Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People
Earlier, we examined positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability of intellectually
 and developmentally disabled people (IDDP). In this study, correlation between cognitive
 performance in the visual matching task and heart rate (HR) was investigated under normal&#...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Нейрофизиология |
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| Дата: | 2014 |
| Автори: | , , , , , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України
2014
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People / H.J. Kim, M.H. Choi, I.H. Lee, S.P. Hong, N.R. You, H.S. Kim, D.W. Lim, S.C. Chung // Нейрофизиология. — 2014. — Т. 46, № 2. — С. 183-186. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860255282967347200 |
|---|---|
| author | Kim, H.J. Choi, M.H. Lee, I.H. Hong, S.P. You, N.R. Kim, H.S. Lim, D.W. Chung, S.C |
| author_facet | Kim, H.J. Choi, M.H. Lee, I.H. Hong, S.P. You, N.R. Kim, H.S. Lim, D.W. Chung, S.C |
| citation_txt | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People / H.J. Kim, M.H. Choi, I.H. Lee, S.P. Hong, N.R. You, H.S. Kim, D.W. Lim, S.C. Chung // Нейрофизиология. — 2014. — Т. 46, № 2. — С. 183-186. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Нейрофизиология |
| description | Earlier, we examined positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability of intellectually
and developmentally disabled people (IDDP). In this study, correlation between cognitive
performance in the visual matching task and heart rate (HR) was investigated under normal
air conditions. Eighteen men (mean age 28.7 ± 5.0 year) and 22 women (mean age 35.5 ± 6.9
year) with an assessed disability level of 2.3 ± 0.6 participated. The experiment consisted of
three phases, a total of 7 min, including the rest (3 min), control (2 min), and visual matching
task 2 min phases. The HR in visual matching task phase increased, compared to those in the
rest and control phases. The cognitive ability in the visual matching task correlated with the
HR values; the response time showed a negative correlation with HR, while the accuracy rate
showed a positive correlation. Thus, adaptive changes in cardiovascular regulation probably
related to cognitive efforts and emotional excitation should be considered a noticeable factor
influencing brain supply with oxygen in IDDP (similarly to healthy people). The result of this
study agrees with the earlier obtained indications that hyperoxic air can positively affect the
cognitive performance in IDDP.
Раніше ми вивчали позитивні впливи повітря, збагаченого
киснем, на когнітивні здатності людей з недостатнім інтелектуальним розвитком (НІР). У нашій роботі ми досліджували кореляцію між показниками когнітивної активності в
тесті візуальної відповідності та частотою серцевих скорочень (ЧСС) у таких суб’єктів в умовах дихання нормальним
повітрям. У тестах брали участь 18 чоловіків (середній вік
28.7 ± 5.0 року) та 22 жінки (35.5 ± 6.9 року) з оцінкою рівня
інтелектуального розвитку 2.3 ± 0.6. Експеримент (загальна
тривалість 7 хв) складався з трьох фаз: стан розслаблення
(3 хв), контроль (2 хв) та тест візуальної відповідності
(2 хв). Величини ЧСС у межах цього тесту порівняно з величинами в умовах розслаблення й контролю зростали. Показники когнітивних здібностей корелювали з величинами
ЧСС; кореляція часу відповіді була негативною, а точності відповіді – позитивною. Отже, адаптивні зміни регуляції
серцево-судинної системи, мабуть, пов’язані з когнітивними
зусиллями та емоційним збудженням, є істотним фактором,
який впливає на постачання мозку киснем у людей із НІР
(як і у здорових людей). Результати нашої роботи узгоджуються з отриманими раніше свідоцтвами про те, що дихання
повітрям, збагаченим киснем, позитивно впливає на когнітивні можливості людей із НІР.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:48:28Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2014.—T. 46, № 2 183
UDC 612.172:159.97
H. J. KIM1, M. H. CHOI1, I. H. LEE1, S. P. HONG1, N. R. YOU1,
H. S. KIM1, D. W. LIM2, and S. C. CHUNG1
COGNITIVE ABILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL IN INTELLECTUALLY
AND DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED PEOPLE
Received April 10, 2013.
