Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
In this investigation, the effect of nano-TiO₂ particles on wear and corrosion behaviour of AA6063 surface nanocomposites produced viavia friction stir processing (FSP) was studied. Microstructure analysis of fabricated surface nanocomposites was done with scanning electron microscope and found that...
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| Published in: | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
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| Date: | 2018 |
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2018
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| Cite this: | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing / D. Muthukrishnan, A.N. Balaji, G.R. Raghav // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 3. — С. 397-409. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859719688849719296 |
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| author | Muthukrishnan, D. Balaji, A.N. Raghav, G.R. |
| author_facet | Muthukrishnan, D. Balaji, A.N. Raghav, G.R. |
| citation_txt | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing / D. Muthukrishnan, A.N. Balaji, G.R. Raghav // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 3. — С. 397-409. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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| description | In this investigation, the effect of nano-TiO₂ particles on wear and corrosion behaviour of AA6063 surface nanocomposites produced viavia friction stir processing (FSP) was studied. Microstructure analysis of fabricated surface nanocomposites was done with scanning electron microscope and found that TiO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the stir zone. The surface nanocomposites were characterized by hardness, wear and corrosion tests. The results revealed that the microhardness increases due to the presence of hard TiO₂ nanoparticles than as AA6063 alloy. The FSPed surface nanocomposites exhibited low frictional coefficient, excellent wear resistance and adequate corrosion resistance at 40 mm/min and as compared to that of the as cast alloy.
Исследовано влияние наночастиц TiO₂ на характер износа и коррозии поверхностных нанокомпозитов сплава AA6063, полученных с помощью обработки трением с перемешиванием. Проведён анализ поверхностных нанокомпозитов методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии и показано, что наночастицы TiO₂ равномерно распределены в зоне перемешивания. Для характеризации поверхностных нанокомпозитов были использованы испытания на твёрдость, износостойкость и коррозионную стойкость. Показано, что микротвёрдость повышается по сравнению со сплавом AA6063 благодаря наличию наночастиц TiO₂. Обработанные методом трения с перемешиванием поверхностные нанокомпозиты обладают низким коэффициентом трения, отменной износостойкостью и адекватной коррозионной стойкостью при 40 мм/мин по сравнению со сплавом в литом состоянии.
Досліджено вплив наночастинок TiO₂ на характер зношування та корозії поверхневих нанокомпозитів стопу AA6063, одержаних за допомогою оброблення тертям з перемішуванням. Проведено аналізу одержаних поверхневих нанокомпозитів методою сканувальної електронної мікроскопії та встановлено, що наночастинки TiO₂ рівномірно розподілені в зоні перемішування. Для характеризації поверхневих нанокомпозитів було використано випробування на твердість, зносостійкість і корозійну стійкість. Показано, що мікротвердість підвищується у порівнянні зі стопом AA6063 завдяки наявності наночастинок TiO₂. Оброблені методою тертя з перемішуванням поверхневі нанокомпозити мають низький коефіцієнт тертя, відмінну зносостійкість й адекватну корозійну стійкість при 40 мм/хв. у порівнянні зі стопом у литому стані.
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397
PHYSICS OF STRENGTH AND PLASTICITY
PACS numbers: 61.05.cp, 62.20.Qp, 62.23.Pq, 68.37.Hk, 81.16.Rf, 81.40.Pq, 81.65.Kn
Effect of Nano-TiO2 Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of
AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing
D. Muthukrishnan, A. N. Balaji, and G. R. Raghav
K.L.N. College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
630612 Pottapalayam, Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, India
In this investigation, the effect of nano-TiO2 particles on wear and corrosion
behaviour of AA6063 surface nanocomposites produced via friction stir pro-
cessing (FSP) was studied. Microstructure analysis of fabricated surface
nanocomposites was done with scanning electron microscope and found that
TiO2 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the stir zone. The surface
nanocomposites were characterized by hardness, wear and corrosion tests.
The results revealed that the microhardness increases due to the presence of
hard TiO2 nanoparticles than as AA6063 alloy. The FSPed surface nanocom-
posites exhibited low frictional coefficient, excellent wear resistance and ad-
equate corrosion resistance at 40 mm/min and as compared to that of the as
cast alloy.
