The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe
В данной статье представлена информация о самой крупной колонии древесного типа большого баклана (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) в Европе (14200 гнездящихся пар), сформировавшейся за последнеедесятилетие в Крыму (на Керченском п-ове). До недавнего времени самой большой вЕвропе гнездовой колонией Ph.c...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
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| Cite this: | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe / T. Kirikova, J. Gregersen, A. Grinchenko // Бранта: Сборник научных трудов Азово-Черноморской орнитологической станции. — 2007. — Вип. 10. — С. 175-182. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860232151821189120 |
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| author | Kirikova, T. Gregersen, J. Grinchenko, A. |
| author_facet | Kirikova, T. Gregersen, J. Grinchenko, A. |
| citation_txt | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe / T. Kirikova, J. Gregersen, A. Grinchenko // Бранта: Сборник научных трудов Азово-Черноморской орнитологической станции. — 2007. — Вип. 10. — С. 175-182. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| description | В данной статье представлена информация о самой крупной колонии древесного типа большого баклана (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) в Европе (14200 гнездящихся пар), сформировавшейся за последнеедесятилетие в Крыму (на Керченском п-ове). До недавнего времени самой большой вЕвропе гнездовой колонией Ph.c.sinensis древесного типа была колония Конты Рыбацкие(Северная Польша), насчитывавшая около 11 637 пар (Buczma et al., 2007). По мнению авторов, возникновение и развитие рассматриваемой колонии является примером экологической пластичности вида в условиях трансформации окружающей среды и деятельности человека.
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Áðàíòà: ñáîðíèê òðóäîâ Àçîâî-×åðíîìîðñêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè
Âûïóñê 10. 2007. - Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ. 175
óäê 598.43:591.521 (477.9)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LARGEST COLONY OF THE GREAT CORMORANT
(PHALACROCORAX CARBO SINENSIS) IN EUROPE
T.Kirikova1, J.Gregersen2, A.Grinchenko3
1 - Azov-Black Sea Ornithological Station
2 - Danish National Forest and Nature Agency
3 - Ukrainian Union for Bird Conservation
Î ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñàìîé êðóïíîé êîëîíèè áîëüøîãî
áàêëàíà (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) â Åâðîïå. -
Ò.À. Êèðèêîâà1, É. Ãðåãåðñåí2, À.Á. Ãðèí÷åíêî3 1. Àçîâî-
×åðíîìîðñêàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñòàíöèÿ; 2.
Íàöèîíàëüíûé äåïàðòàìåíò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà è
ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ Äàíèè; 3. Óêðàèíñêîå îáùåñòâî
îõðàíû ïòèö.
 äàííîé ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñàìîé
êðóïíîé êîëîíèè äðåâåñíîãî òèïà áîëüøîãî áàêëàíà
(Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) â Åâðîïå (14200
ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð), ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ çà ïîñëåäíåå
äåñÿòèëåòèå â Êðûìó (íà Êåð÷åíñêîì ï-îâå). Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ñàìîé áîëüøîé â
Åâðîïå ãíåçäîâîé êîëîíèåé Ph.c.sinensis äðåâåñíîãî òèïà áûëà êîëîíèÿ Êîíòû Ðûáàöêèå
(Ñåâåðíàÿ Ïîëüøà), íàñ÷èòûâàâøàÿ îêîëî 11 637 ïàð (Buczma et al., 2007).
Ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, âîçíèêíîâåíèå è ðàçâèòèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé êîëîíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïðèìåðîì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïëàñòè÷íîñòè âèäà â óñëîâèÿõ òðàíñôîðìàöèè îêðóæàþùåé
ñðåäû è äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà.
The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) commonly nests in colonies of two
types (trees and ground nests), ranging from several hundreds to some thousands of nests per
colony. Tree colonies of cormorants are usually situated inland, in deltas of large rivers, while
colonies with ground nests are on small islands in lakes, lagoons or along the shore.
Thompson C.F., Lanyon S.M., Thompson K.M. The influence of foraging benefits on association of Cattle
Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) with Cattle // Oecologia. - 1982. - V. 52, N 2. - P. 167 - 170.
Vincent J. Habits of Bubulcus ibis, the Cattle Egret in Natal // Ibis. - 1947. - V. 89. - P. 489- 491.
