Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma
Study was aimed to analyze the dynamics of changes and study interrelations between content of ferritin, transferrin, active gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) in blood serum and tumor tissue, free iron, rate of superoxide radicals generation in tumor, activity of NADPH-oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils rats...
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Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
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| Цитувати: | Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma / A.P. Burlaka, I.I. Ganusevich, Yu.V. Lozovska, N.Yu. Lukianova, V.F. Chekhun // Experimental Oncology. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 1. — С. 36-39. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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Burlaka, A.P. Ganusevich, I.I. Lozovska, Yu.V. Lukianova, N.Yu. Chekhun, V.F. 2019-01-21T21:25:34Z 2019-01-21T21:25:34Z 2015 Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma / A.P. Burlaka, I.I. Ganusevich, Yu.V. Lozovska, N.Yu. Lukianova, V.F. Chekhun // Experimental Oncology. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 1. — С. 36-39. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/145452 Study was aimed to analyze the dynamics of changes and study interrelations between content of ferritin, transferrin, active gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) in blood serum and tumor tissue, free iron, rate of superoxide radicals generation in tumor, activity of NADPH-oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils rats with sensitive and resistant strains of Guerin carcinoma (GC). Materials and Methods: In order to obtain resistant tumor, 12 courses of cisplatin chemotherapy have been carried out on rats bearing GC. Levels of transferrin and free iron were determined by analysis of EPR spectra from computerized radiospectrometer EPR RE-1307 at temperature of liquid nitrogen. Rate of superoxide radicals and nitric oxide generation in tumor and neutrophils of blood was determined by EPR using spin traps at room temperature. Content of ferritin in tumor homogenate and blood serum of rats with GC was determined by ELISA method using corresponding kits. Concentration of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in obtained samples was determined using method of zymography. Results: Unregulated generation of superoxide radicals and NO by mitochondria of tumor cells and NADPH-oxidase and iNOS neutrophils via oxidation of iron-containing proteins causes the accumulation of “free iron” complexes in blood and tumor tissue of rats able to evoke oxide-induced damages of macromolecules. It has been shown that for resistant strain of carcinoma, as compared with sensitive one, significantly higher concentrations of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in blood serum of rats are typical. Dynamics of gelatinases activity changes in tumor tissue corresponds in general with dynamics of changes in serum. In tumor tissue of rats the indices of gelatinases activity positively correlate with rate of superoxide radicals generation, content of “free iron” complexes, ferritin and activity of transferrin. Cytostatic agent increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and self-amplify rate of superoxide radicals generation. In turn, activation of MMPs via superoxide-depending regulation allows tumor cells to facilitate migration, invasion and finally — formation of metastatic centers. Mentioned above tumor “oxide phenotype” determines high level of its aggressiveness and forms corresponding level of drug resistance. Conclusions: Thus, high levels of superoxide radicals oxidize transport proteins and form free iron pool. Iron ions, via Haber — Weiss mechanism, initiate generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which also enhance oxidation processes. Key Words: drug resistance, redox-regulation, iron-containing proteins, matrix metalloproteinases. en Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України Experimental Oncology Original contributions Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| title |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma |
| spellingShingle |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma Burlaka, A.P. Ganusevich, I.I. Lozovska, Yu.V. Lukianova, N.Yu. Chekhun, V.F. Original contributions |
| title_short |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma |
| title_full |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma |
| title_fullStr |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma |
| title_sort |
redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant guerin carcinoma |
| author |
Burlaka, A.P. Ganusevich, I.I. Lozovska, Yu.V. Lukianova, N.Yu. Chekhun, V.F. |
| author_facet |
Burlaka, A.P. Ganusevich, I.I. Lozovska, Yu.V. Lukianova, N.Yu. Chekhun, V.F. |
| topic |
Original contributions |
| topic_facet |
Original contributions |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Experimental Oncology |
| publisher |
Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| description |