Key words: AA6063 alloy, TiO2 nanoparticles, friction stir processing, sur-
face nanocomposites, microstructure, microhardness, wear behaviour, cor-
rosion behaviour.
Досліджено вплив наночастинок TiO2 на характер зношування та корозії
поверхневих нанокомпозитів стопу AA6063, одержаних за допомогою об-
роблення тертям з перемішуванням. Проведено аналізу одержаних пове-
рхневих нанокомпозитів методою сканувальної електронної мікроскопії
та встановлено, що наночастинки TiO2 рівномірно розподілені в зоні пе-
ремішування. Для характеризації поверхневих нанокомпозитів було ви-
користано випробування на твердість, зносостійкість і корозійну стій-
кість. Показано, що мікротвердість підвищується у порівнянні зі стопом
AA6063 завдяки наявності наночастинок TiO2. Оброблені методою тертя з
Corresponding author: A. N. Balaji
E-mail: balajime@yahoo.com
Citation: D. Muthukrishnan, A. N. Balaji, and G. R. Raghav, Effect of Nano-TiO2
Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated
by Friction Stir Processing, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 40, No. 3: 397–409
(2018), DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.03.0397.
Ìåòàëëîôèç. íîâåéøèå òåõíîë. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2018, т. 40, № 3, сс. 397–409 / DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.03.0397
Îòòèñêè äîñòóïíû íåïîñðåäñòâåííî îò èçäàòåëÿ
Ôîòîêîïèðîâàíèå ðàçðåøåíî òîëüêî
â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ëèöåíçèåé
2018 ÈÌÔ (Èíñòèòóò ìåòàëëîôèçèêè
èì. Ã. Â. Êóðäþìîâà ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû)
Íàïå÷àòàíî â Óêðàèíå.
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.03.0397
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.03.0397
398 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
перемішуванням поверхневі нанокомпозити мають низький коефіцієнт
тертя, відмінну зносостійкість й адекватну корозійну стійкість при 40
мм/хв. у порівнянні зі стопом у литому стані.
Ключові слова: стоп AA6063, наночастинки TiO2, оброблення фрикцій-
ним перемішуванням, поверхневі нанокомпозити, мікроструктура, мік-
ротвердість, характеристики зношування, корозійні властивості.
Исследовано влияние наночастиц TiO2 на характер износа и коррозии по-
верхностных нанокомпозитов сплава AA6063, полученных с помощью
обработки трением с перемешиванием. Проведён анализ поверхностных
нанокомпозитов методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии и по-
казано, что наночастицы TiO2 равномерно распределены в зоне переме-
шивания. Для характеризации поверхностных нанокомпозитов были ис-
пользованы испытания на твёрдость, износостойкость и коррозионную
стойкость. Показано, что микротвёрдость повышается по сравнению со
сплавом AA6063 благодаря наличию наночастиц TiO2. Обработанные ме-
тодом трения с перемешиванием поверхностные нанокомпозиты облада-
ют низким коэффициентом трения, отменной износостойкостью и адек-
ватной коррозионной стойкостью при 40 мм/мин по сравнению со спла-
вом в литом состоянии.
Ключевые слова: сплав AA6063, наночастицы TiO2, обработка фрикци-
онным перемешиванием, поверхностные нанокомпозиты, микрострукту-
ра, микротвёрдость, характеристики износа, коррозионные свойства.
(Received November 17, 2017)
1. INTRODUCTION
The cast aluminium alloy AA6063, containing Si and Mg as its major
alloying element, is mainly used in a variety of structural, automotive,
aerospace and engineering applications due to their high strength to
weight ratio, excellent casting characteristics, low coefficient of
thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, good mechanical prop-
erties and low cost. However, its wider application is limited because of
its inferior hardness, wear and corrosion properties. In recent years,
the further improvement in hardness, wear and corrosion properties of
cast AA6063 alloy would be achieved by several techniques such as in-
corporating ceramic particles such as Al2O3, SiC and so on as rein-
forcement material in AA6063 alloy, decreasing the particle size of re-
inforcements to nanometric scale and surface composite fabrication [1].
