Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes
The intensity of erosion processes of asymmetric single-component Cu and Ni electrodes of the free burning electric arc at current of 30 A is studied by measurements of a content metals vapour in plasma column. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to determine the radial distributions of plasma...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2018
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| Цитувати: | Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes / A.N. Veklich, M.M. Kleshich, S.O. Fesenko, V.F. Boretskij, L.A. Kryachko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 233-236. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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Veklich, A.N. Kleshich, M.M. Fesenko, S.O. Boretskij, V.F. Kryachko, L.A. 2019-02-18T20:31:33Z 2019-02-18T20:31:33Z 2018 Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes / A.N. Veklich, M.M. Kleshich, S.O. Fesenko, V.F. Boretskij, L.A. Kryachko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 233-236. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148859 The intensity of erosion processes of asymmetric single-component Cu and Ni electrodes of the free burning electric arc at current of 30 A is studied by measurements of a content metals vapour in plasma column. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to determine the radial distributions of plasma temperature and electron density in the middle section of a discharge gap. These experimentally obtained data were used in the calculation of equilibrium plasma composition. So, the evaporation intensity of each electrode material can be estimated in such indirect way. Досліджували інтенсивність ерозійних процесів вільноіснуючої електричної дуги струмом 30 А між асиметричними однокомпонентними Cu- та Ni-електродами. У середньому поперечному перерізі розрядного проміжку за допомогою оптичної емісійної спектроскопії вимірювали радіальні розподіли температури та електронної концентрації, які використовували для розрахунку рівноважного складу плазми. Отже, у такий непрямий спосіб може бути оцінена інтенсивність випаровування електродного матеріалу. Исследовали интенсивность эрозионных процессов свободногорящей электрической дуги силой тока 30 А между асимметричными однокомпонентными Cu- и Ni-электродами. В среднем сечении разрядного промежутка с помощью оптической эмиссионной спектроскопии измеряли радиальные распределения температуры и электронной концентрации, которые были использованы для расчета равновесного состава плазмы. Таким косвенным образом может быть оценена интенсивность испарения электродного материала. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes Плазма дугового розряду між плавкими Cu- та Ni-електродами Плазма дугового разряда между плавящимися Cu- и Ni-электродами Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes |
| spellingShingle |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes Veklich, A.N. Kleshich, M.M. Fesenko, S.O. Boretskij, V.F. Kryachko, L.A. Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| title_short |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes |
| title_full |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes |
| title_fullStr |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes |
| title_sort |
plasma of arc discharge between melting cu- and ni-electrodes |
| author |
Veklich, A.N. Kleshich, M.M. Fesenko, S.O. Boretskij, V.F. Kryachko, L.A. |
| author_facet |
Veklich, A.N. Kleshich, M.M. Fesenko, S.O. Boretskij, V.F. Kryachko, L.A. |
| topic |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| topic_facet |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Плазма дугового розряду між плавкими Cu- та Ni-електродами Плазма дугового разряда между плавящимися Cu- и Ni-электродами |
| description |
The intensity of erosion processes of asymmetric single-component Cu and Ni electrodes of the free burning
electric arc at current of 30 A is studied by measurements of a content metals vapour in plasma column. Optical
emission spectroscopy was used to determine the radial distributions of plasma temperature and electron density in the
middle section of a discharge gap. These experimentally obtained data were used in the calculation of equilibrium
plasma composition. So, the evaporation intensity of each electrode material can be estimated in such indirect way.
Досліджували інтенсивність ерозійних процесів вільноіснуючої електричної дуги струмом 30 А між
асиметричними однокомпонентними Cu- та Ni-електродами. У середньому поперечному перерізі розрядного
проміжку за допомогою оптичної емісійної спектроскопії вимірювали радіальні розподіли температури та
електронної концентрації, які використовували для розрахунку рівноважного складу плазми. Отже, у такий
непрямий спосіб може бути оцінена інтенсивність випаровування електродного матеріалу.