Study was aimed to analyze the dynamics of changes and study interrelations between content of ferritin, transferrin, active gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) in blood serum and tumor tissue, free iron, rate of superoxide radicals generation in tumor, activity of NADPH-oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils rats with sensitive and resistant strains of Guerin carcinoma (GC). Materials and Methods: In order to obtain resistant tumor, 12 courses of cisplatin chemotherapy have been carried out on rats bearing GC. Levels of transferrin and free iron were determined by analysis of EPR spectra from computerized radiospectrometer EPR RE-1307 at temperature of liquid nitrogen. Rate of superoxide radicals and nitric oxide generation in tumor and neutrophils of blood was determined by EPR using spin traps at room temperature. Content of ferritin in tumor homogenate and blood serum of rats with GC was determined by ELISA method using corresponding kits. Concentration of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in obtained samples was determined using method of zymography. Results: Unregulated generation of superoxide radicals and NO by mitochondria of tumor cells and NADPH-oxidase and iNOS neutrophils via oxidation of iron-containing proteins causes the accumulation of “free iron” complexes in blood and tumor tissue of rats able to evoke oxide-induced damages of macromolecules. It has been shown that for resistant strain of carcinoma, as compared with sensitive one, significantly higher concentrations of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in blood serum of rats are typical. Dynamics of gelatinases activity changes in tumor tissue corresponds in general with dynamics of changes in serum. In tumor tissue of rats the indices of gelatinases activity positively correlate with rate of superoxide radicals generation, content of “free iron” complexes, ferritin and activity of transferrin. Cytostatic agent increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and self-amplify rate of superoxide radicals generation. In turn, activation of MMPs via superoxide-depending regulation allows tumor cells to facilitate migration, invasion and finally — formation of metastatic centers. Mentioned above tumor “oxide phenotype” determines high level of its aggressiveness and forms corresponding level of drug resistance. Conclusions: Thus, high levels of superoxide radicals oxidize transport proteins and form free iron pool. Iron ions, via Haber — Weiss mechanism, initiate generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which also enhance oxidation processes. Key Words: drug resistance, redox-regulation, iron-containing proteins, matrix metalloproteinases.
|
| issn |
1812-9269 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/145452 |
| citation_txt |
Redox-regulation of gelatinases during growth of cisplatin-sensitive and resistant Guerin carcinoma / A.P. Burlaka, I.I. Ganusevich, Yu.V. Lozovska, N.Yu. Lukianova, V.F. Chekhun // Experimental Oncology. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 1. — С. 36-39. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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2025-11-24T16:48:07Z |
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2025-11-24T16:48:07Z |
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| fulltext |
36 Experimental Oncology 37, 36–39, 2015 (March)
REDOX-REGULATION OF GELATINASES DURING GROWTH
OF CISPLATIN-SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT GUERIN CARCINOMA
A.P. Burlaka*, I.I. Ganusevich, Yu.V. Lozovska, N.Yu. Lukianova, V.F. Chekhun
R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
Study was aimed to analyze the dynamics of changes and study interrelations between content of ferritin, transferrin, active gelatina ses
(MMP-2 and -9) in blood serum and tumor tissue, free iron, rate of superoxide radicals generation in tumor, activity of NADPH-oxidase
and iNOS in neutrophils rats with sensitive and resistant strains of Guerin carcinoma (GC). Materials and Methods: In order to obtain
resistant tumor, 12 courses of cisplatin chemotherapy have been carried out on rats bearing GC. Levels of transferrin and free iron were
determined by analysis of EPR spectra from computerized radiospectrometer EPR RE-1307 at temperature of liquid nitrogen. Rate
of superoxide radicals and nitric oxide generation in tumor and neutrophils of blood was determined by EPR using spin traps at room
temperature. Content of ferritin in tumor homogenate and blood serum of rats with GC was determined by ELISA method using corre-
sponding kits. Concentration of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in obtained samples was determined using method of zymography. Results:
Unregulated generation of superoxide radicals and NO by mitochondria of tumor cells and NADPH-oxidase and iNOS neutrophils via
oxidation of iron-containing proteins causes the accumulation of “free iron” complexes in blood and tumor tissue of rats able to evoke
oxide-induced damages of macromolecules. It has been shown that for resistant strain of carcinoma, as compared with sensitive one,
significantly higher concentrations of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in blood serum of rats are typical. Dynamics of gelatinases activity
changes in tumor tissue corresponds in general with dynamics of changes in serum. In tumor tissue of rats the indices of gelatinases activ-
ity positively correlate with rate of superoxide radicals generation, content of “free iron” complexes, ferritin and activity of transferrin.