Earlier, we examined positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability of intellectually
and developmentally disabled people (IDDP). In this study, correlation between cognitive
performance in the visual matching task and heart rate (HR) was investigated under normal
air conditions. Eighteen men (mean age 28.7 ± 5.0 year) and 22 women (mean age 35.5 ± 6.9
year) with an assessed disability level of 2.3 ± 0.6 participated. The experiment consisted of
three phases, a total of 7 min, including the rest (3 min), control (2 min), and visual matching
task 2 min phases. The HR in visual matching task phase increased, compared to those in the
rest and control phases. The cognitive ability in the visual matching task correlated with the
HR values; the response time showed a negative correlation with HR, while the accuracy rate
showed a positive correlation. Thus, adaptive changes in cardiovascular regulation probably
related to cognitive efforts and emotional excitation should be considered a noticeable factor
influencing brain supply with oxygen in IDDP (similarly to healthy people). The result of this
study agrees with the earlier obtained indications that hyperoxic air can positively affect the
cognitive performance in IDDP.
Keywords: response time, accuracy rate, cognitive ability, heart rate, intellectually and
developmentally disabled people.
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University,
Chungju, South Korea.
2Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Dongguk
University, Seoul, South Korea.
Correspondence should be addressed to S. C. Chung
(e-mail: scchung@kku.ac.kr).
INTRODUCTION
Intellectually and developmentally disabled people
(IDDP) have difficulties in their social and personal
life as a consequence of insufficient or incomplete
intellectual development resulting from permanent
retardation of physical and intellectual growth [1].
One of the most important characteristics of IDDP is a
significant deficiency in the cognitive ability [1].
It has been reported that supply with high oxygen
concentration exerts a positive effect on the cognitive
ability of IDDP [2]. There was a decrease in the
response time of a visual matching task in the presence
of hyperoxic air (92% oxygen) compared with normal
air (21% oxygen). When hyperoxic air was supplied,
blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) increased compared to
that under normal air conditions. Thus, administration
of hyperoxic air is one of possible approaches in
clinical measures related to IDDP.
Many studies were performed using various
verification methods in order to figure out the effect
of supply of hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability
of normal healthy people [3-15]. Hyperoxic air was
found to enhance cognitive performance, including
visuospatial [7, 10], memory [9, 12, 13, 15], verbal
[4], n-back [6], and addition [8] tasks. Hyperoxic
air improved cognitive ability by increasing the
percentage of correct answers [4, 6-9, 12, 13] and/
or decreasing the response time [9, 10, 12-15]. Two
main factors may be responsible for improved brain
supply with effects oxygen; these are increased SpO2
and changes in cardiovascular regulation. A positive
correlation was found between cognitive performance
and absolute values of the heart rate (HR) and/or SpO2
in healthy young adults [4, 8, 9, 11, 13]. Functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showed
that administration of highly concentrated oxygen
increased the amount of neural activation due to the
increase of oxygen supply to the brain area that is
closely related to cognitive processing; due to this,
there was an increase in cognitive ability [3, 5].
The positive effect of hyperoxic air on the cognitive
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2014.—T. 46, № 2184
H. J. KIM, M. H. CHOI, I. H. LEE et al.
performance of the IDDP was reported only in a single
study [2]. Further studies using various verification
methods should be done to exactly examine the effect
of hyperoxic air on patients with cognitive problems
like those in IDDP. From these, scientific evidences
will be secured for clinical applications.
In our study, we tried to obtain a basis explaining
positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive
performance in IDDP. As a stage in such studies, we
investigated correlation between cognitive ability
and HR values under normal air conditions, without
administration of hyperoxic air. If we obtain increasing
cognitive performance together with the increased
HR, this means increasing of oxygen supply by faster
blood circulation. Such a result should help to explain
positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive
performance in IDDP.
METHODS
The participants of these tests were workers who
were diagnosed with intellectual and developmental
disability by a psychiatrist and who worked at
a protective workshop of a community welfare
foundation. Eighteen men (28.7 ± 5.0 years) and 22
women (35.5 ± 6.9 years; means ± s.d.) with an average
assessed disability level of 2.3 ± 0.6 participated.