Various studies have shown that particulate reinforced aluminium ma-
trix nanocomposites exhibit excellent wear and corrosion characteris-
tics and improved thermal and mechanical properties as compared to
monolithic materials [2–4]. Nowadays, the surface composite fabrica-
tion technique has attracted more attentions by several researchers.
There are several techniques for fabricating surface aluminium matrix
EFFECT OF NANO-TiO2 PARTICLES ON WEAR AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR 399
nanocomposite such as plasma spraying, high-energy electron beam
irradiation, high-energy laser melt treatment, casting and friction stir
processing (FSP) [5, 6]. Except FSP, all of the other techniques are
based on liquid phase processing at higher temperatures and impossible
to avoid the reaction between the reinforcements and the matrix, which
forms undesirable phases [6]. In this concern, recently, eco-friendly and
solid-state technique known as FSP based on friction stir welding, which
is operated below melting temperature of matrix, is given more atten-
tion by researchers for the fabrication of surface composites [7].
In the FSP, a specially designed tool with high rotating speed is in-
serted into the metal plate and it transverses in the desired direction.
During FSP, metal is subjected to high plastic deformation and high
heat exposure, which result in a modified microstructure character-
ized by a fine and equiaxed by dynamic recrystallization. FSP is widely
used for fabricating the micro/nanoparticle reinforced surface compo-
sites [7–9]. Morisada et al. [10] improved the hardness and thermal
stability of AZ31 by dispersing multiwalled carbon nanotubes as rein-
forcement into the AZ31 alloy by FSP. Narmani et al. [11] have evalu-
ated about the wear behaviour of AA6063/hybrid surface composite by
FSP; they found that the embedment of B4C and TiB2 ceramic particles
on the surface increased the hardness and improved the wear behav-
iour of composite layers in comparison with FSPed AA6063. Mishra et
al. [12] have studied about the effect of processing parameters such as
hole geometry, pattern and number of passes in the fabrication of Al–
B4C composites by incorporating B4C particles into the 5024 Al matrix.
They found that the modulus of the composite layer is almost twice
that of the base metal modulus. Lakshmanan et al. [13] studied about
the performance characteristics of AA6061/nano-B4C metal matrix
nanocomposites by using ultrasonic cavitation assisted casting process
and observed that wear resistance of aluminium alloy–nano-boron car-
bide composites compared to the monolithic alloy very much improved.
Khodabakhshi et al. [14] fabricated the Al–Mg nanocomposites by in-
corporating TiO2 particles and found that solid-state chemical reaction
between TiO2 nanoparticles and the Al–Mg matrix led to in situ for-
mation of Al3Ti and MgO nanoparticles.
The previous studies reveal that most of the researchers concentrated
on fabricating aluminium matrix micro/nanocomposites via FSP using
the ceramic particles such as Al2O3, SiC, B4C as reinforcement [16–18].
However, to the best of author’s knowledge, limited information exists
on their wear behaviour, no information exists on their corrosion be-
haviour, and there is no through work reporting the fabrication of
AA6063/TiO2 surface nanocomposites via FSP. TiO2 is one of the most
important used in the engineering material. This titanium based mate-
rial offers high strength, good corrosion and oxidation resistance. The
incorporation of nanoparticles can greatly improve the mechanical,
400 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
tribological properties and corrosion resistance, resistance of matrix
material, and hence it can be used as reinforcement for fabrication of
nanocomposites. Based on the above concern, the present investigation
was focused on fabricating AA6063/TiO2 surface nanocomposites via
FSP and to study the influence of tool rotational speed on the micro-
structure, microhardness, wear and corrosion properties of
AA6063/TiO2 surface nanocomposites fabricated by double pass FSP.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. TiO2 Particles
The micron sized ( 10 m) TiO2 powders were purchased (SIGMA-
ALDRICH, Germany) and reduced to nanosize by employing high-
energy ball mill (Fritsch pulverisette, Germany).