Исследовали интенсивность эрозионных процессов свободногорящей электрической дуги силой тока
30 А между асимметричными однокомпонентными Cu- и Ni-электродами. В среднем сечении разрядного
промежутка с помощью оптической эмиссионной спектроскопии измеряли радиальные распределения
температуры и электронной концентрации, которые были использованы для расчета равновесного состава
плазмы. Таким косвенным образом может быть оценена интенсивность испарения электродного материала.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148859 |
| citation_txt |
Plasma of arc discharge between melting Cu- and Ni-electrodes / A.N. Veklich, M.M. Kleshich, S.O. Fesenko, V.F. Boretskij, L.A. Kryachko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 233-236. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2018, № 6. Series: Plasma Physics (118), p. 223-236. 223
PLASMA OF ARC DISCHARGE BETWEEN MELTING
Cu- AND Ni-ELECTRODES
A.N. Veklich1, M.M. Kleshich1, S.O. Fesenko1, V.F. Boretskij1, L.A. Kryachko2
1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine;
2Institute for Problems in Materials Science NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: van@univ.kiev.ua; m.kleshych-frecs@ukr.net
The intensity of erosion processes of asymmetric single-component Cu and Ni electrodes of the free burning
electric arc at current of 30 A is studied by measurements of a content metals vapour in plasma column. Optical
emission spectroscopy was used to determine the radial distributions of plasma temperature and electron density in the
middle section of a discharge gap. These experimentally obtained data were used in the calculation of equilibrium
plasma composition. So, the evaporation intensity of each electrode material can be estimated in such indirect way.
PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg
INTRODUCTION
The arc discharge occurs during switching of
electrical devices [1]. As the result, the surface of the
contacts can be damaged and the operating time of the
contact pairs will be reduced. Low level of erosion
resistance causes rapid wear of the contacts. This
problem can be solved by optimizing of the contacts
material composition in a manufacturing technology [2].
The study of physical processes in arc discharge plasma
will allow better understanding of the mechanism and
behavior of erosion processes on the contact surface
during of an arc discharge. Furthermore, the overvoltage
in power systems can lead to an emergency shutdown of
their elements. A breakdown of insulation and damage
to the surface of conductors arise during ignition of an
arc discharge [3]. Hence, the power supply system fails
and needs immediate repair. The use of new electrical
materials will increase the lifetime of cables and
improve their performance.
Sometimes, so-called asymmetric electrodes from
different materials can be used in various practical
applications. The behavior of each kind material in
condition of arc discharge did not investigated yet
nowadays. Previously authors tried to study the erosion
intensity of asymmetric one-component Cu and Ni
electrodes in free-burning electric arc at current of
3.5 A. The content of metal vapour in discharge plasma
was determined by optical emission spectroscopy (OES)
[4]. The main aim of this work is similar investigation in
case of asymmetric copper and nickel electrodes in free-
burning arc discharge at current of 30 A.
1. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The peculiarity of experimental set-up and OES is
presented in details in paper [4]. Within the frame of
this work, the electric discharge was realized at arc
current of 30 A. To avoid the metal droplets appearing a
pulsing mode was used: the current pulse up to 30 A
was put on the “duty” weak-current discharge (3.5 A).
The pulse duration was ranged up to 30 ms. The quasi-
steady mode was investigated.
In this work, the polarity of vertically oriented upper
and bottom electrodes of DC arc in different
experiments can be able to reverse in the same manner
as [4]. So, both materials, i.e. Cu and Ni were used as a
cathode or an anode in upper and bottom position.
