W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies
The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator which is located in Greifswald, Germany is an experimental device
 for demonstration of steady-state plasma operation. It was commissioned at the end of 2015 and at the beginning,
 it was operated in the limiter configuration (5 poloidal uncoole...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2018
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| Cite this: | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies / M. Kubkowska, B. Buttenschön, A. Langenberg and the W7-X team // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 312-316. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Kubkowska, M. Buttenschön, B. Langenberg, A. W7-X team |
| author_facet | Kubkowska, M. Buttenschön, B. Langenberg, A. W7-X team |
| citation_txt | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies / M. Kubkowska, B. Buttenschön, A. Langenberg and the W7-X team // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 312-316. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator which is located in Greifswald, Germany is an experimental device
for demonstration of steady-state plasma operation. It was commissioned at the end of 2015 and at the beginning,
it was operated in the limiter configuration (5 poloidal uncooled graphite limiters) while starting from 2017 it has
been equipped with a carbon uncooled divertor. With the launch of the device, new diagnostics have also been
commissioned and tested. Understanding of impurity transport in stellarators is a crucial task in the optimisation
process. At W7-X there are several spectroscopic systems which deliver information about plasma impurities.
One of them is a pulse height analysis system (PHA) which collects soft X-ray spectra in the energy range from
about 300 eV up to 20 keV with 100 ms temporal resolution. There are also X-ray imaging spectrometers XICS
and HR-XIS which are devoted for measurements of spatio-temporal impurity emissivity of highly ionized ions
with high temporal resolution (5 ms). Spectra in the VUV region are measured by the High-Efficiency XUV
Overview Spectrometer (HEXOS).
Стеларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), який розташований в Грайфсвальді, Німеччина, є
експериментальною установкою для демонстрації стаціонарного утримання плазми. Стеларатор було
введено в експлуатацію в кінці 2015 року та спочатку експлуатувався в конфігурації з обмежувачем
(5 полоідальних неохолоджуваних графітових обмежувачів). З 2017 року установка була оснащена
вуглецевим неохолоджуваним дивертором. Із запуском стеларатора були також введені в експлуатацію і
випробувані нові діагностичні системи. Розуміння транспорту домішок y стелараторі є важливим
завданням для оптимізації його роботи. На W7-X є декілька спектроскопічних систем, які надають
інформацію про домішки в плазмі. Одна з них – система аналізу висоти спостережуваного імпульсу
(PHA) – реєструє спектри м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання в діапазоні енергій від близько
300 еВ до 20 кеВ з часовою роздільною здатністю 100 мс. Є також рентгенографічні спектрометри XICS і
HR-XIS, призначені для виміру просторово-часової випромінювальної здатності домішок, геліоподібних
іонів з високою часовою роздільною здатністю (5 мс). Спектри в області VUV вимірюють за допомогою
високоефективного оглядового спектроаналізатора (HEXOS).
Стелларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), который расположен в Грайфсвальде, Германия, является
экспериментальной установкой для демонстрации стационарного удержания плазмы. Стелларатор был
введен в эксплуатацию в конце 2015 года, и вначале эксплуатировался в конфигурации с ограничителем
(5 полоидальных неохлаждаемых графитовых ограничителей). С 2017 года установка оснащена
углеродным неохлаждаемым дивертором. С запуском стелларатора были также введены в эксплуатацию
и испытаны новые диагностические системы. Понимание транспорта примесей в стеллараторе является
важной задачей для оптимизации его работы. На W7-X имеется несколько спектроскопических систем,
которые предоставляют информацию о примесях в плазме. Одна из них – система анализа высоты
наблюдаемого импульса (PHA) – регистрирует спектры мягкого рентгеновского излучения в диапазоне
энергий от около 300 эВ до 20 кэВ с временным разрешением 100 мс. Имеются также
рентгенографические спектрометры XICS и HR-XIS, предназначенные для измерения пространственновременной примесной излучательной способности гелиоподобных ионов с высоким временным
разрешением (5 мс). Спектры в области VUV измеряют с помощью высокоэффективного обзорного
спектроанализатора (HEXOS).
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:53:07Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118)
312 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2018, № 6. Series: Plasma Physics (118), p. 312-316.
W7-X PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS FOR IMPURITY TRANSPORT
STUDIES
M. Kubkowska1, B. Buttenschön2, A. Langenberg2 and the W7-X team
1Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland;
2Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator which is located in Greifswald, Germany is an experimental device
for demonstration of steady-state plasma operation. It was commissioned at the end of 2015 and at the beginning,
it was operated in the limiter configuration (5 poloidal uncooled graphite limiters) while starting from 2017 it has
been equipped with a carbon uncooled divertor. With the launch of the device, new diagnostics have also been
commissioned and tested. Understanding of impurity transport in stellarators is a crucial task in the optimisation
process. At W7-X there are several spectroscopic systems which deliver information about plasma impurities.