Winterbottom J.M. Birds following ploughs // Bokmakierie. - 1971. - V. 23, N 3. - P. 68.
www.ecuador-images.net/bird-churute6.jpg
www.inspirationline.com/images/egret.jpg
www.neoperceptions.com/.../cattleegret1.jpg
www.wxp.ks.edu.tw/.../wetland/bird/29-3.htm
xespok.net/…/Bubulcus_ibis_1000012384.jpg
176
The object of our investigation was a tree colony of the great cormorant on Kerchensky
Peninsula in the region of Lake Aktashskoye and the village Shchelkino.
According to the authors, the species shows a substantial flexibility to breeding sites and
adapts easily to human disturbance.
This is expressed by: 1) redistribution of the species over the available breeding habitats;
2) transition from one type of habitat to another; 3) colonisation of new breeding areas; 4) a
steady population growth within the limits of the breeding range.
The aim of our work was: 1) to improve the knowledge of the present state of the popu-
lation of the Great Cormorant (sinensis subsp.) in Europe 2) to analyse population trends in the
Azov-Black Sea region 3) to analyse the history of development, numbers, breeding success and
spatial structure in the investigated colony.
Material and methods
The study was carried out during the breeding period in May 2004-2006. We recorded the
number of nests, the number of chicks, the surface area and spatial structure of the colony. The
work was executed by three ornithologists. Nests were counted by a method of a complete (total)
count (Bibby et al., 1998). Chicks were counted by a sampling 100 nests.
Apart from field data, we used published information on this species in the region and in
Europe as well as unpublished data of Pan-European Cormorant Breeding Colony Census in
2006 (under Wetlands International programme).
Results and discussion
Present status of the great cormorant population in Europe
Recent publications (Bregnballe, Gregersen, 1997a; Poluda et al., 1997; Delany et al.,
1999; Wetlands International 2006; Kieckbusch, Knief, 2007) prove not only a sheer increase of
the great cormorant numbers in Europe, but also redistribution of the species numbers within the
long-existing local populations in delta areas of the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper and all over
Azov-Black Sea region (Koshelev et al., 1997; Zhmud, 2000; Rusev, 2000; Rusev, 2004; Kostin,
Tarina, 2004; Beskaravayny, in press; Chernichko et al., in press).
Thus, in Europe there are four main populations of the great cormorant (sinensis subsp.)
The Western population is concentrated along the Atlantic coast of the Netherlands and
Great Britain. It is stable in numbers with about 30,000 pairs.
The Baltic population is still growing with recently about 112,000-120,000 pairs.
The Central European population and Meditteranean population is the smallest with only
16,000 pairs.
The Black Sea population consisted of 100,000 individuals (Rose and Scott, 1994).
According to the Pan-European Cormorant Breeding Colony Census in 2006, the Black Sea pop-
ulation, including Ukraine, consists of 85,000 pairs.
At present the overall number of breeding pairs in the European population of the great
cormorant is about 242,000-250,000 pairs (Table 1).
Kirikova T., Gregersen J., Grinchenko A.
The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant in Europe
Áðàíòà: ñáîðíèê òðóäîâ Àçîâî-×åðíîìîðñêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè
Âûïóñê 10. 2007. - Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ. 177
Table 1. Number of geographical populations of the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis) in Europe (Kieckbusch, Knief, 2007).
Òàáëèöà 1. ×èñëåííîñòü ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé áîëüøîãî áàêëàíà (Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis) â Åâðîïå (Kieckbusch, Knief, 2007).
Note: N - size of geographical population (pairs).
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: N - ðàçìåð ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè (â ïàðàõ).
Trends of changing numbers in the Azov-Black Sea region
Numbers of the great cormorant in Ukraine increased from 1,000-4,500 pairs to 24,000
pairs from the middle 1980s to early 1990s (Poluda et al., 1997).
In 1998 the breeding population in Ukraine was 34,000 birds. The majority of these birds
(8.4 % out of the geographical population) was concentrated in the Crimea, in the Eastern Sivash
(Siokhin, 2000). According to the unpublished data of the Pan-European Cormorant Breeding
178
Colony Census 2006, the numbers in Ukraine increased almost four times comparing with 1998
and reached about 65,600 breeding pairs (Table 2). This amounts approximately 26% of the
entire breeding European population of Ph.c.sinensis. The majority of the Ukrainian population
breeds on the Kerchensky Peninsula.
Table 2. Numbers and distribution of breeding pairs of the great cormorant in wetlands
of Ukraine in 2006 according to Pan-European Cormorant Census
Òàáëèöà 2. ×èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áîëüøîãî áàêëàíà â ÂÁÓ Óêðàèíû â
2006 ã. ñîãëàñíî äàííûì îáùååâðîïåéñêèõ ó÷åòîâ.
Kirikova T., Gregersen J., Grinchenko A.