0 1 2 3
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
T, K
r, mm
Fig. 1. Radial distributions of plasma temperature in
arc discharge between one-component Cu&Ni
electrodes at current 30 A, obtained with using Cu I
(open symbol) and Ni I (filled symbol) spectral lines
(∆,▲,□ – Cu in upper position;○,●,♦,◊ – Ni in upper
position; ∆,▲,♦,◊ – cathode in upper position;
□, ○,● – cathode in bottom position)
0 1 2 3
10
18
10
19
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
N
e
, m
-3
r, mm
Fig. 2. Radial distributions of electron density in
plasma of electric arc discharges between one-
component Cu&Ni electrodes at current 30 A (∆, and ■
– Cu in upper position; ○ and ♦ – Ni in upper position;
open symbol – cathode in upper position; filled symbol
– cathode in bottom position)
mailto:van@univ.kiev.ua
234 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118)
a b
6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
T, K
N
e
, m-3
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
air/Cu/Ni(0/100/0) air/Cu/Ni(0/0/100)
air/Cu/Ni(99/0/1)
air/Cu/Ni(99/1/0)
air/Cu/Ni(100/0/0)
experimental data
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
X
j
, %
r, mm
X
Cu
X
Ni
c d
Fig. 3. Surface image of electrodes: a) Ni (cathode / upper position); b) Cu (anode / bottom position).
The dependence of electron density from temperature; (c) and radial distributions; (d) of copper and nickel vapours
contents in plasma of electric arc discharge at current 30 A
a b
6800 7000 7200 7400 7600
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
T, K
N
e
, m-3
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
air/Cu/Ni(0/100/0)
air/Cu/Ni(0/0/100)
air/Cu/Ni(99/0/1)
air/Cu/Ni(99/1/0)
air/Cu/Ni(100/0/0)
experimental data
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
X
j
, %
r, mm
X
Cu
X
Ni
c d
Fig. 4. Surface image of electrodes: a) Ni (anode / upper position); b) Cu (cathode / bottom position).
The dependence of electron density from temperature; (c) and radial distributions; (d) of copper and nickel vapours
contents in plasma of electric arc discharge at current 30 A
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118) 235
a b
8300 8400 8500 8600
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
T, K
N
e
, m-3
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
air/Cu/Ni(0/100/0)
air/Cu/Ni(0/0/100)
air/Cu/Ni(99/0/1)
air/Cu/Ni(99/1/0)
air/Cu/Ni(100/0/0)
experimental data
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
X
j
, %
r, mm
X
Cu
X
Ni
c d
Fig. 5. Surface image of electrodes: a) Ni (anode / bottom position); b) Cu (cathode / upper position).
The dependence of electron density from temperature; (c) and radial distributions; (d) of copper and nickel vapours
contents in plasma of electric arc discharge at current 30 A
a b
5000 6000 7000 8000
10
19
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
T, K
N
e
, m-3
10
19
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
10
24
air/Cu/Ni(0/100/0)
air/Cu/Ni(0/0/100)
air/Cu/Ni(99/0/1)
air/Cu/Ni(99/1/0)
air/Cu/Ni(100/0/0)
experimental data
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
X
j
, %
r, mm
X
Cu
X
Ni
c d
Fig. 6. Surface image of electrodes: a) Ni (cathode / bottom position); b) Cu (anode / upper position).
The dependence of electron density from temperature; (c) and radial distributions; (d) of copper and nickel vapours
contents in plasma of electric arc discharge at current 30 A
236 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The radial distributions of plasma temperature were
determined in the middle section of the discharge gap.
The technique of Boltzmann plot in the assumption of
local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) was used. Up
to 300 samples of registered radial distributions of
intensities for each copper and nickel spectral lines were
used to measure temperature. All radial distributions of
temperature for both types of voltage polarity and spatial
configuration coincide within the measurement error (see
Fig. 1). At the arc core, the plasma temperature is about
8000 K.
The electron densities were obtained from the half-
width of spectral lines Cu I 515.3 nm in case of
dominating quadratic Stark effect at arc current 30 A
(Fig. 2). The measured radial distributions of
temperature and electron density were used to calculate
the equilibrium plasma composition and, respectively,
metal content in plasma (see Figs. 3-6,d). Moreover,
experimentally obtained data of electron densities and
temperatures can be plotted on the diagram in the
coordinates Ne and T (see Figs. 3-6,c). Additionally, the
curves of electron density in air plasma with different
contents of metal vapours as a function of temperature
can be plotted in these figures as well. As one can see, the
experimental points cross the theoretically calculated
curves for the content of metal in the amount of 1%. So,
these figures are serving as convenient tool in the simple
estimation of metal vapour content in plasma and erosion
properties of electrode material. In addition, the obtained
Ne (T) profiles are within the boundaries of the existence
of LTE in plasma. Finally, one can conclude that the local
thermodynamic equilibrium can be mostly realized in the
thermal plasma of the arc channel in the studied cross
section.