Cytostatic agent increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and self-amplify rate of superoxide radicals generation. In turn, acti-
vation of MMPs via superoxide-depending regulation allows tumor cells to facilitate migration, invasion and finally — formation
of metastatic centers. Mentioned above tumor “oxide phenotype” determines high level of its aggressiveness and forms corresponding
level of drug resistance. Conclusions: Thus, high levels of superoxide radicals oxidize transport proteins and form free iron pool. Iron ions,
via Haber — Weiss mechanism, initiate generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which also enhance oxidation processes.
Key Words: drug resistance, redox-regulation, iron-containing proteins, matrix metalloproteinases.
It is known that one of the main reasons of low effective-
ness of antitumor therapy is resistance of tumors to cyto-
static drugs, which action is often associated with formation
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1, 2]. Superoxide radicals
are not only directly oxidizing biological macromolecules,
but also are able to interact with metals, in particular, with
iron, which can intensify oxidative degradation of tumor cells
[3]. Moreover, according to the results of some studies,
formation of resistance to cytostatic agents is accompa-
nied with disorder of the iron metabolism [4, 5] that causes
intensification of oxidative effects. Upon the conditions
of high levels of generation, ROS interact with membrane
lipids causing changes of their permeability, oxide-induced
instability of genome functioning and oxide modification
of proteins that results in changing of catalytic activity
of the enzymes and/or precondition of proteolytic degra-
dation of proteins. At extreme levels of generation, ROS
as molecules-messengers are able to modulate signal cas-
cades and irreversibly change biology of cells contributing
to the progression of tumor [6–10]. Among redox-regulated
proteases, important place is taken by matrix metallopro-
teinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and -9), or gelatinases A and B,
respectively [11–14]. These enzymes are zinc-containing
endopeptidases, that have been synthesized by tumor cells
and adjacent tissues, endothelial, immunocompetent cells
and their precursors. Zinc-containing endopeptidases
provide degradation of extracellular matrix (EM) in the pro-
cesses of invasion and metastasis development [15, 16].
Thus, redox-dependent effects played important role in for-
mation of tumor resistance to cytostatic drugs. On the one
hand, they are connected with metabolism of metals,
in particular iron, and on the other hand — with their impact
through signal pathways on the basic factors of the vital
activity of cells, including degradation of EM. On the whole,
dynamics and mechanisms of such connections are not
sufficiently studied, especially in vivo.
Study was aimed to analyze the dynamics of changes
and study of interrelations between indices of ferritin,
transferrin, gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) content in blood
serum and tumor tissue, levels of “free iron”, rate of su-
peroxide radicals generation in tumor, activity of NADPH-
oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils of rats with sensitive and
resistant strains of Guerin carcinoma (GC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighty male rats (≈120 g each) with cisplatin-sensitive
and resistant GC were involved in the study. GC was
transplanted subcutaneously at a dose of 2•106 cells per
animal. Resistant strain was obtained via sequential trans-
plantations of GC after course of cisplatin chemotherapy
in rats. In order to obtain resistant tumor, 12 courses
of chemotherapy have been performed. All experiments
were carried out according to current bioethical norms.