One of them is a pulse height analysis system (PHA) which collects soft X-ray spectra in the energy range from
about 300 eV up to 20 keV with 100 ms temporal resolution. There are also X-ray imaging spectrometers XICS
and HR-XIS which are devoted for measurements of spatio-temporal impurity emissivity of highly ionized ions
with high temporal resolution (5 ms). Spectra in the VUV region are measured by the High-Efficiency XUV
Overview Spectrometer (HEXOS).
PACS: 52.25.Vy, 52.25.Xz, 52.55.Hc, 52.25.Fi, 52.70.−m
INTRODUCTION
Wendelstein 7-X is a superconducting modular
stellarator located in Greifswald, Germany, and its main
mission is a demonstration of steady-state plasma
operation which is important in fusion power plant
concept [1-3]. Stellarators in comparison to tokamaks
do not have a toroidal symmetry having impact on
collisional transport. Particles could be trapped in
magnetic mirrors leading to significant neoclassical
losses especially in high temperature regimes. The
impurities radiation has a crucial impact on a power
balance of any fusion reactor. In stellarators where the
Greenwald limit does not apply the radiation losses are
important because they defined the density limit [4-5].
That is the reason why the impurity transport studies are
of great importance in the W7-X programme. In
stellarators the electrons and ions are often in different
collisional regimes [6]. The core radial electric field (Er)
connected with temperature and density profiles has an
impact on plasma conditions. It is expected that for
positive radial electric field, Er > 0, the electron
temperature is much higher than the ion temperature and
plasma is in Core-Electron-Root-Confinement
conditions; while for negative Er (Er < 0) electron and
ion temperatures are almost equal and the plasma is in
Core-Ion-Root-Confinement conditions [7]. Results
obtained during first W7-X experimental campaigns are
still under analysis and discussion but first hints suggest
for turbulent transport in the plasma centre [8].
The main components of the Wendelstein 7-X
stellarator are made of stainless steel (vacuum chamber)
(SS) and carbon (limiter during OP1.1 or divertor
during OP1.2). Thus, the impurities which are expected
to be observed, beyond injected ones, are carbon,
oxygen and high Z-elements like iron, chromium or
nickel originating from the SS wall.
In order to study impurity behaviour (e.g. accumulation)
diagnostics with good:
– energy (wavelength) resolution to distinguish
impurity species and ionization charge stages;
– spatial resolution – to study impurity plasma profiles;
– and temporal resolution – to study impurity
confinement, are needed. Usually, collected signals
correspond to line integrated data, measured along the
line-of-sight of the diagnostics. To obtain the local
emissivity, an inversion process is needed. Moreover,
there are number of diagnostics which results must be
combined to deliver reliable information. To study
impurity transport, also systems for impurity injection
are important. At W7-X there are pellet and tracer
encapsulated solid-state pellets (TESPEL) injectors,
gas-puff and a laser blow-off system [9]. There are also
several diagnostics which are dedicated to monitor the
impurity behaviour in W7-X plasmas. Each diagnostic
observes different energy (wavelength) range. These,
which belong to so-called core plasma diagnostics are
X-ray imaging spectrometers XICS (X-ray Imaging
Crystal Spectrometer) and HR-XIS (High Resolution X-
ray Imaging Spectrometer) [10-11], PHA (Pulse Height
Analysis) system [12-13] and High-Efficiency XUV
Overview Spectrometer (HEXOS) [14]. All of the above
mentioned systems have various energy (wavelength)
range and resolution. There are also two bolometer
camera systems and a soft X-ray tomography system
(XMCTS) which observes a wide angle of view and
covers the complete plasma cross-section [15] but
without energy resolution. These diagnostics are also
dedicated for measurement of radiation asymmetries.
In this paper, the main W7-X core diagnostics will be
presented with some exemplary results obtained from
recent experiments.
1. W7-X PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS FOR
IMPURITY MONITORING
Fig. 1 presents energy ranges observed by the above
described W7-X impurity diagnostics. As evident from
Fig. 1, there is an overlap energy region of PHA and
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118) 313
XICS while in the case of HEXOS and PHA there is
only very small common energy range.
Fig. 1. Energy ranges observed by chosen W7-X
diagnostics
Fig. 2 illustrates the location of individual
diagnostics on the W7-X chamber. Due to a specific
stellarator magnetic field configuration, each system is
related to a different shape of the plasma cross section,
e.g. the HEXOS spectrometer location corresponds to
the triangular plasma shape while the PHA system
corresponds to the ‘bean’ plasma shape.
Fig. 2. Location of chosen diagnostics at W7-X
Given the different plasma cross sections and line of
sight geometries of the individual diagnostics, a
mapping of the actual line of sight positions to the
effective plasma radius is required for a direct
comparison of experimental results obtained from
different diagnostics.
2. PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS SYSTEM
The pulse height analysis system (PHA) is a diagnostic
dedicated for spectra observation in a very broad energy
range [13, 16]. It is divided into 3 channels, each focus
on observation of light (e.g. carbon and oxygen), mid-Z
(e.g. argon) and high-Z impurities (e.g. iron, copper),
respectively. The first two PHA channels are equipped
with Silicon Drift Detectors (SSD) (active volume:
10 mm2×450 m, internal collimator 3.2 mm)
covered by 8 m of Beryllium foil. The application of
additional thicker Be foils (25, 50, 100, 500 or
1000 m) enables to focus measurements on the chosen
energy range. The third PHA channel is equipped also
with a SSD but covered by a thin polymer window for
optimisation of the low energy performance (active
volume: 10 mm2×450 m, internal collimator
3.1 mm). The application of such detectors gives an
energy range of the PHA observation starting from
about 350 eV (3-rd channel) up to 20 keV. Fig. 3
presents the detector response curve for each PHA
channel during the OP1.2b experimental campaign at
W7-X. Through appropriate PHA settings, the energy
resolution is about 150 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV what is
sufficient to separate spectral lines and identify plasma
impurities. A typical temporal resolution of the PHA
system is 100 ms. During this time collected spectra are
of good quality taking into account the statistics.
Fig. 3. Calculated detector response curves for the 1st
(with the application of 1000 m-thick of additional
Be foils) (a), 2nd (with the application of 25m-thick of
additional Be foils) (b) and 3rd (c) PHA channels with
the indication of selected impurity lines
The PHA system has 3 lines-of-sight which are parallel
and observe almost the plasma centre. The size of the
observed plasma volume, defined by the slits which
have changeable widths (piezo-slits), is not larger than
35 mm in the plasma centre for a maximum slit width
equal to 1.2×1.2 mm.
3. HIGH-EFFICIENCY VUV/XUV
OVERVIEW SPECTROMETER
The High Efficiency Extreme Ultraviolet Overview
Spectrometer, HEXOS, is a system for monitoring
plasma impurities in very broad wavelength range [14,
17, 18]. It is divided into 4 sub-spectrometers which
collect spectra in the range between 2.5 and 160 nm.
The spectrometer consists of two vacuum chambers,
each equipped with two dispersive elements –
holographic reflective diffraction gratings. As
detectors, an open Cesium Iodide-coated multichannel-
plate (MCP) with light amplifier and camera head (a
linear photodiode array with 1024 pixels) are used. The
wavelength resolution depends on observation range
314 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118)
and varies from 0.013 to 0.26 nm. The HEXOS
spectrometer has two lines-of-sight through the plasma
core. Its temporal resolution is equal to 1ms what
enables it to measure the evolution of individual
impurity lines on a much faster time scale than the
PHA system.
4. X-RAY IMAGING CRYSTAL
SPECTROMETERS
At W7-X there are two X-ray imaging crystal
spectrometers: XICS (X-ray Imaging Crystal
Spectrometer) and HR-XIS (High Resolution X-ray
Imaging Spectrometer). The first one is used for routine
measurements of electron and ion temperature, and the
radial electric field [19] while the second one is used for
monitoring lines of injected impurities (Ar16+, Si12+,
Fe24+, Ti20+, Ni26+ spectral lines) [11]. Both
spectrometers are equipped with spherical bent crystals
and 2D X-ray detectors (water cooled Pilatus 300kW).
The XICS has two dispersive elements and two
detectors which are dedicated for observation of
Ar16+/Ar17+ and Fe24+/Mo32+ spectral lines, respectively.
The HR-XIS is equipped with 8 crystals mounted on a
rotating holder and only one detector. The choice of the
crystal depends on the experimental conditions. Both X-
ray imaging spectrometers have about 20 lines-of sight
and deliver data with 2 cm of spatial resolution and
5 ms temporal resolution. Based on the XICS spectra it
is possible to deliver time resolved profiles of electron
(Te, from line intensity ratio) and ion (Ti, from Doppler
broadening) temperature, perpendicular flow velocity
(vp, from line shift) and impurity concentration (nz, from
absolute line intensity). The radial electric field, Er, can
be inferred from measurements of the velocity vp.