2.2. Friction Stir Processing
As cast received, AA6063 billet was cut by wire cut Electrical Dis-
charge Machining (EDM) machine with dimensions of 100 mm length,
50 mm width, 6 mm depth used as substrate material. The nominal al-
loy composition was Al–6.89 Si–0.42 Mg–0.007 Mn–0.014 Cu–0.13
Fe–0.03 Zn–0.16 Ti–0.003 Cr–0.007 Ni (% wt.). TiO2 nanoparticles of
36.85 nm size were used as reinforcement. Then, TiO2 particles were
filled in the groove (2 mm depth, 3 mm width), which was machined in
the middle of the AA6063 specimens. The schematic sketch of the alu-
minium alloy specimen for FSP is shown in Fig. 1. The FSP tool made
of hardened En-13, which had a columnar shape with a shoulder (
18 mm) and terminating in square pin ( 6 mm, pin height 3 mm).The
geometry and dimensions of the FSP tool is shown in Fig. 2. The FSP
machine used here was a modified vertical milling machine.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of aluminium alloy specimen for FSP.
EFFECT OF NANO-TiO2 PARTICLES ON WEAR AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR 401
During processing, the scattering of powder from the groove is pre-
vented by capping pass, which was done by pin less tool. The processing
parameters used for capping pass were 800 rpm tool rotation rate,
25 mm/min tool traverse speed and zero tool tilt angle. The three dif-
ferent tool rotation rates (900 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 1600 rpm) and con-
stant traverse speed (40 mm/min) were set for the stirring processes.
The plates were subjected to two passes for each parameter, and plates
were rotated by 180 to obtain better powder distribution and reduce
the agglomeration of powders in the advancing side. The FSPed speci-
mens at 900 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 1600 rpm are shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Geometry and dimensions (mm) of the FSP tool.
Fig. 3. FSPed specimens at: 900 rpm (a), 1200 rpm (b), 1600 rpm (c).
402 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
2.3. Characterization Techniques
The surface morphology of the processed samples was characterized
using scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi SUI 510, Japan op-
erating in secondary electron mode, at an accelerating voltage of
10 kV, emission current of 96 A).
The microhardness of the surface composites were evaluated by us-
ing Vickers microhardness tester under a load of 100 kgf load and
0.5 mm steel ball indenter with a dwell time of 10 s. A reported test
measurement represents the average of 10 indentation values.
A pin on disc type wear monitor (WINDUCOM) with data acquisition
system was used to evaluate the wear behaviour of processed samples
against hardened ground steel (En-31) disc having hardness of RC60
and surface roughness (Ra) 0.5 m. The pin and the disc were abraded
against carbide polishing papers, washed with acetone, and dried be-
fore each sliding test to ensure that the tests were carried out under
nominally dry sliding conditions. The system had maximum loading
capacity of 200 N. The sample wear pin dimension is 25 3 3 mm. The
applying load is 9.82 N, rotation speed of the disc is 500 rpm, the di-
ameter of the disc is 100 mm and duration is 60 min.
Potentiometric polarization measurements were carried out by using
Electrochemical workstation consisting of platinum wire electrode,
Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and friction stir processed specimen taken
in turn as working electrode. All the electrochemical tests were per-
formed at 25 C with 5% NaCl solution as electrolyte. A polarization
phenomenon of the base metal and FSPed specimen was studied at a scan
rate of 5 mV/s. Before taking measurements, all the specimens were
immersed in the 5% NaCl solution for one hour to be stabilized. The
open circuit potential was measured after reaching a steady state, and
then the polarization measurements were done. The corrosion potential
(ECorr) and the corrosion current density (ICorr) were calculated from the
intersection of the cathodic and anodic Tafel extrapolation method.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Microstructure Analysis
The structural features of TiO2 were studied using XRD. Figure 4 shows
the strong Bragg reflections (JCPDS.No.75-0424) were seen in the XRD,
which correspond to the reflection of TiO2. The XRD patterns of the sam-
ples exhibit the characteristic peak at 2 27 , which corresponds to the
(110) plane of TiO2 thereby confirming the presence of TiO2. Figure 5, a
shows the SEM micrograph of base metal AA6063. From Figure 5, a, it is
known that AA6063 consists of white coloured matrix of alpha solid so-
lution dendrites and black coloured second phase silicon rich eutectic
EFFECT OF NANO-TiO2 PARTICLES ON WEAR AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR 403
coarse structure. It can be seen that base metal consists of grains size
varying between 30–45 m. The processed specimens have stir zone,
which was characterized by fine and equiaxed grain structure due to
plastic deformation and high frictional heat generation.
