Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice
The purpose of this study was to assess tactile learning in the early phase of experimental
 autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous
 injections on flank of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG35-55 (250 µg per mouse).
 Tactil...
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| Date: | 2013 |
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України
2013
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| Cite this: | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice / F. Ayoobi, I. Fatemi, A. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 345-350. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860224871955431424 |
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| author | Ayoobi, F. Fatemi, I. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh, A. |
| author_facet | Ayoobi, F. Fatemi, I. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh, A. |
| citation_txt | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice / F. Ayoobi, I. Fatemi, A. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 345-350. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The purpose of this study was to assess tactile learning in the early phase of experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous
injections on flank of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG35-55 (250 µg per mouse).
Tactile learning was assessed one week after EAE induction using the novel object recognition
test (NORT) in a dark room. The procedure consisted of two phases. During the training
phase (T1), the animals explored two similar objects; within the test phase (T2, occurring
4 h later) the mice explored one novel and one familiar object. On average, mice developed
significant behavioral disabilities related to EAE 13.2 ± 1.9 days following immunization. In
the EAE group, the locomotor activity level (assessed by measuring the distance travelled)
in the T1 and T2 phases did not differ significantly, as compared to the related phases in
the control group (P > 0.05). Within phase T1, no reliable differences were found for the
frequency (number) of visits to the sample objects and for total exploration time between
experimental groups. For phase T2, no difference was also found in the discrimination ratio
when comparing the control group with the EAE group. Our study demonstrates that tactile
learning in male mice may not be affected 7 days after immunization with MOG35-55 (i.e.,
within the early EAE phase).
Розвиток експериментального аутоімунного енцефаломієліту (ЕАЕ) викликали у мишей за допомогою ін’єкцій
мієлінового олігодендроцитарного глікопротеїну (MOG35-
55, 250 мкг на мишу). Здатність до тактильного навчання
оцінювали через один тиждень після індукції ЕАЕ,
використовуючи тест впізнавання нового об’єкта (NORT) у
темному приміщенні. Процедура тестування складалася з
двох фаз; протягом першої з них (T1) тварини обстежували
два однакових об’єкта, а в перебігу другої фази (T2) миші
обстежували один новий і один раніше обстежений об’єкти.
Істотні поведінкові розлади, зумовлені ЕАЕ, розвивались у
мишей в середньому через 13.2 ± 1.9 доби після імунізації.
У групі ЕAЕ рівень локомоторної активності (оцінюваний за
відстанню, котру тварини проходили в період обстеження)
в межах фаз T1 та T2 не відрізнявся істотно від такого в
контрольній групі (P > 0.05). У фазі T1 не спостерігалося
істотних міжгрупових різниць частоти (кількості) відвідань
тест-об’єктів та загального часу, який було витрачено на
ознайомлення з ними. У межах фази T2 не виявлялося також
достовірних різниць величин коефіцієнта дискримінації в
контрольній та ЕAЕ-групах. Отже, наші тести показали, що,
видимо, тактильне навчання мишей-самцівне піддається
істотним змінам через сім діб після імунізації MOG35-55
(тобто в межах ранньої фази ЕAЕ).
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:19:51Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 4 345
UDC 616.831:612.88
F. AYOOBI1, I. FATEMI2, A. ROOHBAKHSH3, and A. SHAMSIZADEH1
TACTILE LEARNING WITHIN THE EARLY PHASE OF EXPERIMENTAL
AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN MICE
Received December 28, 2012.
The purpose of this study was to assess tactile learning in the early phase of experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous
injections on flank of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG35-55 (250 µg per mouse).
Tactile learning was assessed one week after EAE induction using the novel object recognition
test (NORT) in a dark room. The procedure consisted of two phases. During the training
phase (T1), the animals explored two similar objects; within the test phase (T2, occurring
4 h later) the mice explored one novel and one familiar object. On average, mice developed
significant behavioral disabilities related to EAE 13.2 ± 1.9 days following immunization. In
the EAE group, the locomotor activity level (assessed by measuring the distance travelled)
in the T1 and T2 phases did not differ significantly, as compared to the related phases in
the control group (P > 0.05). Within phase T1, no reliable differences were found for the
frequency (number) of visits to the sample objects and for total exploration time between
experimental groups. For phase T2, no difference was also found in the discrimination ratio
when comparing the control group with the EAE group. Our study demonstrates that tactile
learning in male mice may not be affected 7 days after immunization with MOG35-55 (i.e.,
within the early EAE phase).