According to the aim of study, changes of level of metal-
containing proteins in blood of animals were measured
in different periods of growth of GC — 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and
Submitted: October 23, 2014.
*Correspondence: E-mail: apburlaka@gmail.com
Abbreviations used: GC — Guerin carcinoma; EM — extracellular
matrix; EPR — electron paramagnetic resonance; MMP — matrix
metalloproteinases; NO — nitric oxide; iNOS — inducible NO-
synthase; ROS — reactive oxygen species.
Exp Oncol 2015
37, 1, 36–39
Experimental Oncology 37, 36–39, 2015 (March) 37
23 day after transplantation. 1–5th day of tumor develop-
ment is considered to be latent period of growth, 7–14th
day is referred to the phase of exponential growth, and 23rd
day — to the terminal phase of tumor growth.
Samples for analysis were frozen in special press-form
in liquid nitrogen at temperature 77 K and EPR spectra
were registered on computerized radiospectrometer
EPR RE-1307 (USSR) at temperature of liqu id nitrogen.
Levels of transferrin and “free iron” have been determined
by analysis of EPR spectra. Rate of superoxide radicals
and nitric oxide generation in tumor and blood neutrophils
was determined by EPR using spin-traps at room tem-
perature [11, 14, 30]. Content of ferritin in tumor homog-
enate and blood serum of rats with GC was determined
by ELISA method using corresponding kits: USCN (Chinа)
using Chem Well 2990 (GBG, USA) biochemical analyzer.
Blood serum samples for ELISA were obtained according
to kit recommendations. All samples did not contain signs
of hemolysis (were centrifuged at 1500 rpm and stored
at T −20 °С). Homo genate of tumor tissue was obtained
in saline in ratio 1/3. Samples of tumor homogenate were
centrifuged at 2000 rpm and stored at T −20 °С. Also,
concentration of MMP-2 and -9 active forms in obtained
samples was determined using zymography in polyacryl-
amide gel with gelatin as substrate [17].
Statistical processing was carried out using program
package Statistica 6.0. Significance of differen ces be-
tween indices of different groups was assessed using
Student’s t-test. Differences were considered significant
at р < 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Table 1, dynamics of NADPH-oxidase and iNOS
activity in rats with sensitive and resistant GC are given.
Significant increase of acti vity of NADPH-oxidase activity
in neutrophils, exceeded control values on 23rd day after
transplantation 7 times for sensitive and 8.5 times for
resistant strains (р < 0.05) was shown. Activity of iNOS
of neutrophils in rats with tumors of both strains increased
2.3 times as compared to control (р < 0.05).
Table 1. Rate of superoxide radicals generation by NADPH-oxidase and
NO by iNOS of neutrophils in blood of rats in dynamics of GC growth
Time after
transplanta-
tion
Rate of superoxide radicals
generation
(nmol/103 cells/min)
Rate of NO generation
(nmol/103 cells/min)
Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant
Control (in-
tact animals) 0.28 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.04 1.60 ± 0.02 1.76 ± 0.04
1 day 0.70 ± 0.03* 0.77 ± 0.02* 2.01 ± 0.07 2.04 ± 0.05
3 days 0.98 ± 0.09* 0.96 ± 0.09* 2.15 ± 0.11* 2.11 ± 0.12*
5 days 1.08 ± 0.09* 1.12 ± 0.08* 2.95 ± 0.15* 3.55 ± 0.15*
7 days 2.12 ± 0.03* 2.09 ± 0.01* 3.71 ± 0.20* 3.80 ± 0.16*
14 days 1.95 ± 0.02* 2.35 ± 0.18* 4.12 ± 0.10* 3.95 ± 0.15*
23 days 1.98 ± 0.05* 2.46 ± 0.19* 3.79 ± 0.06* 4.16 ± 0.21*
Note: *р < 0.05 — significant concerning control values.
