Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India
In the present work, the rainwater chemistry in the most industrialized area of central India, Raipur city (capital, Chhattisgarh state) is described. The volume weighted mean value (n=31) of pH, conductivity and TDS of the rainwater during monsoon season, May – October, 2008 was 6.42, 483 μS and...
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Інститут проблем природокористування та екології НАН України
2009
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| Цитувати: | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India / K.S. Patel, B. Ambade, J. Nicolás, E. Yubero // Екологія і природокористування. — 2009. — Вип. 12. — С. 148-155. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859906536143323136 |
|---|---|
| author | Patel, K.S. Ambade, B. Nicolás, J. Yubero, E. |
| author_facet | Patel, K.S. Ambade, B. Nicolás, J. Yubero, E. |
| citation_txt | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India / K.S. Patel, B. Ambade, J. Nicolás, E. Yubero // Екологія і природокористування. — 2009. — Вип. 12. — С. 148-155. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| description | In the present work, the rainwater chemistry in the most industrialized area of central
India, Raipur city (capital, Chhattisgarh state) is described. The volume weighted
mean value (n=31) of pH, conductivity and TDS of the rainwater during monsoon season,
May – October, 2008 was 6.42, 483 μS and 237 mg l-1, respectively. The volume
weighted mean content of ions i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was
2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 and 2.53 mg l-1, respectively. The variations, scavenging
and enrichment, correlations and sources of the ions in the rainwater are discussed.
В данной работе описаны химические особенности дождевой воды в наиболее
индустриальной местности центральной Индии, город Райпур (столица штата
Шаттигарф). Показатели измерений (n=31) pH, проводности (ионы) и TDS в дождевой воде во время сезона муссона, май – октябрь, 2008 года были 6.42, 483 μS и
237 mg l-1 соответственно. Состав ионов представлен Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+,
Mg2+ та Ca2+ с показателями 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 и 2.53 mg l-1. Также
обсуждаются вопросы вариативности показателей, их ошибки, связи и источники
ионов в дождевой воде.
В даній роботі описані хімічні особливості дощової води в найбільш індустріальній місцевості центральної Індії, місто Райпур (столиця штату Шаттігарф). Показники вимірювань (n=31) pH, провідності (іони) та TDS у дощовій воді під час
сезону мусону, травень – жовтень, 2008 року були 6.42, 483 μS та 237 mg l-1 відповідно. Склад іонів представлений Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ та Ca2+ з показниками 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 та 2.53 mg l-1. Також обговорюються питання варіативності значень, їх похибок, зв’язків та джерел іонів у дощовій воді.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:00:35Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
148
УДК 504.05:628.514
K.S. Patel *, B. Ambade *,
J. Nicolás **, E. Yubero **
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF RAINWATER IN CENTRAL INDIA
* School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010,
CG, India; ** Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Applied Physics Department,
Miguel Hernandez University, Avda de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
In the present work, the rainwater chemistry in the most industrialized area of cen-
tral India, Raipur city (capital, Chhattisgarh state) is described. The volume weighted
mean value (n=31) of pH, conductivity and TDS of the rainwater during monsoon sea-
son, May – October, 2008 was 6.42, 483 µS and 237 mg l-1, respectively. The volume
weighted mean content of ions i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was
2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 and 2.53 mg l-1, respectively. The variations, scav-
enging and enrichment, correlations and sources of the ions in the rainwater are dis-
cussed.
В данной работе описаны химические особенности дождевой воды в наиболее
индустриальной местности центральной Индии, город Райпур (столица штата
Шаттигарф). Показатели измерений (n=31) pH, проводности (ионы) и TDS в дож-
девой воде во время сезона муссона, май – октябрь, 2008 года были 6.42, 483 µS и
237 mg l-1 соответственно. Состав ионов представлен Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+,
Mg2+ та Ca2+ с показателями 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 и 2.53 mg l-1. Также
обсуждаются вопросы вариативности показателей, их ошибки, связи и источники
ионов в дождевой воде.
Introduction
Air quality in India is depleting tremen-
dously due to a huge vehicular and industrial
emissions. Rain is formed due to conden-
sation of the cloud droplets in the upper tro-
posphere and scavenges the atmospheric air
pollution. The rain chemistry is indicator of
the atmospheric pollution in a particular
area. The rain chemistry in the various loca-
tions of the World has been reported [1-30].
The Asian rainwater was contaminated with
higher levels of ions due to increased human
and industrial activities [8-30]. The rain
chemistry of some locations of India i.e.
Delhi, Mumbai, Dhanbad, Osansol, Bhu-
baneswar, Tirupati, etc. has been investi-
gated [22-30].
