, Yu. Vlasenko, K. Kovalchuk, V. Bodrova, I. Ved, O. 2018-06-26T17:29:09Z 2018-06-26T17:29:09Z 2016 Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants / Yu. Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, K. Vlasenko, V. Kovalchuk, I. Bodrova, O. Ved // Ядерна та радіаційна безпека. — 2017. — № 4. — С. 70-73. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 2073-6231 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/140263 621.039:81'255 Terms used for categorization of power uprates of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are analyzed in the paper. The power uprate program adopted in Ukraine is briefly described to emphasize importance of this area and need to use the appropriate terms. The categories of power uprates adopted by the U.S. NRC and applied by the IAEA are described. They include measurement uncertainty recapture, stretch, and extended power uprates. Translation of these terms into the Ukrainian language based on the analysis is proposed. Аналізуються терміни, що використовуються для визначення категорій підвищення потужності атомних електростанцій (АЕС). Наведено стислий опис програми підвищення потужності АЕС в Україні, яка підкреслює важливість цього напрямку та необхідність використання відповідних термінів. Описуються категорії підвищення потужності, прийняті Комісією ядерного регулювання США, а також використовувані МАГАТЕ. Вони охоплюють підвищення потужності за рахунок вищої точності вимірювань, підвищення потужності в рамках проектних можливостей та розширене підвищення потужності. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано переклад цих термінів українською мовою. Выполнен анализ терминов, применяемых для определения категорий повышения мощности АЭС. Приводится краткое описание программы повышения мощности АЭС в Украине, которое подчеркивает важность данного направления и необходимость использования соответствующих терминов. Описаны категории повышения мощности, принятые Комиссией ядерного регулирования США, а также применяемые МАГАТЭ. Они включают в себя повышение мощности за счет более высокой точности измерений, повышение мощности в рамках проектных возможностей энергоблока и расширенное повышение мощности. На основании выполненного анализа предложен перевод этих терминов на украинский язык en Державне підприємство "Державний науково-технічний центр з ядерної та радіаційної безпеки" Держатомрегулювання України та НАН України Ядерна та радіаційна безпека Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants Аналіз термінології, що застосовується для визначення категорій підвищення потужності атомних електростанцій Анализ терминологии, применяемой для определения категорий повышения мощности атомных электростанций Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants Malynovska, Yu. Yesypenko, Yu. Vlasenko, K. Kovalchuk, V. Bodrova, I. Ved, O. |
| title | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants |
| title_alt | Аналіз термінології, що застосовується для визначення категорій підвищення потужності атомних електростанцій Анализ терминологии, применяемой для определения категорий повышения мощности атомных электростанций |
| title_full | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants |
| title_short | Analysis of Terminology Used to Categorize Power Uprates of Nuclear Power Plants |
| title_sort | analysis of terminology used to categorize power uprates of nuclear power plants |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/140263 |
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