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, behavior,
tactile learning.
1 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of
Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
2 Department of pharmacology, School of medicine, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Correspondence should be addressed to A. Shamsizadeh
(e-mail: ashamsi@rums.ac.ir or alishamsy@gmail.com).
INTRODUCTION
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive
neurodegenerative disease of the CNS characterized
by widespread lesions in the myelin sheaths of the
fibers and damage to the gray matter [1]. There is
a great diversity of motor, somatosensory, visual,
coordination, and cognitive symptoms and signs in
MS patients [2]. The attention of researches has only
recently been focused on cognitive consequences in
this disease. A loss of learning and memory abilities
is the most common cognitive symptom evident in
40-65% of patients suffering from MS [3]. Certain types
of memory are more intensely affected in this disease.
For example, it was reported that deficits in executive
functions in MS patients occurs less frequently than
memory or processing speed disabilities [4].
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelit is
(EAE) is one of the most used models for studying the
etiopathogenesis of MS [5]. Despite being traditionally
concentrated on motor dysfunction, some papers have
recently reported that there are behavioral changes
in EAE. According to Pollak et al. [6, 7], low social
interaction and low sucrose consumption were induced
in EAE mice when compared to the controls. On the
other hand, there are reports demonstrating that spatial
learning and recall (e.g., in the Morris water maze
spatial memory test) were not impaired following
induction of EAE in C57Bl/6 mice [8].
In our study, we investigated tactile learning in a
model of EAE induced in C57BL/6 mice.
METHODS
Animals. The animals were purchased from the
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Mice were
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 4346
F. AYOOBI, I. FATEMI, A. ROOHBAKHSH, and A. SHAMSIZADEH
housed in groups (two to four per cage) and maintained
at a 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on 07:00 to 19:00)
with free access to food and water. The animal housing
temperature was maintained at 23 ± 2.0°C. During the
experiments, all animals were weighed every day.
Reagents. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
(MOG, Alexis Company, USA) along with complete
Ferund’s adjuvant (CFA), Cresyl Fast Blue, pertussis
toxin, Luxol Fast Blue, and lithium carbonate (Sigma-
Aldrich, USA) were used in our experiments.
Experimental Groups. Mice were randomly divided
into three experimental groups with seven mice in each
group as follows: (i) control, with no interventions,
(ii) sham group, in which animals received CFA and
pertussis toxin without MOG, and (iii) EAE group,
where EAE was induced using MOG35-55, CFA, and
pertussis toxin.
Induction of EAE in Mice. EAE was induced using
a peptide, MOG35-55 (Alexis, USA), corresponding
to the sequence of rodent MOG. Experimental mice
received a subcutaneous injection on flank of 250 µg
MOG35-55 per mouse emulsified in CFA containing
0.4 mg Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Animals
also received pertussis toxin (500 ng per mouse)
immediately after immunization and 48 h later [10].
In the sham-treated group, animals received CFA and
pertussis toxin but did not receive MOG. Mice were
monitored daily for weight loss and neurological signs
of EAE. The severity of the disease among EAE mice
was scored based on the method reported by Onuki et
al. [9, 10]: grade 0, no signs of disease; grade 1, partial
loss of tail tonicity; grade 2, loss of tail tonicity along
with tail righting disabilities; grade 3, unsteady gait
and mild paralysis of one hindlimb; grade 4, hindlimb
paralysis and incontinence; grade 5, quadriplegia, and
grade 6, the animal was died.
Object Recognition Task. The object recognition
task assesses recognition memory and is based on a
natural tendency of animals to preferentially explore
novel objects, as opposed to familiar objects [11].
The experimental apparatus was a Plexiglas box
(35×35×35 cm) with a black plastic floor placed in
a dimly illuminated room [12]. The objects to be
discriminated were square and triangular iron blocks.