The rain chemistry of the most industrial-
ized location of central India has been not
reported. In the present work, the rainwater
chemistry of Raipur city (capital, Chhattis-
garh state, central India) during period, May
– October, 2008 is described. The content,
variations, sources, enrichment and fluxes of
ions i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+,
Mg2+ and Ca2+ are discussed.
Materials and methods
Site Description
Raipur city (21° 13′ 48″ N, 81° 37′ 48″
E) capital, Chhattisgarh state, central India
was selected for the proposed studies due to
running of several industries and thermal
power plants, Figure 1. The population of
city is ≈ 2 million and exposed with severe
air pollution [31].
© Patel K.S., Ambade B.,
Nicolás J., Yubero E., 2009
Collection of samples
The rain gauze was used for collection of
rain samples on the event basis. The collec-
tor was installed at roof of building, ≈ 10 m
from the ground level in Dagania, Ro-
hinipuram, Raipur. The collector was
washed with deionized double distilled wa-
ter after collection of each event samples.
Total amount of rain precipitated in Raipur
during period, May – October, 2008 was 67
cm in 42 events. Of them, 31 event samples
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
149
was collected, filtered and transferred into
1-lit cleaned polyethylene bottle. They were
refrigerated at 4 oC to avoid the degrada-
tion.
Analysis
The pH, conductivity and TDS values of
the samples were measured immediately
after collection by using the Checkmate (E
– 58902) analyzer. The content of ions i.e.
Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and
Ca2+ was analyzed by using technique i.e.
ion chromatography (Dionex Corporation,
Sunnyvale, CA, USA) equipped with anion
(AS9-HC, 250x4 mm) and cation (CS12A,
250x4 mm) equipped with separation col-
umns and conductivity detector.
The E. Merck standard was used for
preparation of the calibration curves. The
laboratory blank was used to assess the con-
tamination.
Figure 1 - Location of Raipur in India and sampling description
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
150
Results and discussion
Meteorology
The monthly mean values of meteorology i.e.
rainfall (RF), ambient temperature (T), relative
humidity (RH), vapor pressure (VP) and wind
speed (WS) of Raipur during the study period are
summarized in Figure 2. The mean value of T,
RH and VP during the rainy season, July – Sep-
tember was found to 28 oC, 83% and 23 mm of
Hg, respectively. The 98% (66 cm) of the total
rain was precipitated in four months, June – Sep-
tember, 2008 with the highest precipitation in
month of September, 2008.
The value of wind speed was decreased
sharply from June to September, 2008. The corre-
lation matrix of the meteorology with the rain
composition is shown in Table 1. The meteorol-
ogy remarkably influenced the rain content of
three ions i.e. Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. The RF value
had negative correlation with the content of ions
i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, Na+ or Ca2+, and they become
diluted when the precipitation of rain amount was
increased.
The T value had good positive correlation with
the content of two ions i.e. Na+ and Ca2+ unlikely
to other ions i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2- and NH4
+. In-
crease in value of RH and VP remarkably de-
creased the rain content of Na+ unlikely to Mg2+.
The rain content of the most of the ions was di-
luted with increase in WS value, may be due to
their large emission by the local emission sources.
Figure 2 - Meteorology 2008 for study period
Table 1- Correlation matrix of ions with meteorology
Ion RF T RH VP WS
Cl- -0.61 -0.45 0.11 0.11 -0.81
NO3
- -0.36 -0.17 0.17 0.22 -0.48
SO4
2- -0.36 -0.14 0.17 0.20 -0.25
NH4
+ 0.00 -0.11 0.17 0.17 0.00
Na+ -0.45 0.70 -0.69 -0.69 -0.39
K+ 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.24
Mg2+ 0.42 0.53 0.56 0.59 -0.14
Ca2+ -0.50 -0.28 -0.30 -0.28 -0.79
Physical characteristics
The volume weighted mean value (n=31)
of pH, conductivity and TDS of the summer
monsoon rain at Raipur was 6.42, 483 µS
and 237 mg l-1, respectively. The lowest pH
value was observed in month of July, proba-
bly due to the highest wind speed, Figure 3.
However, the value of conductivity and TDS
was found to be increased from July to Sep-
tember, 2008, Figure 4.
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
151
Figure 3 - Volume weighted monthly pH and WS (km hr-1) for year 2008
Figure 4 - Volume weighted monthly conductivity and TDS value for year 2008
Chemical characteristics
The volume weighted mean content of Cl-,
NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+,
was 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 and
2.53, mg l-1, respectively. The relative abun-
dance of ions i.e., NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,
NO3
-, Cl- and SO4
2- was 4, 5, 5, 6 , 13, 13, 14
and 39%, respectively. The sum of ratio of
equivalent content of the [Σanion]/ [Σcation] at
Raipur was found to be 1.02 with coefficient (r)
value of 0.35.