Figure 5, b–d shows the metallographs of FSPed specimens under
different rotational speeds and constant traverse speed. It is evident
that FSPed specimen at 1200 rpm shows better particle distribution
Fig. 4. XRD pattern of nano-TiO2.
Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of: base metal (a), FSPed at 900 rpm (b), FSPed at
1200 rpm (c), FSPed at 1600 rpm (d).
404 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
and, in that, there was no agglomeration of nanoparticles (TiO2) and
finer grain size refinement, which is caused due to generation of high
heat energy, and there is enough time to material flow along the sub-
strate. These effects were attributed by high rotational speed, which
causes new nucleation sites leading to grain size reduction. The trav-
erse speed is maintained constant at 40 mm/min for different rotation
speeds to avoid the lower heat input due to short duration of the pro-
cess. To avoid the pinning effect of the ceramic particles and agglom-
eration of the particles, constant traverse speed is maintained, and
good bonding is achieved with substrate material. Increasing either
tool rotation rate or rotation rate/traverse speed ratio leads to elimina-
tion of the banded structure [4, 18]. Therefore, higher tool rotation
rate intensifies frictional heating and stirring, which creates a higher
temperature in the stirred zone and subsequently more proper mixing
of material, which leads to uniform dispersement of nanoparticles.
3.2. Microhardness Behaviour
The wear behaviour of material relates inversely with the hardness, as
hardness increases, the wear of material decreases. It is an important
parameter for the tribological behaviour of materials and is considered
before conducting wear tests. Figure 6 depicts the microhardness read-
ings of the specimens FSPed with different rotational speeds (900 rpm,
1200 rpm, and 1600 rpm) at a constant traverse speed of 40 mm/min.
It can be observed that increasing the rotational speed tends to reduce
the microhardness values. This is due to improved dynamic recrystalli-
zation, which is caused by higher stirring action of the tool with pin. It
also evident from the figure that the specimens processed with rota-
Fig. 6. Hardness profiles.
EFFECT OF NANO-TiO2 PARTICLES ON WEAR AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR 405
tional speed of 1200 rpm have higher hardness than the specimens pro-
cessed with 1600 rpm and 900 rpm do. The specimen FSPed at
1200 rpm has uniform distribution of TiO2 particles, i.e. average spac-
ing between the particles was very good. It is revealed that, as the rota-
tional speed increases, the microhardness also increases that is due to
the increase in heat input that causes easier and more intense stirring
action of the rotating pin resulting in better dispersion of reinforce-
ment particles thus increasing the microhardness [20–22]. Low anneal-
ing effect of heat input increases the microhardness behaviour under
high rotational speed. In addition, further improving the rotational
speed tends to decrease the microhardness values in the surface compo-
sites matrix. The reason behind this that generation of high input due
to high rotational speed makes the matrix softening which reduces the
microhardness. The softening of matrix resulted in coarsening and/or
dissolution of strengthening precipitates in the aluminium matrix,
which occurs especially in heat treatable aluminium alloys.
3.3. Wear Evaluation
A comparison of wear behaviour of processed zone of AA6063/TiO2
composite at different speeds (900 rpm, 1200 rpm, 1600 rpm) and as
received AA6063 is shown in Fig. 7. From Figure 7, it is known that
Fig. 7. Wear rate curves for: A356 (a), FSPed at 900 rpm (b), FSPed at
1200 rpm (c), FSPed at 1600 rpm (d).
406 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
FSPed specimen at 1200 rpm exhibits lower wear rate (29 m) and high
frictional force value, i.e. (7.7 N) when compared with the FSPed spec-
imens at (900 and 1600 rpm) and base metal (as received AA6063) re-
spectively. It is clearly known that dispersion of fine TiO2 particles
along the substrate acts as hard ceramic phase in base metal improves
the wear resistance. It is well-known fact that hardness improvement
is inversely proportional to wear rate.