Moreover, the photos of electrodes’ surface were
proceeded for all electrode combinations (see Figs. 3-6,a, b).
The images were registered after processing of the
electrode surface by 30 ms pulse current of 30 A in the
amount of thirty pulses within 1 minute of DC arc
discharge at low current 3.5 A. One can see, arc erosion
mostly damages the surface of that electrode which is
used as a cathode. This conclusion wholly corresponds to
those in work [5]: erosion takes place in long arcs
predominantly at a cathode. A similar result was obtained
earlier for an arc discharge with a current of 3.5 A
between single-component copper and nickel electrodes
[4]. Usually, the erosion crater is formed on the surface of
a cathode, regardless of material of electrodes.
CONCLUSIONS
It was found in the study of plasma of electric arc
between asymmetric one-component Cu and Ni
electrodes at current 30 A by optical emission
spectroscopy, that:
the local thermodynamic equilibrium can be mostly
realized in the thermal plasma of the arc channel in
the studied cross section;
the total content of metals in the plasma varies with
the spatial location of the electrodes;
the most intensive metal erosion takes place from
the electrode that is used as a cathode.
REFERENCES
1. P.G. Slade. Electrical contact. Principles and
applications. New-York: “Taylor and Francis group”,
2014, p. 1257.
2. M. Braunovic, V. Konchits, N. Myshkin.
Fundamentиals of electrical contacts. Part I. New-
York: “Taylor and Francis group”, 2006, p. 659.
3. A.S. Krasko, E.G. Ponomarenko. High voltage
technique (isolation and overvoltage). Minsk: “NTU”.
2012, p. 119.
4. A.N. Veklich, M.M. Kleshich, S.O. Fesenko,
V.F. Boretskij, L.A. Kryachko. Investigation of plasma
of arc discharge between melting Cu - and Ni-electrodes
// Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. Series
“Plasma Physics” (116). 2018, № 4, p. 189-193.
5. I.G. Kesaev. Cathodes processes of electric arc.
Moscow: “Science”, 1968, p. 244.
Article received 15.10.2018
ПЛАЗМА ДУГОВОГО РАЗРЯДА МЕЖДУ ПЛАВЯЩИМИСЯ Cu- И Ni-ЭЛЕКТРОДАМИ
А.Н. Веклич, М.М. Клешич, С.А. Фесенко, В.Ф. Борецкий, Л.А. Крячко
Исследовали интенсивность эрозионных процессов свободногорящей электрической дуги силой тока
30 А между асимметричными однокомпонентными Cu- и Ni-электродами. В среднем сечении разрядного
промежутка с помощью оптической эмиссионной спектроскопии измеряли радиальные распределения
температуры и электронной концентрации, которые были использованы для расчета равновесного состава
плазмы. Таким косвенным образом может быть оценена интенсивность испарения электродного материала.
ПЛАЗМА ДУГОВОГО РОЗРЯДУ МІЖ ПЛАВКИМИ Cu- ТА Ni-ЕЛЕКТРОДАМИ
А.М. Веклич, М.М. Клешич, С.О. Фесенко, В.Ф. Борецький, Л.О. Крячко
Досліджували інтенсивність ерозійних процесів вільноіснуючої електричної дуги струмом 30 А між
асиметричними однокомпонентними Cu- та Ni-електродами. У середньому поперечному перерізі розрядного
проміжку за допомогою оптичної емісійної спектроскопії вимірювали радіальні розподіли температури та
електронної концентрації, які використовували для розрахунку рівноважного складу плазми. Отже, у такий
непрямий спосіб може бути оцінена інтенсивність випаровування електродного матеріалу.
|