High rates of superoxide radicals generation and
NO by neutrophils of blood are associated with decrease
of transferrin activity in blood serum of sensitive and re-
sistant strains of GC (Table 2).
In blood serum of rats with sensitive tumor, as early
as on 1st day after transplantation essential decrease
of transferrin activity was observed as compared to con-
trol. Later on, decrease of transferrin activity from 0.67 ±
0.06 r.u. on the 1st day to 0.16 ± 0.07 r.u. on 23rd day after
transplantation took place, i.e., 6 times on the whole com-
pared with control (р < 0.05). At the same time, transferrin
activity in tumor was increased — from 0.1 ± 0.05 r.u. on 7th
day to 0.5 ± 0.05 on 23rd day after transplantation, i.e.
5 times (р < 0.05) (see Table 2). In blood serum and tumor
tissue of resistant strain, changes of transferrin activity was
occurred. Obtained results coincide with data on transfer-
rin receptors hyperexpression in tumor cells [18–20] and
increased content of transferrin in resistant tumor cells
cultivation medium [21].
Table 2. Transferrin activity in tumor tissue and blood serum of animals with
GC on different stages of its development
Time after
transplanta-
tion
Activity of transferrin (r.u.)
Sensitive strain Resistant strain
serum tumor serum tumor
Control (in-
tact animals)
0.93 ± 0.07 − 0.88 ± 0.1 −
1 day 0.67 ± 0.06* − 0.82 ± 0.21 −
3 days 0.55 ± 0.04 − 0.64 ± 0.12 −
5 days 0.48 ± 0.12 − 0.58 ± 0.10 −
7 days 0.35 ± 0.03 0.1 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.12* 0.15 ± 0.05
14 days 0.24 ± 0.05 0.3 ± 0.09 0.39 ± 0.20* 0.42 ± 0.12
23 days 0.16 ± 0.07* 0.5 ± 0.05** 0.21 ± 0.04* 0.58 ± 0.05**
Note: *р < 0.05 — significant concerning control values; ** р < 0.05 — significant
concerning values on the 7th day.
In contrast, ferritin level (Table 3) in blood serum of rats
with tumors of both sensitive and resistant strains was in-
creased starting from the 1st to 7th day, exceeding control
values 1.3 times (р < 0.05). In tumors of sensitive and
resistant strains, the highest level of ferritin was observed
on the 14th day after transplantation. Indices for resistant
strains were 2 times higher than for sensitive strain. Results
of studies are confirmed by lite rature data. In particular,
it is known that in blood of patients with lung cancer and
neuroblastoma, increased levels of ferritin are observed
and are associated with aggressiveness of tumor [22].
Also, some authors observed its accumulation in tumor
cells [23–26].
Table 3. Content of ferritin in tumor tissue and blood serum of animals with
GC on different stages of its development
Time after
transplanta-
tion
Ferritin content
Sensitive strain Resistant strain
serum (ng/ml) tumor (ng/g) serum (ng/ml) tumor (ng/g)
Control (in-
tact animals)
13.78 ± 0.18 − 13.40 ± 1.40 −
1 day 14.21 ± 0.11 − 14.10 ± 1.80 −
3 days 14.79 ± 0.23 − 14.50 ± 1.30 −
5 days 15.31 ± 0.15 − 14.86 ± 2.89 −
7 days 18.54 ± 0.06* 6.19 ± 0.02 17.50 ± 1.72* 14.91 ± 2.72
14 days 16.25 ± 0.45* 9.43 ± 0.02** 11.33 ± 0.32* 19.13 ± 0.90*
23 days 17.98 ± 0.28* 7.34 ± 0.12 11.16 ± 0.98 17.23 ± 0.98
Note: *р < 0.05 — significant concerning control values; **р < 0.05 — significant
concerning values on the 7th day.