The behavior of the mice was recorded by a camera
positioned directly above the box and subsequently
analyzed using Ethovison software (Noldus,
Netherlands).
The object recognition task was done in three
phases (habituation, training, and test phases) with a
24-h-long interval between the habituation and training
phases and 4-h-long interval between the training and
test phases. During the habituation phase, the mice
were allowed to freely explore the box in the absence
of objects for 30 min. In the training phase (T1),
each mouse was placed in the box with one object
and was allowed to explore for 10 min. To prevent
side preference affecting the results, the position and
shape of the object were changed after each animal
was tested. All mice were placed in the box at the
same point, and they were facing the same direction.
Within the test phase (T2), each mouse was returned to
the box where it was presented with a familiar object
from the training trial (the position of this object was
consistent between both training and test phases) and
a novel object. Exploration time in phase T2 was 10
min (similar to that in T1). Care was taken to avoid
olfactory stimuli by cleaning the box and objects with
70% ethanol between tests [13]. The time spent (sec)
for exploring the objects was recorded. Exploration
was defined as pointing the nose to the object at a
distance ≤2 cm. Climbing and/or sitting on an object
were not considered as exploration. Within phase
T2, the discrimination ratio was calculated as (total
time spent in exploring both objects divided by the
time spent exploring novel objects only) ⋅ 100 (%).
Mice showing a total exploration time <10 sec on
either training or testing phases were excluded [13].
Statistical Analysis. Statistical analysis was
performed using Excel and SPSS softwares. All data
are expressed as means ± s.e.m. Differences between
the groups were determined using ANOVA followed
by the Tukey post-hoc test. The paired t-test was also
used to compare activity levels between the trial and
test phases. For comparison of behavioral scores in the
EAE group, we used repeated measurement ANOVA
(RMA); P values smaller than 0.05 were considered
statistically significant.
RESULTS
Behavioral Scores. In the EAE group, the first
statistically significant behavioral scores of EAE
became apparent, on averaged, 13.2 ± 1.9 days after
immunization. In this group, the behavioral scores
increased to a peak level of 3.4 ± 0.8 (17 days
following immunization; RMA, P = 0.049). In the
sham-treated group, we observed no behavioral scores
of EAE throughout the period of study (Fig. 1).
Body mass changes. The mean body mass of mice
in the EAE group on the 21st day was significantly
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 4 347
TACTILE LEARNING WITHIN THE EARLY PHASE OF EAE
1
0
20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
days
days
g
1,2
1,2
3
3
2
3
4
5
F i g. 1. Means of behavioral scores of mice in different groups.
Abscissa) Days after immunization; ordinate) points. 1 and 2)
Scores for the control and sham groups; 3) those for the EAE group.
Р и с. 1. Середні величини поведінкових оцінок (бали) у мишей
різних груп.
10
35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
15
20
25
30
*
F i g. 2. Mean body mass (g) of mice in different groups within
the observation period. Designation of the groups is the same as in
Fig. 1. Significant difference between day 1 and day 21 in the EAE
group (P = 0.003) is shown by asterisk.
Р и с. 2. Середня маса тіла (г) мишей різних груп у межах
спостережуваного періоду.
TABLE 1. Frequencies and Times of Visits with Respect to Novel or Familiar Objects within Phases T1 and T2 in Three
Experimental Groups
Частота та тривалість обстеження нових та раніше досліджених об’єктів у межах фаз Т1 та Т2 у мишей трьох
експериментальних груп
Measured index
Groups
control sham EAE
Trial phase (T1)
total exploration time, sec 31.83 ±7.1 38.24±9.2 50.74±2.06
number of visits to
both objects within the
observation period
39.28±9.3 36.83±6.7 48.25±3.3
Test phase (T2)
time to visit the familiar
object, sec
21.24±5.2 25.5±5.6 22.32±6.5
time to visit the novel
object, sec
20.07±5.06 29.19±5.4 32.87±5.2
total exploration time, sec 41.32±10.1 54.69±10.0 48.62±12.9
number of visits to the
familiar object
27.85±6.7 31.6±8.2 29.6±8.0
number of visits to the
novel object
29.0±7.9 30.6±4.8 31.0±10.6
Footnotes. Data are expressed as means ± s.e.m. The T2 phase was done 24 h after T1.
lower than their mean mass on the 1st day (P = 0.003).