Table 1 provides the details of wear variation of as cast AA6063 and
FSPed specimen, i.e. surface composite layer produced at rotational speed
1200 rpm and traverse speed of 40 mm/min respectively. To identify the
genesis of wear, scanning electron microscopy of the worn surfaces was
undertaken and is shown in Fig. 8. It was known that tangential and
normal loads are transmitted through contact regions due to ploughing
and adhesive wear mechanism. From Figure 8, a, it is clear that the worn
surface of as AA6063 alloy consists of wide continuous parallel grooves.
TABLE 1. Wear rate.
No. Specimen Wear, m Frictional force, N
1 AA6063 125 3.5
2 AA6063/TiO2 FSPed at 900 rpm 50 3.7
3 AA6063/TiO2 FSPed at 1200 rpm 29 7.7
4 AA6063/TiO2 FSPed at 1600 rpm 31 0.8
Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of worn surfaces: base metal (a), FSPed specimen at
900 rpm (b), FSPed specimen at 1200 rpm (c), FSPed specimen at 1600 rpm (d).
EFFECT OF NANO-TiO2 PARTICLES ON WEAR AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR 407
This indicates deeper penetration of the asperities of the harder disc and
removal of more material from the contact surface of the wear pin, and
hence, severe wear mode was observed in as AA6063 alloy. It also shows
that, in the absence of grain refinement there was a larger amount of
fracture. The dislodging of the surfaces and removal of the material
along the grain boundary lead to delamination wear. For processed
AA6063 alloy with nanoparticles, the worn surface shown in Fig. 8, b–d
displays fine grooves and with few small dimples when compared to the
as cast alloy as seen in Fig. 8, a. The reduction in wear of AA6063 alloy
could be due to the fact that the addition of refiner leads to decrease in
the grain size and formation of more number of grain boundaries.
Such structural changes lead to the improvement in toughness and
strength of the alloy owing to reduced wear rate. In the grain-refined
alloy, there was no crack formation on the worn surface and the wear
mode observed was abrasive as clearly evident from Fig. 8, c. The abra-
sive wear occurs because of the sliding of hard disc against soft pin
surface. The disc digs into the pin surface and ploughs a series of con-
tinuous parallel grooves (two-body wear). Abrasive wear also occurs
when hard silicon particles are introduced between the two sliding sur-
faces.
3.4. Corrosion Behaviour
For the corrosion test, the specimen processed at 1200 rpm that yields
higher hardness value (110 HV), and lower wear rate (29 m) is taken
to compare with base metal. The polarization curves for AA6063 alloy
base metal and FSPed specimen at 1200 rpm are as shown in Fig. 9. The
Fig. 9. Potentiodynamic polarization curves.
408 D. MUTHUKRISHNAN, A. N. BALAJI, and G. R. RAGHAV
corrosion potential (ECorr) and the corrosion current density (ICorr) were
calculated from the intersection of the cathodic and anodic Tafel ex-
trapolation method. The ECorr and ICorr of base A356 alloy are obtained
as 751.17 mV and 12.270 A, and for the FSPed specimen at
1200 rpm, are obtained as 744.05 mV and 9.92 A. The ECorr of the
base metal is more than that of FSPed specimen with TiO2 particles
that indicates the increase in resistance to corrosion of FSPed speci-
men when compared with base metal.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The effect of TiO2 particles on microstructure, microhardness, and
wear and corrosion behaviour of AA6063 surface composite fabricated
by FSP was investigated and the following conclusions were obtained.
The microstructures studies indicated that good bonding of TiO2
with AA6063 substrate generated at 1200 rpm when comparing with
base metal and FSPed specimens at 900 and 1600 rpm.
The microhardness values were found for AA6063 and
AA6063/TiO2 at 1200 rpm surface composite were 58 HV and 120 HV.
The increase of hardness value is due to presence of nanoparticles and
significant modification due to FSP.
The wear rate of FSPed specimen at 1200 rpm is 29 m that is very
lower value when compared with that of as received base metal (125 m).
The sudden reduction in wear rate can be achieved as particles act as
hard phase and obstacles to wear producing factors.