Scavenging ratio
The annual mean content of species i.e. Cl-,
NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+
associated to the PM10 in the air of Raipur was
4.8, 6.4, 9.5, 1.6, 2.2, 2.1, 0.7 and 7.1 µg m-3,
respectively. The scavenging (SR) value for
Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+
was found to be 590, 423, 804, 456, 455, 438,
1571 and 356, respectively. Among them, Mg2+
and SO4
2- exhibited relatively higher SR value,
due to the most effectively scavenging out [29].
Variations
The volume weighted monthly mean content
of the ions in rain of Raipur is shown in Figure
5. The highest content of almost all species
during month of June, 2008 at Raipur was ob-
served due to first flush out of monsoon water.
No exact seasonal variations in other three
months: July, August and September was no-
ticed. The highest content of SO4
2- was ob-
served in the rain water.
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
152
Figure 5 - Volume weighted monthly of ions for year 2008
Correlation and Sources
The correlation matrix of ions is summa-
rized in Table 2. Anions (i.e. Cl-, NO3
- and
SO4
2-) and cations (i.e. Na+, K+, Mg2+ and
Ca2+) among themselves have good correla-
tion, suggesting their common origin in the
rain water. All ions among themselves (ex-
cept Cl- and NO3
-) had fair to good correla-
tion. They are contributed by the anthropo-
genic and natural sources. The following ap-
proach [33] is used to estimate
the marine contribution of ions in the rain.
EFmarine = ([x]/ [Na])rain/ ([x]/ [Na]marine
Where, x denotes the concentration of the
species of interest in the rain and sea. The
EFmarine values for ions i.e. Cl-, SO4
2-, K+,
Mg2+ and Ca2+ was ranged 1.6, 31, 25, 29
and 21, respectively when Na was used as
marine indicator. It means that ions i.e. SO4
2-
, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the rain was largely
contributed by anthropogenic and crustal
sources.
Table 2 - Correlation matrix of ions
Cl- NO3
- SO4
2- NH4
+ Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+
Cl- 1
NO3
- 0.80 1
SO4
2- 0.69 0.64 1
NH4
+ 0.00 0.41 0.14 1
Na+ 0.24 0.42 0.50 0.26 1
K+ 0.00 0.41 0.52 0.46 0.44 1
Mg2+ 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.51 0.50 0.50 1
Ca2+ 0.33 0.20 0.55 0.35 0.48 0.45 0.75 1
Comparison of rain composition
The ionic composition of rain of various
locations of the World is presented in Table
3. The highest rain content of the ions i.e.
Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ were observed in the loca-
tions (i.e. Mumbai, Nanjing, Eshidiya,
Shanghai, etc.) lie near sea due to marine
contribution. Whereas, the highest rain con-
tent of ions i.e. SO4
2-, NO3
- and Mg2+ were
seen in the industrial and mega cities i.e.
Tokyo, Nanjing, Shanghai, Esidiya, Mum-
bai, Delhi, Asansol, Raipur, etc., due to an-
thropogenic contribution. Significant rain
content of NH4
+ was observed in the Chinese
cities i.e. Nanjing, Zhejiang, etc. The rain
content of ions of Raipur is found to be
higher than the rain ion content value of
many locations, Table 3.
ЕКОЛОГІЯ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ, 2009, Випуск 12
153
Table 3 - Comparison of rain acidity and ionic contents, µeq
Location pH Cl- SO4
2- NO3
- NH4
+ Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Ref.
Guaiba, Brazil 5.7 7 13 2 28 11 3 4 8 1
Mexico City 5.1 10 62 43 92 7 2 2 26 4
Anatolia, Turkey 6.1 18 56 28 64 16 8 11 74 8
Eshidiya, Jordon 6.6 122 122 64 43 85 51 134 192 11
Tokyo 4.5 55 50 31 40 37 3 12 25 13
Shanghai 4.5 58 200 50 81 50 15 30 204 16
Korea 4.7 38 19 47 33 19 4 11 26 18
Zhejiang 4.5 10 117 37 97 7 5 4 56 19
Nanjing 5.5 143 242 40 193 23 12 32 295 21
Mumbai 5.7 275 175 17 51 221 10 70 351 22
Dhanbad 5.3 28 63 11 35 18 13 156 129 23
Asansol 6.1 63 44 16 33 20 4 37 107 24
Tirupati 6.8 34 128 41 20 33 34 51 151 25
Delhi 6.3 43 131 109 82 44 20 44 181 26
Bhubaneswar 6.2 18 19 10 19 15 2 5 20 27
Raipur 6.4 80 149 44 41 26 24 92 127 PW
PW = Present work
Conclusion
The acid rain is halting in Asia due to in-
creased industrial and vehicular emission of
acidic oxides i.e. NOx and SOx. The two ac-
ids i.e. H2SO4 and HCl have major contribu-
tion in the Asian rain. Increase in rain
amount and wind speed influence adversely
the rain content of ions i.e. Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-,
Na+ and Ca2+. The atmospheric humidity
and vapor pressure has positive correlation
with the atmospheric acidity. In central In-
dia, the rain ions are largely contributed by
the anthropogenic sources.