For the sham and control groups, we did not observe any
body mass loss throughout the study (Fig. 2).
Novel Object Recognition Test: Activity Level.
The activity level was assessed by measuring the
distance travelled during the trial (T1) and test
(T2) phases (Fig. 3). In the control group, the mean
travelled distances in T1 and T2 did not differ
significantly from each other (P = 0.6). In the sham
group, the travelled distances in T1 and T2 were not
significantly dissimilar (P > 0.05). In the EAE group,
the travelled distances in T1 and T2 also did not differ
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 4348
F. AYOOBI, I. FATEMI, A. ROOHBAKHSH, and A. SHAMSIZADEH
Novel Object Recognition Test: Test Phase (T2).
Object exploration times during the test phase (T2) in
experimental groups are shown in Table 1. No reliable
differences were found for the time spent to explore
novel and familiar objects between the experimental
groups (all P > 0.05). The mean of the total exploration
time of both objects (familiar + novel) did not differ
statistically from each other in the control and EAE
groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, no reliable differences
were found for the frequency of visits to the novel
and familiar objects between experimental groups
(all P > 0.05; Table 1).
A comparison of the discrimination ratio (Fig. 4)
between the experimental groups also revealed no
difference (P = 0.3).
DISCUSSION
In our study, we were unable to find clear impairment
of tactile learning (assessed by the novel object
recognition test) in C57BL/6 male mice within the
acute phase of EAE.
Most neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s,
Parkinson’s, lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis,
exert deleterious effects on learning and memory,
and these diseases mainly destroy integrative and
cognitive abilities [14]. Experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most frequently
studied animal model used for elucidation of the
underlying etiopathology of MS; this model has proved
to be effective in the development of therapeutic
strategy. EAE shares many clinical, histopathological,
and immunological features of MS [15]. Nevertheless,
there are some differences between EAE and MS. For
example, in EAE, the CNS area primarily affected is
the spinal cord. However, some recent studies have
detected evidence of inflammation and neuronal
changes in the brain of mice with EAE [16-19].
Because of brain dysfunction, behavioral disturbances
in animals with EAE are to be expected. Thus, recent
studies have been focused on cognitive deficits in EAE
to find the possible mechanisms underlying cognitive
defects.
Recently, Rodrigues et al. [20] checked the indices
of memory and anxiety 9 and 60 days after induction
of EAE with MOG35-55 in C57Bl/6 mice. They
reported no differences in memory and anxiety when
comparing controls and animals with induced EAE. In
addition, Tu et al. [8], reported that spatial learning
and recall (in the Morris water maze spatial memory
3
3
2
1
21
0
T1 T2
1000
2000
3000
4000
cm
F i g. 3. Locomotor activity level in the control, sham-treated, and
EAE (1-3, respectively) groups. The activity levels were measured
according to the distance travelled within 10 min during both
training and test phases (T1 and T2, respectively).
Р и с. 3. Рівень локомоторної активності мишей різних груп
(контрольних, псевдоін’єкованих та з експериментальним
аутоімунним енцефалітом, 1–3 відповідно).
32
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
F i g. 4. Mean values of the discrimination ratio in different experi-
mental groups. Designations are the same as in Fig. 3.
Р и с. 4. Середні величини коефіцієнта дискримінації у мишей
різних експериментальних груп.
significantly from the respective values in the control
group (all P > 0.05). Thus, the levels of locomotor
activity in all three groups demonstrated no significant
differences despite the fact that some dissimilarities
between the mean estimates were noticeable (Fig. 3).
Novel Object Recognition Test: Trial Phase (T1).
The total time spent exploring one object in T1 (Table
1) was not statistically different in the control, sham,
and EAE groups (P > 0.5). Similarly, no reliable
differences were found between experimental groups
for the frequency (number) of visits to sample objects
(P > 0.09; Table 1). Differences between the indices
measured varied somewhat but demonstrated no
systematic trends.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 4 349
TACTILE LEARNING WITHIN THE EARLY PHASE OF EAE
test) were not affected following induction of EAE
in C57Bl/6 mice. Our results also demonstrated that
tactile learning is not considerably impaired 7 days
after induction of EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. Based on
these results, one may conclude that learning and
memory is not affected within the early EAE phase.