They had no disease or abnormality in the cardiac and
respiratory systems.
The experiment consisted of three phases for a total
of 7 min, including a rest phase (3 min), a control phase
(2 min), and a visual matching task phase (2 min). The
control phase corresponded to a stabilization period
before starting the visual matching task. In this study,
a visual matching task of a low level of difficulty was
developed as a cognitive task for IDDP. Each item
involved a simple cognitive task in which an identical
figure on the left was selected from four examples.
This task was a self-developed simple visual matching
task similar to the visual matching task for the effect of
administration of highly concentrated oxygen [10] and
based on other tasks for simple visuospatial cognition
studies [3, 7, 16-18]. During the visual matching task,
12 items were presented at 10-sec-long intervals. The
visual matching tasks were presented using E-prime
(Psychology Software Tools Inc., USA). Items were
presented on a monitor, and the subjects were asked
to press the response button as quickly as possible
via a keyboard to correctly identify the number of the
item presented on the monitor. The response time and
accuracy rate (number of correct answers/total number
of problems ∙ 100%) in the visual matching test were
calculated.
The HR was measured in min–1 during all test phases
using an 8600 series pulse oximeter (NONIN Medical,
USA) on the participant’s left index finger, and the
mean HR value for each participant was calculated
within each phase. The repeated-measures ANOVA
(PASW ver. 18.0) was used for the phases (rest,
control, and visual matching task) as independent
variables to verify significant differences in the HR
according to the phase. To investigate the correlation
between cognitive performance and HR, Pearson
correlations (PASW, ver. 18.0) were calculated to
determine the relationship between the response time,
accuracy rate of the visual matching task, and the HR
value in the visual matching task phase.
RESULTS
The mean response time and accuracy rate were 3050.4 ±
± 1057.5 msec and 89.2 ± 13.6%, respectively. Figure 1
shows HR the means in each phase (rest phase, 76.6 ±
± 11.7, control phase, 76.0 ± 12.0, and visual matching
task phase, 78.4 ± 13.1 min–1. There was a significant
difference in the HR among the three phases (P = 0.001).
As is shown in Fig. 1, the Bonferroni a posteriori tests
revealed that the HR in the visual matching task phase
increased significantly (P < 0.05), compared to those in
the control and rest phases. As is shown in Fig. 2, the
cognitive ability comparatively strongly correlated with
the magnitude of the HR. The response time showed a
negative correlation with the HR (r = –0.456, R
2 = 0.208,
P = 0.003), and the accuracy rate showed a significant
95
85
80
75
rest control visual matching
*
*
min–1
90
task phases
F i g. 1. Diagram of the mean values of the heart rate within three
phases of the experiments. Means ± s.d. are shown. Asterisks show
cases of significant intergroup differences with P < 0.05.
Р и с. 1. Діаграма середніх значень частоти серцевих скорочень
у межах трьох фаз експерименту.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2014.—T. 46, № 2 185
COGNITIVE ABILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL
positive correlation with the HR (r = 0.370, R
2 = 0.137,
P = 0.019).
DISCUSSION
The HR in the IDDP noticeably increased in the visual
matching task phase, compared to the rest and control
phases. There was a significant correlation between
cognitive ability and the HR values in the visual
matching task phase in IDDP. The response time and
accuracy rate demonstrated significant negative and
positive correlations with the HR, respectively.
Many studies reported that the HR during the
cognitive processing phases increases, compared
to that during the rest phase [4, 6, 8, 9]. In addition,
our study revealed that the HR increased in the visual
matching task phase, compared to the rest and control
phases. It is well understood that an increase in energy
(e.g., glucose) supply leads to upgrade in the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) production within intervals of high
requires. Increased production of ATP may enable
improvements to be made in information processing
during the performance of cognitive tasks. In order to
metabolize the “fuel,” the brain needs more oxygen
[13]. Therefore, requires for oxygen increase during
the cognitive processing period, and this induces
an increase in the HR [4, 6, 8, 9]. Thus, an adaptive
change in cardiovascular regulation probably related to
cognitive efforts and emotional excitation plays a role
of the independent factor in increase in the oxygen brain
supply during the performance of the cognitive task.