In tumors of sensitive and resistant strains starting
from the 7th to 23rd day after transplantation significant
increase of “free iron” complexes content was observed
(in 10 times; р < 0.05) and it was associated with increase
of superoxide radicals generation rate in tumor tissue
of sensitive and resistant strain (1.1 and 1.2 times, respec-
tively; р > 0.05) (Table 4).
Thus, increased generation of superoxide radicals and
NO by NADPH-oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils via oxida-
tion of iron-containing proteins causes the accumulation of
“free iron” complexes in blood and tumor tissue of rats able
38 Experimental Oncology 37, 36–39, 2015 (March)
to evoke oxide-induced damages of macromolecules.
Such changes in metabolism are enhanced even more
at use of cytostatics and cause intensification of oxide
damages of membranes, DNA and proteins causing
critical disorders of the foundations of vital activity of cells,
in particular, deregulation of EM destruction [11, 16]. Ta-
king into account this observation, we have determined
levels of MMP-2 and -9 active forms in blood serum and
tumor tissue of rats. Comparative analysis of changes
of activity of MMP-2 in blood serum of rats with sensitive
and resistant strains of GC demonstrates the lack of en-
zyme activity till 7th day after transplantation inclusively
(Fig. 1). From 8th to 23rd day, significant increase of con-
centration of active MMP-2 in blood serum of rats with
tumors of both strains was observed, but these indices
were significantly higher for resistant strain — 2–2.5 times
on the whole as compared with sensitive strain (р < 0.05).
Table 4. Content of “free iron” complexes and rate of superoxide radicals gene-
ration in GC on different stages of growth
Time after
transplanta-
tion
“Free iron” complexes (r.u.)
Rate of superoxide radicals
generation in tumor tissue
(nmol/g of raw tissue/min)
Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant
7 days 0.19 ± 0.08 0.21 ± 0.07 0.50 ± 0.1 0.51 ± 0.23
14 days 0.61 ± 0.05* 0.68 ± 0.04* 0.51 ± 0.1 0.63 ± 0.18
23 days 1.95 ± 0.08* 2.00 ± 0.08* 0.56 ± 0.09 0.64 ± 0.11
Note: *р < 0.05 — significant concerning values on the 7th day.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Intact
control
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 23
Resistant strain
Sensitive strain
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n,
n
g/
m
l
Days after transplantation
Fig. 1. Concentration of MMP-2 active forms in blood serum of rats
with sensitive and resistant GC
Comparative analysis of changes of MMP-9 activity
in blood serum of rats with sensitive and resistant strains
of GC demonstrated the lack of activity of enzyme till 5th
day after transplantation inclusively only for sensitive
strain (Fig. 2). In blood serum of rats with resistant strain,
increase of MMP-9 active forms concentration was ob-
served from 3rd day to 23rd day after transplantation. Values
for both strains increased and achieved maximal values
on the 14th–15th day with slight decrease before 23rd day
after transplantation, but they were 2–3 times higher for
resistant strain, than for sensitive one (р < 0.05).
Thus, it was shown that significantly higher concen-
trations of active forms of MMP-2 and -9 in blood serum
of rats were typical for resistant strain, as compared
to sensitive one. Dynamics of gelatinases active form
concentrations changes in tumor tissue is associated
in general with dynamics in serum (Table 5).
Direct positive correlation between concentration
of gelatinases active forms in blood serum and activity
of NADPH-oxidase and iNOS in neutrophils (r = 0.67;
p < 0.05) was shown (Table 6). At the same time, concen-
trations of MMP-2 and -9 active forms inversely correlated
with transferrin activity in blood (r = −0.72 and −0.63,
respectively; p < 0.05) that was explained by decrease
of concentration of gelatinases active forms in dynamics
of tumor growth (see Table 2).