The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant in Europe
Áðàíòà: ñáîðíèê òðóäîâ Àçîâî-×åðíîìîðñêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè
Âûïóñê 10. 2007. - Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ. 179
Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 2.
Notes: N - Number of breeding pairs; * - Authors of census materials or reference to information about
number; 1 - Platteeuw M., J. Botond Kiss, M.Y. Zhmud & N. Sadoul 2004. Colonial waterbirds and their
habitat use in the Danube Delta. As an example of a large-scale natural wetland. RIZA report 2004.002.
ISBN 90.369.5658.7. Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad,
The Netherlands; 2 - Beskaravainy M.M Southern borders of distribution of some elements of breeding ornithofau-
na of the plains and foothills of the Crimea//Branta - 2007. - Issue 10. -in press. (in Russian).
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: N - ÷èñëî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð; * - àâòîðû ó÷åòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ èëè ññûëêà íà èíôîðìàöèþ î
÷èñëåííîñòè; 1 - Platteeuw M., J. Botond Kiss, M.Y. Zhmud & N. Sadoul 2004. Colonial waterbirds and their habitat
use in the Danube Delta. As an example of a large-scale natural wetland. RIZA report 2004.002. ISBN 90.369.5658.7.
Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands; 2 -
Áåñêàðàâàéíûé M.M Î þæíûõ ãðàíèöàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ãíåçäîâîé îðíèòîôàóíû
ðàâíèííîãî è ïðåäãîðíîãî Êðûìà // Áðàíòà. - 2007. - Âûï. 10. - â ïå÷àòè.
180
The cormorant population is present in the Crimea since 1976 when the first colony of
the great cormorant was discovered on Lebyazhy (Swan) Islands in Karkinitsky Bay (Kostin,
1983).
Over the period 1980s-early 1990s the numbers of cormorants in the Crimea were con-
stantly growing in connection with intensive development of fish (pond??) industry, which pro-
vided a sufficient feeding base. At the same time new breeding sites were colonised.
In 1982 the great cormorant was for the first time recorded breeding on spits of Tyup-
Tarkhan (Eastern Sivash)- with about 800 pairs (Grinchenko A., pers.comm.); in 1983 on
Genichesky Islands (Eastern Sivash)- 140 pairs; in 1984 at the Koyanly Islands (Eastern Sivash)
with about 5,000 pairs (Siokhin, 2000).
Until the second half of 1990s all colonies of the Crimean population of the cormorant
were located in the Sivash (Siokhin, 2000). Numbers in the Sivash colonies varied from 140
pairs (Genichesky Islands) to 6,136 pairs (Koyanly Islands).
Since the mid 1990s there was further redistribution of birds in developed colonies on the
Kerchensky peninsula (Lake Aktashskoye and its surrounding area). This redistribution was
caused by human disturbance related tothe local fish-pond industry at the Sivash. Frequently
ground nesting birds were killed in colonies of the Eastern and Central Sivash.
History of development, numbers, breeding success and spatial structure in the investigated
colony
In the mid 1990s, a ground colony started to develop on an island at Lake Aktashskoye
close to the dismissed nuclear power plant. After the water level in the lake had been raised arti-
ficially (it must be a part of a cooling system of the power plant), the islands were isolated from
predators and people for a number of years. By the end of 1990s in the breeding population at
the island colony increased to 7,000 pairs. That was the time of attempts of spontaneous regula-
tion of the species numbers: the islands were destroyed by local fishermen, that brought about
the change of a breeding type in 1999, and the cormorants started to nest on trees in an artificial
pine forest near Aktashskoye Lake. Already in 2004 the tree colony reached 13,500 pairs. At this
time, the old colony on the island still gave shelter to several thousands of breeding cormorants
(4,095 pairs in 2006). Old and new colonies are situated 800 m apart.
By 2006 the tree colony consisted of 14,200 pairs (circa 6% of the European population
and 22% of breeding pairs in the Azov-Black Sea region).
It is the largest colony of the great cormorant within the sinensis breeding range. Until
recently the largest European colony was at Katy Rybackie (northern Poland), which contained
11,637 pairs (Buczma et al., 2007).
Nesting trees in the investigated colony were represented by one species - the pine Pinus
pallasiana D.don., over 20 years in age. The average number of nests in one tree was 2.5. The
structure of colony is heterogeneous and scattered over the area of near 1.25 km2 (2500x500 m).
The colony has several centres, but the colony density is relatively low comparing with other
large colonies of the cormorant in Europe.