Previous studies showed that as the HR value
during the task phase increased, the cognitive ability
increased in healthy young adults [9, 13]. Our study
also showed that there was a significant correlation
between cognitive ability and the HR within the task
phase not only in healthy people but also in IDDP.
This means that the increasing HR intensified supply
of oxygen by faster circulation of blood during the
performance of a cognitive task, and this induced
the improvement of cognitive ability in IDDP. The
results of this study are in agreement with the data
of our previous work [2] that the supply of hyperoxic
air can positively affect the cognitive ability of IDDP
via influencing the main parameters of autonomic
regulation of the cardiovascular system.
The results of this and previous studies [2] may
provide objective evidence that can be used for
treating patients with cognitive problems that are
obvious in IDDP.
Further studies are needed to be performed to
examine the correlation between SpO2 and cognitive
ability under normal air conditions, which may help
to explain the effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive
performance change in the IDDP. This study would
be further developed by examining the effect of
hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability of IDDP using
a brain analysis based on fMRI. From these studies,
we could obtain improved scientific evidence toward
clinical applications.
1000
60 80 100 120
50
60 80 100 120
60
70
80
90
100
min–1
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
msec A
min–1
%
B
F i g. 2. Correlations between the response time (A, ordinate, msec)
and accuracy rate (B, %) of the visual matching task and the heart
rate values (A, B, abscissa, min–1) within the task phase.
Р и с. 2. Кореляція часу відповіді (A, мс) і рівня точності
відповідей (В, %) у тесті візуального збігу зі значеннями
частоти серцевих скорочень (А, В, хв–1).
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2014.—T. 46, № 2186
H. J. KIM, M. H. CHOI, I. H. LEE et al.
Acknowledgment. This work was supported by the Konkuk
University (South Korea).
The overall procedures and purposes of the experiments
were explained to all subjects and their guardians, and their
guardians’ consent was obtained. All experiments were
performed under the internationally accepted regulations and
with the approval of the Institutional Review Committee.
The authors, H. J. Kim, M. H. Choi, I. H. Lee, S. P. Hong,
N. R. You, H. S. Kim, D. W. Lim, and S. C. Chung, confirm that
they have no conflict of interests.
Х. Д. Кім1, M. Х. Чой1, І. Х. Лі1, С. П. Хонг1, Р. К. Йоу1,
Х. С. Кім1, Д. В. Лім2, С. Ч. Чунг1
КОГНІТИВНІ ЗДІБНОСТІ ТА РЕГУЛЯЦІЯ СЕРЦЕВО-
СУДИННОЇ СИСТЕМИ У ЛЮДЕЙ З НЕДОСТАТНІМ
ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИМ РОЗВИТКОМ
1Дослідницький інститут біомедичного інженерінгу, Ко-
ледж біомедицини та наук про здоров’я при Університеті
Конкук, Чунгджу (Південна Корея).
2 Університет Донггик, Сеул (Південна Корея).
Р е з ю м е
Раніше ми вивчали позитивні впливи повітря, збагаченого
киснем, на когнітивні здатності людей з недостатнім інте-
лектуальним розвитком (НІР). У нашій роботі ми досліджу-
вали кореляцію між показниками когнітивної активності в
тесті візуальної відповідності та частотою серцевих скоро-
чень (ЧСС) у таких суб’єктів в умовах дихання нормальним
повітрям. У тестах брали участь 18 чоловіків (середній вік
28.7 ± 5.0 року) та 22 жінки (35.5 ± 6.9 року) з оцінкою рівня
інтелектуального розвитку 2.3 ± 0.6. Експеримент (загальна
тривалість 7 хв) складався з трьох фаз: стан розслаблення
(3 хв), контроль (2 хв) та тест візуальної відповідності
(2 хв). Величини ЧСС у межах цього тесту порівняно з ве-
личинами в умовах розслаблення й контролю зростали. По-
казники когнітивних здібностей корелювали з величинами
ЧСС; кореляція часу відповіді була негативною, а точно-
сті відповіді – позитивною. Отже, адаптивні зміни регуляції
серцево-судинної системи, мабуть, пов’язані з когнітивними
зусиллями та емоційним збудженням, є істотним фактором,
який впливає на постачання мозку киснем у людей із НІР
(як і у здорових людей). Результати нашої роботи узгоджу-
ються з отриманими раніше свідоцтвами про те, що дихання
повітрям, збагаченим киснем, позитивно впливає на когні-
тивні можливості людей із НІР.