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Хагешвар Сінгх Пател *,
Балрам Амбаде *,
Джозе Ніколас **,
Едуардо Юберо **
ХІМІЧНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ДОЩОВОЇ
ВОДИ У ЦЕНТРАЛЬНІЙ ІНДІЇ
* Школа вивчення хімії, Університет Пт. Равішакар Шукла, Райпур – 492010, Ін-
дія; ** Лабораторія атмосферного забруднення, Факультет прикладної фізики,
Університет Мігеля Хернандеза, Avda de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Елч, Іспані.
В даній роботі описані хімічні особливості дощової води в найбільш індустріа-
льній місцевості центральної Індії, місто Райпур (столиця штату Шаттігарф). По-
казники вимірювань (n=31) pH, провідності (іони) та TDS у дощовій воді під час
сезону мусону, травень – жовтень, 2008 року були 6.42, 483 µS та 237 mg l-1 відпові-
дно. Склад іонів представлений Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ та Ca2+ з показ-
никами 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 та 2.53 mg l-1. Також обговорюються пи-
тання варіативності значень, їх похибок, зв’язків та джерел іонів у дощовій воді.
Надійшла до редколегії 31 серпня 2009 р.
Рекомендовано членом редколегії докт.техн.наук Т.І. Долговою
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-14570 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | XXXX-0010 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:00:35Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем природокористування та екології НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Patel, K.S. Ambade, B. Nicolás, J. Yubero, E. 2010-12-24T15:23:02Z 2010-12-24T15:23:02Z 2009 Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India / K.S. Patel, B. Ambade, J. Nicolás, E. Yubero // Екологія і природокористування. — 2009. — Вип. 12. — С. 148-155. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. XXXX-0010 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/14570 504.05:628.514 In the present work, the rainwater chemistry in the most industrialized area of central India, Raipur city (capital, Chhattisgarh state) is described. The volume weighted mean value (n=31) of pH, conductivity and TDS of the rainwater during monsoon season, May – October, 2008 was 6.42, 483 μS and 237 mg l-1, respectively. The volume weighted mean content of ions i.e. Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 and 2.53 mg l-1, respectively. The variations, scavenging and enrichment, correlations and sources of the ions in the rainwater are discussed. В данной работе описаны химические особенности дождевой воды в наиболее индустриальной местности центральной Индии, город Райпур (столица штата Шаттигарф). Показатели измерений (n=31) pH, проводности (ионы) и TDS в дождевой воде во время сезона муссона, май – октябрь, 2008 года были 6.42, 483 μS и 237 mg l-1 соответственно. Состав ионов представлен Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+ та Ca2+ с показателями 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 и 2.53 mg l-1. Также обсуждаются вопросы вариативности показателей, их ошибки, связи и источники ионов в дождевой воде. В даній роботі описані хімічні особливості дощової води в найбільш індустріальній місцевості центральної Індії, місто Райпур (столиця штату Шаттігарф). Показники вимірювань (n=31) pH, провідності (іони) та TDS у дощовій воді під час сезону мусону, травень – жовтень, 2008 року були 6.42, 483 μS та 237 mg l-1 відповідно. Склад іонів представлений Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+ та Ca2+ з показниками 2.83, 2.71, 7.64, 0.73, 1.00, 0.92, 1.1 та 2.53 mg l-1. Також обговорюються питання варіативності значень, їх похибок, зв’язків та джерел іонів у дощовій воді. en Інститут проблем природокористування та екології НАН України Моніторинг довкілля, екологічна та техногенна безпека Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India Хімічні характеристики дощової води у центральній Індії Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India Patel, K.S. Ambade, B. Nicolás, J. Yubero, E. Моніторинг довкілля, екологічна та техногенна безпека |
| title | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India |
| title_alt | Хімічні характеристики дощової води у центральній Індії |
| title_full | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India |
| title_fullStr | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India |
| title_short | Chemical characteristics of rainwater in central India |
| title_sort | chemical characteristics of rainwater in central india |
| topic | Моніторинг довкілля, екологічна та техногенна безпека |
| topic_facet | Моніторинг довкілля, екологічна та техногенна безпека |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/14570 |
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