This is due to the death of trees and degradation of the canopies to consequent occupa-
tion of young trees at the periphery of the colony.
Reproduction success of the great cormorant was estimated during breeding counts in
May 2004-2006 and equalled 4.1-4.2 chicks/pair. These high values are made possible by excel-
lent feeding conditions in the Azov Sea where (Gobiidae) represent the main prey up to 83.9%
Kirikova T., Gregersen J., Grinchenko A.
The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant in Europe
Áðàíòà: ñáîðíèê òðóäîâ Àçîâî-×åðíîìîðñêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè
Âûïóñê 10. 2007. - Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ. 181
in the diet of adults and chicks of different age groups in this part of the breeding range
(Demchenko, 1999).
Most likely, variation of bird numbers in the different colonies and the redistribution of
the species over the local breeding range are connected with this feeding resource. In spite of
increased numbers of cormorants in the Azov region, catches of Gobiidae over the last seven
years became more than 10 times greater (according to annual official data of the Ministry of
Agroindustrial Policy of Ukraine). The Kerch colony does not cause any considerable loss to the
local fishery, because the feeding area of the birds is in natural water bodies, and not in fish-
ponds. However, intensive exploitation of artificial pine forest by the great cormorant is leading
to gradual exhaustion of forest resources.
Acknowledgements
We thank Thomas Bregnballe, an international coordinator of Wetlands International
Cormorant Research Group who inspired us to take part in Pan-European Cormorant Census
2006 and permitted to use some of their unpublished count data. We especially thank I.Rusev,
A.Rudenko, T.Ardamatskaya, N.Tarina, Z.Petrovich, M.Beskaravayny, V.Busel, V.Popenko who
have helped with counts in Ukraine and whose material were used for this paper. We thank
V.Siokhin for providing transport support (rubber boat to count island colonies at the Sivash in
May 2006).
Dr.J.Chernichko is acknowledged for valuable suggestions and ideas in preparing the
manuscript.
We are also grateful to Jan van der Winden and Nicola Baccetti for constructive com-
ments and stylistic amendments. Special thanks to O.Oreshkova for a great help with the trans-
lation and encouragement.
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The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant in Europe
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-14730 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1994-1722 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:22:23Z |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kirikova, T. Gregersen, J. Grinchenko, A. 2010-12-27T18:22:13Z 2010-12-27T18:22:13Z 2007 The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe / T. Kirikova, J. Gregersen, A. Grinchenko // Бранта: Сборник научных трудов Азово-Черноморской орнитологической станции. — 2007. — Вип. 10. — С. 175-182. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. 1994-1722 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/14730 598.43:591.521 (477.9) В данной статье представлена информация о самой крупной колонии древесного типа большого баклана (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) в Европе (14200 гнездящихся пар), сформировавшейся за последнеедесятилетие в Крыму (на Керченском п-ове). До недавнего времени самой большой вЕвропе гнездовой колонией Ph.c.sinensis древесного типа была колония Конты Рыбацкие(Северная Польша), насчитывавшая около 11 637 пар (Buczma et al., 2007). По мнению авторов, возникновение и развитие рассматриваемой колонии является примером экологической пластичности вида в условиях трансформации окружающей среды и деятельности человека. We thank Thomas Bregnballe, an international coordinator of Wetlands International Cormorant Research Group who inspired us to take part in Pan-European Cormorant Census 2006 and permitted to use some of their unpublished count data. We especially thank I.Rusev, A.Rudenko, T.Ardamatskaya, N.Tarina, Z.Petrovich, M.Beskaravayny, V.Busel, V.Popenko who have helped with counts in Ukraine and whose material were used for this paper. We thank V.Siokhin for providing transport support (rubber boat to count island colonies at the Sivash in May 2006).
 Dr.J.Chernichko is acknowledged for valuable suggestions and ideas in preparing the manuscript.
 We are also grateful to Jan van der Winden and Nicola Baccetti for constructive comments and stylistic amendments. Special thanks to O.Oreshkova for a great help with the translation and encouragement. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Краткие сообщения The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe О формировании самой крупной колонии большого баклана (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) в Европе Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe Kirikova, T. Gregersen, J. Grinchenko, A. Краткие сообщения |
| title | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe |
| title_alt | О формировании самой крупной колонии большого баклана (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) в Европе |
| title_full | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe |
| title_fullStr | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe |
| title_full_unstemmed | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe |
| title_short | The development of the largest colony of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Europe |
| title_sort | development of the largest colony of the great cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in europe |
| topic | Краткие сообщения |
| topic_facet | Краткие сообщения |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/14730 |
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