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-148262 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0028-2561 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:48:28Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kim, H.J. Choi, M.H. Lee, I.H. Hong, S.P. You, N.R. Kim, H.S. Lim, D.W. Chung, S.C 2019-02-17T19:23:43Z 2019-02-17T19:23:43Z 2014 Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People / H.J. Kim, M.H. Choi, I.H. Lee, S.P. Hong, N.R. You, H.S. Kim, D.W. Lim, S.C. Chung // Нейрофизиология. — 2014. — Т. 46, № 2. — С. 183-186. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148262 612.172:159.97 Earlier, we examined positive effects of hyperoxic air on the cognitive ability of intellectually
 and developmentally disabled people (IDDP). In this study, correlation between cognitive
 performance in the visual matching task and heart rate (HR) was investigated under normal
 air conditions. Eighteen men (mean age 28.7 ± 5.0 year) and 22 women (mean age 35.5 ± 6.9
 year) with an assessed disability level of 2.3 ± 0.6 participated. The experiment consisted of
 three phases, a total of 7 min, including the rest (3 min), control (2 min), and visual matching
 task 2 min phases. The HR in visual matching task phase increased, compared to those in the
 rest and control phases. The cognitive ability in the visual matching task correlated with the
 HR values; the response time showed a negative correlation with HR, while the accuracy rate
 showed a positive correlation. Thus, adaptive changes in cardiovascular regulation probably
 related to cognitive efforts and emotional excitation should be considered a noticeable factor
 influencing brain supply with oxygen in IDDP (similarly to healthy people). The result of this
 study agrees with the earlier obtained indications that hyperoxic air can positively affect the
 cognitive performance in IDDP. Раніше ми вивчали позитивні впливи повітря, збагаченого
 киснем, на когнітивні здатності людей з недостатнім інтелектуальним розвитком (НІР). У нашій роботі ми досліджували кореляцію між показниками когнітивної активності в
 тесті візуальної відповідності та частотою серцевих скорочень (ЧСС) у таких суб’єктів в умовах дихання нормальним
 повітрям. У тестах брали участь 18 чоловіків (середній вік
 28.7 ± 5.0 року) та 22 жінки (35.5 ± 6.9 року) з оцінкою рівня
 інтелектуального розвитку 2.3 ± 0.6. Експеримент (загальна
 тривалість 7 хв) складався з трьох фаз: стан розслаблення
 (3 хв), контроль (2 хв) та тест візуальної відповідності
 (2 хв). Величини ЧСС у межах цього тесту порівняно з величинами в умовах розслаблення й контролю зростали. Показники когнітивних здібностей корелювали з величинами
 ЧСС; кореляція часу відповіді була негативною, а точності відповіді – позитивною. Отже, адаптивні зміни регуляції
 серцево-судинної системи, мабуть, пов’язані з когнітивними
 зусиллями та емоційним збудженням, є істотним фактором,
 який впливає на постачання мозку киснем у людей із НІР
 (як і у здорових людей). Результати нашої роботи узгоджуються з отриманими раніше свідоцтвами про те, що дихання
 повітрям, збагаченим киснем, позитивно впливає на когнітивні можливості людей із НІР. This work was supported by the Konkuk
 University (South Korea). en Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України Нейрофизиология Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People Когнітивні здібності та регуляція серцевосудинної системи у людей з недостатнім інтелектуальним розвитком Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People Kim, H.J. Choi, M.H. Lee, I.H. Hong, S.P. You, N.R. Kim, H.S. Lim, D.W. Chung, S.C |
| title | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People |
| title_alt | Когнітивні здібності та регуляція серцевосудинної системи у людей з недостатнім інтелектуальним розвитком |
| title_full | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People |
| title_short | Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People |
| title_sort | cognitive ability and cardiovascular control in intellectually and developmentally disabled people |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148262 |
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