In EAE, it is well established that T-cell infiltration
and inflammation are the main cause of CNS
demyelinating lesions and neurodegeneration [16].
Therefore, it appears possible that brain inflammation
should be associated with behavioral changes in
EAE. There are reports demonstrating little sign of
inflammation, T-cell infiltration, or neurodegeneration
in the brain of EAE mice within the early period
(7-10 days after immunization with MOG35-55)
[16, 21]. Conversely, there are some reports showing
noticeable behavioral changes in EAE. Pollak et al.
[6, 7] reported some behavioral sickness in the acute
phase of EAE, including anorexia, decreased preference
for sucrose solution, and reduced social exploration.
It is worth mentioning that the cited authors used a
dissimilar EAE model induced by a proteolipid protein
in SJL/J mice.
Although most studies on EAE reported that clinical
signs of EAE would start 9-14 days post immunization
[22], there are, however, some communications
reporting that clinical signs of EAE start sooner
than 7-14 days post immunization [23, 24]. Hence,
we tested animals for tactile learning (by the novel
object recognition test, NORT) before the appearance
of EAE clinical signs (day 7 after immunization). As
all behavioral tests depend on motor function, and as
it seems that in EAE the behavioral changes coincide
with the severe phase of the disease (within this phase,
motor function is impaired), this imposes a limit for
evaluating behavioral changes within the acute phase
of EAE. For example, Jones et al. [21] reported
that numbers of crossings in the open field test are
dissimilar in EAE and control animals. However, it
is not possible to conclude whether this outcome is
a result of motor impairment or if it is a behavioral
change. Some investigators used a mild model of
EAE to solve this problem based on reduction of the
amount of pertussis toxin [25]. While this seems a
good strategy to decrease the motor impairment, the
mechanisms that lead to the behavioral changes may
be different.
Thus, the results of our study agree with
observations reported in a few other studies and
demonstrate little behavioral changes within the acute
phase of EAE.
Procedures involving animals and their care were
conducted in accordance with the Guide to the Care and Use
of Experimental Animals (Olfert et al., Canada, 1993 [26]).
Approval from the local Ethics Committee was also obtained.
The authors, F. Ayoobi, I. Fatemi, A. Roohbakhsh, and
A. Shamsizadeh, have no conflict of interests.
The Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and the
Vice Chancellor of Research in the Rafsanjan University of
Medical Sciences supported this study.
Ф. Айюбі1, І. Фатемі1, А. Рухбахш1, А. Шамсизадех1
ТАКТИЛЬНЕ НАВЧАННЯ В РАННІЙ ФАЗІ РОЗВИТКУ
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО АУТОІМУННОГО
ЕНЦЕФАЛОМІЄЛІТУ У МИШЕЙ
1 Дослідницький центр у галузі фізіології та фармакології
Рафсанджанського медичного університету (Іран).
Р е з ю м е
Розвиток експериментального аутоімунного енцефало-
мієліту (ЕАЕ) викликали у мишей за допомогою ін’єкцій
мієлінового олігодендроцитарного глікопротеїну (MOG35-
55, 250 мкг на мишу). Здатність до тактильного навчання
оцінювали через один тиждень після індукції ЕАЕ,
використовуючи тест впізнавання нового об’єкта (NORT) у
темному приміщенні. Процедура тестування складалася з
двох фаз; протягом першої з них (T1) тварини обстежували
два однакових об’єкта, а в перебігу другої фази (T2) миші
обстежували один новий і один раніше обстежений об’єкти.
Істотні поведінкові розлади, зумовлені ЕАЕ, розвивались у
мишей в середньому через 13.2 ± 1.9 доби після імунізації.