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Intact
control
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 23
Resistant strain
Sensitive strain
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n,
n
g/
m
l
Days after transplantation
Fig. 2. Concentration of MMP-9 active forms in blood serum of rats
with sensitive and resistant GC
Table 5. Concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 active forms in sensitive and resis-
tant GC
Time after
transplanta-
tion, days
MMP-2, μg/g MMP-9, μg/g
Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant
7 0.5 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.9 1.2 ± 0.5 4.2 ± 1.4
14 1.5 ± 1.0 4.0 ± 1.7 4.8 ± 1.8* 10.5 ± 3.8*
23 2.6 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 1.8 2.2 ± 0.3* 8.4 ± 3.5
Note:*р < 0.05 — significant as compared with 7th day.
Table 6. Correlation between levels of gelatinases and redox-associated indices
in blood (B) or tumor tissue (TT) of rats with GC (sensitive and resistant)
Redox-associated indices MMP-2 MMP-9
Transferrin activity (B) r = −0.72 r = −0.63
Activity of NADPH-oxidase
of neutrophils (B) r = 0.74 r = 0.81
Activity of iNOS in neutrophils (B) r = 0.67 r = 0.77
Rate of superoxide radicals generation (TT) r = 0.87 r = 0.85
“Free iron” complexes (TT) r = 0.54 r = 0.31
Ferritin content (TT) r = 0.87 r = 0.82
Transferrin activity (TT) r = 0.74 r = 0.62
In tumor tissue, concentration of gelatinases active
forms positively correlated with rate of superoxide radicals
generation, content of “free iron” complexes, ferritin and
activity of transferrin (see Table 6). It is known that during
invasion and metastasis tumor cells are involved in series
of interactions with EM and its proteins, growth factors,
cytokines, basal membranes, endothelial cells, circula-
ting blood cells, microenvironment of secondary site,
where tumor cells finally replace normal tissues and form
metastatic focus. MMPs, in particular MMP-2 and -9 (ge-
latinases), that are produced both by tumor and stromal
cells and via remodeling of EM proteins help tumor cells
to overcome physical barriers and provide them with their
regulatory and communicative properties [15, 16]. Thus,
MMPs are the important factor of survival of tumor cells
and development of their resistance to damaging agents,
in particular to the effect of antitumor drugs. Some modern
studies in vitro demonstrated that doxorubicin-resistant
tumor cells were characterized by higher levels of MMPs
activity, than sensitive cells [27, 28]. Probably, high activity
of gelatinases provided survival of tumor cells during tumor
invasion and metastasis development.
Experimental Oncology 37, 36–39, 2015 (March) 39
Thus, development of resistance includes formation
of so called “oxide phenotype” of cells. It is known that
dysfunction of mitochondria is connected with initiation
of development and progression of malignant tumors [29].
Upon these conditions, mitochondria and NADPH-oxidase
are the main producers of high levels of superoxide radi-
cals. Superoxide radicals, besides performing functions
of signal molecules, cause oxide modifications of structural
components of cells, DNA and proteins [30], in particular,
transferrin, ferritin and heme-containing proteins, which
provide iron metabolism. Thus, high levels of superoxide
radicals oxidize transport proteins and form free iron pool.
Iron ions, via Haber — Weiss mechanism, initiate generation
of the hydroxyl radicals, which also enhance oxidation pro-
cesses [31]. Moreover, chemotherapeutic drugs, when ac-
cumulating in mitochondria, damage electrotransport chain
and intensify ROS generation and oxide damages of DNA
in mitochondria and nucleus. In turn, MMP activation via
superoxide-depending regulation allows tumor cells to ad-
just to different environmental conditions, to facilitate migra-
tion, invasion and finally — formation of metastatic foci [32].
Totality of mentioned above signs forms “oxide phenotype”
of tumor, which determines high level of its aggressive-
ness and forms corresponding level of drug resistance.
The study is performed in terms of the topic
№ 2.2.5.361 “Molecular epidemiology of metal-containing
proteins in tumor-host interactions” of the target research
program “Functional genomics and metabolomics in sys-
tem biology” (2012–2016).
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