Due to the presence of TiO2 particles, corrosion resistance increased
from 0.757 mV to 0.744 mV.
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-145921 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T09:30:36Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Muthukrishnan, D. Balaji, A.N. Raghav, G.R. 2019-02-03T11:00:40Z 2019-02-03T11:00:40Z 2018 Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing / D. Muthukrishnan, A.N. Balaji, G.R. Raghav // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 3. — С. 397-409. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 61.05.cp, 62.20.Qp, 62.23.Pq, 68.37.Hk, 81.16.Rf, 81.40.Pq, 81.65.Kn DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.03.0397 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/145921 In this investigation, the effect of nano-TiO₂ particles on wear and corrosion behaviour of AA6063 surface nanocomposites produced viavia friction stir processing (FSP) was studied. Microstructure analysis of fabricated surface nanocomposites was done with scanning electron microscope and found that TiO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the stir zone. The surface nanocomposites were characterized by hardness, wear and corrosion tests. The results revealed that the microhardness increases due to the presence of hard TiO₂ nanoparticles than as AA6063 alloy. The FSPed surface nanocomposites exhibited low frictional coefficient, excellent wear resistance and adequate corrosion resistance at 40 mm/min and as compared to that of the as cast alloy. Исследовано влияние наночастиц TiO₂ на характер износа и коррозии поверхностных нанокомпозитов сплава AA6063, полученных с помощью обработки трением с перемешиванием. Проведён анализ поверхностных нанокомпозитов методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии и показано, что наночастицы TiO₂ равномерно распределены в зоне перемешивания. Для характеризации поверхностных нанокомпозитов были использованы испытания на твёрдость, износостойкость и коррозионную стойкость. Показано, что микротвёрдость повышается по сравнению со сплавом AA6063 благодаря наличию наночастиц TiO₂. Обработанные методом трения с перемешиванием поверхностные нанокомпозиты обладают низким коэффициентом трения, отменной износостойкостью и адекватной коррозионной стойкостью при 40 мм/мин по сравнению со сплавом в литом состоянии. Досліджено вплив наночастинок TiO₂ на характер зношування та корозії поверхневих нанокомпозитів стопу AA6063, одержаних за допомогою оброблення тертям з перемішуванням. Проведено аналізу одержаних поверхневих нанокомпозитів методою сканувальної електронної мікроскопії та встановлено, що наночастинки TiO₂ рівномірно розподілені в зоні перемішування. Для характеризації поверхневих нанокомпозитів було використано випробування на твердість, зносостійкість і корозійну стійкість. Показано, що мікротвердість підвищується у порівнянні зі стопом AA6063 завдяки наявності наночастинок TiO₂. Оброблені методою тертя з перемішуванням поверхневі нанокомпозити мають низький коефіцієнт тертя, відмінну зносостійкість й адекватну корозійну стійкість при 40 мм/хв. у порівнянні зі стопом у литому стані. en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Физика прочности и пластичности Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing Влияние наночастиц TiO₂ на характер изнашивания и коррозии поверхностного композита AA6063, изготовленного с помощью обработки трением с перемешиванием Вплив наночастинок TiO₂ на характер зношування та корозії поверхневого композиту AA6063, приготованого за допомогою оброблення тертям з перемішуванням Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing Muthukrishnan, D. Balaji, A.N. Raghav, G.R. Физика прочности и пластичности |
| title | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing |
| title_alt | Влияние наночастиц TiO₂ на характер изнашивания и коррозии поверхностного композита AA6063, изготовленного с помощью обработки трением с перемешиванием Вплив наночастинок TiO₂ на характер зношування та корозії поверхневого композиту AA6063, приготованого за допомогою оброблення тертям з перемішуванням |
| title_full | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing |
| title_short | Effect of Nano-TiO₂ Particles on Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of AA6063 Surface Composite Fabricated by Friction Stir Processing |
| title_sort | effect of nano-tio₂ particles on wear and corrosion behaviour of aa6063 surface composite fabricated by friction stir processing |
| topic | Физика прочности и пластичности |
| topic_facet | Физика прочности и пластичности |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/145921 |
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