У групі ЕAЕ рівень локомоторної активності (оцінюваний за
відстанню, котру тварини проходили в період обстеження)
в межах фаз T1 та T2 не відрізнявся істотно від такого в
контрольній групі (P > 0.05). У фазі T1 не спостерігалося
істотних міжгрупових різниць частоти (кількості) відвідань
тест-об’єктів та загального часу, який було витрачено на
ознайомлення з ними. У межах фази T2 не виявлялося також
достовірних різниць величин коефіцієнта дискримінації в
контрольній та ЕAЕ-групах. Отже, наші тести показали, що,
видимо, тактильне навчання мишей-самцівне піддається
істотним змінам через сім діб після імунізації MOG35-55
(тобто в межах ранньої фази ЕAЕ).
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-148122 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0028-2561 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:19:51Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Ayoobi, F. Fatemi, I. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh, A. 2019-02-17T09:35:04Z 2019-02-17T09:35:04Z 2013 Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice / F. Ayoobi, I. Fatemi, A. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 345-350. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148122 616.831:612.88 The purpose of this study was to assess tactile learning in the early phase of experimental
 autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous
 injections on flank of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG35-55 (250 µg per mouse).
 Tactile learning was assessed one week after EAE induction using the novel object recognition
 test (NORT) in a dark room. The procedure consisted of two phases. During the training
 phase (T1), the animals explored two similar objects; within the test phase (T2, occurring
 4 h later) the mice explored one novel and one familiar object. On average, mice developed
 significant behavioral disabilities related to EAE 13.2 ± 1.9 days following immunization. In
 the EAE group, the locomotor activity level (assessed by measuring the distance travelled)
 in the T1 and T2 phases did not differ significantly, as compared to the related phases in
 the control group (P > 0.05). Within phase T1, no reliable differences were found for the
 frequency (number) of visits to the sample objects and for total exploration time between
 experimental groups. For phase T2, no difference was also found in the discrimination ratio
 when comparing the control group with the EAE group. Our study demonstrates that tactile
 learning in male mice may not be affected 7 days after immunization with MOG35-55 (i.e.,
 within the early EAE phase). Розвиток експериментального аутоімунного енцефаломієліту (ЕАЕ) викликали у мишей за допомогою ін’єкцій
 мієлінового олігодендроцитарного глікопротеїну (MOG35-
 55, 250 мкг на мишу). Здатність до тактильного навчання
 оцінювали через один тиждень після індукції ЕАЕ,
 використовуючи тест впізнавання нового об’єкта (NORT) у
 темному приміщенні. Процедура тестування складалася з
 двох фаз; протягом першої з них (T1) тварини обстежували
 два однакових об’єкта, а в перебігу другої фази (T2) миші
 обстежували один новий і один раніше обстежений об’єкти.
 Істотні поведінкові розлади, зумовлені ЕАЕ, розвивались у
 мишей в середньому через 13.2 ± 1.9 доби після імунізації.
 У групі ЕAЕ рівень локомоторної активності (оцінюваний за
 відстанню, котру тварини проходили в період обстеження)
 в межах фаз T1 та T2 не відрізнявся істотно від такого в
 контрольній групі (P > 0.05). У фазі T1 не спостерігалося
 істотних міжгрупових різниць частоти (кількості) відвідань
 тест-об’єктів та загального часу, який було витрачено на
 ознайомлення з ними. У межах фази T2 не виявлялося також
 достовірних різниць величин коефіцієнта дискримінації в
 контрольній та ЕAЕ-групах. Отже, наші тести показали, що,
 видимо, тактильне навчання мишей-самцівне піддається
 істотним змінам через сім діб після імунізації MOG35-55
 (тобто в межах ранньої фази ЕAЕ). The Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and the
 Vice Chancellor of Research in the Rafsanjan University of
 Medical Sciences supported this study. en Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України Нейрофизиология Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice Тактильне навчання в ранній фазі розвитку експериментального аутоімунного енцефаломієліту у мишей Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice Ayoobi, F. Fatemi, I. Roohbakhsh, A. Shamsizadeh, A. |
| title | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice |
| title_alt | Тактильне навчання в ранній фазі розвитку експериментального аутоімунного енцефаломієліту у мишей |
| title_full | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice |
| title_fullStr | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice |
| title_short | Tactile Learning Within the Early Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice |
| title_sort | tactile learning within the early phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148122 |
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