5. EXEMPLARY RESULTS
All three impurity monitoring systems described in
the paper belong to the W7-X core plasma diagnostics
which have energy and wavelength resolution. The PHA
and HEXOS spectrometers measure spectra in very
broad energy ranges while XICS being an imaging
crystal spectrometer, delivers spectra in very narrow
energy ranges but with higher energy resolution (it
observes resonant line with satellites). The HEXOS
observation wavelength range gives the possibility to
measure simultaneously radiation emitted from various
ionisation stages of various impurity ions. This makes
the spectrometer one of the most important system in
impurity transport studies. Impurity species are
provided by line identification in PHA and HEXOS
spectra while the time evolution is studied by all three
spectrometers but with different temporal resolution. In
HEXOS spectra it is possible to measure Fe lines of
charge states from 6+ up to 23+. Complementary to
these results are PHA and XICS data which deliver
information about He-like ions. The study of impurity
confinement times depending on atomic numbers based
on He-like lines is only possible by these systems and
XICS has much better time resolution in comparison
with the PHA. The VUV spectrometer has also a very
good time resolution to observe impurity behaviour
during the W7-X discharges and determine decay times
of injected impurities. Despite the fact that all these
spectrometers are focused on different energy regions
and have different temporal and spatial resolution, a
direct comparison of measured signals allows for cross
calibration and also for an absolute intensity calibration
of all three diagnostics. Exemplary results obtained by
HR-XIS and PHA are presented in Fig. 4 presenting
time evolution of injected elements in chosen W7-X
discharges [13].
Fig. 4. An example of time traces of Si12+ (a) and Ti20+
(b) lines during the laser blow-off injection. —•—
corresponds to the PHA signal and —•— corresponds
to the HR-XIS signal
The radial electric field profile calculated based on
XICS spectra defines the transport regime (ion or
electron root confinement). Impurity confinement times
obtained from a combination of measurements with
simulations deliver information about transport
coefficients like diffusive D and convective v
parameters [8].
CONCLUSIONS
Summarising, the study of impurity transport is
possible thanks to appropriate spectroscopic diagnostic
systems which deliver spectra in broad energy range and
with good temporal resolution. Additionally, diagnostics
with spatial resolution are needed to deliver profiles of
main plasma parameters (electron temperature, Te,
electron density, ne, ion temperature, Ti). Table presents
a summary of here described diagnostics together with
their applications. It is also worth to add, that
information about the impurity content in the plasma
and its accumulation is also important from the safety
point of view of the device.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118) 315
A comparison of the described in this paper W7-X core
plasma diagnostic systems
HEXOS XICS/HR-XIS PHA
Wavelength
/energy
range
(2.5...160) nm
(8...496) eV
(1.8...6.7)keV
(0.18...69 )nm
dependant on
crystal choice
(0.06...3.5) nm
(0.35...20) keV
Wavelength
/energy
resolution
(0.013...0.26) nm 0.0001… 4 Å (140...200) eV
Time
resolution
1 ms 5 ms (60...100) ms
Spatial
resolution
two lines of
sight through
the plasma
center
(observed
about 10 cm of
plasma in the
core
(depending on
pinhole size))
about 20 lines
of sight 2 cm
(deliver
profiles)
one line of
sight through
the plasma
center
(observed
about 3 cm of
plasma in the
core
(depending on
pinhole size))
Delivered
information
Impurities
identificati-
on impurity
decay time
nz if
calibration
is performed
Te,Ti, vp, nz, Er
impurity decay
time
Impurities
identification
nz Te – average
along line of
sight impurity
decay time
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been carried out within the framework
of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received
funding from the Euratom research and training
programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement
№ 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do
not necessarily reflect those of the European
Commission.
This scientific work was partly supported by Polish
Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the
framework of the scientific financial resources in the
years 2014-2018 allocated for the realization of the
international co-financed project.
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Article received 12.10.2018
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2018. №6(118) 316
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПЛАЗМЫ НА СТЕЛЛАРАТОРЕ W7-X
ДЛЯ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПРИМЕСЕЙ В ПЛАЗМЕ
M. Kubkowska, B. Buttenschön, A. Langenberg and the W7-X team
Стелларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), который расположен в Грайфсвальде, Германия, является
экспериментальной установкой для демонстрации стационарного удержания плазмы. Стелларатор был
введен в эксплуатацию в конце 2015 года, и вначале эксплуатировался в конфигурации с ограничителем
(5 полоидальных неохлаждаемых графитовых ограничителей). С 2017 года установка оснащена
углеродным неохлаждаемым дивертором. С запуском стелларатора были также введены в эксплуатацию
и испытаны новые диагностические системы. Понимание транспорта примесей в стеллараторе является
важной задачей для оптимизации его работы. На W7-X имеется несколько спектроскопических систем,
которые предоставляют информацию о примесях в плазме. Одна из них – система анализа высоты
наблюдаемого импульса (PHA) – регистрирует спектры мягкого рентгеновского излучения в диапазоне
энергий от около 300 эВ до 20 кэВ с временным разрешением 100 мс. Имеются также
рентгенографические спектрометры XICS и HR-XIS, предназначенные для измерения пространственно-
временной примесной излучательной способности гелиоподобных ионов с высоким временным
разрешением (5 мс). Спектры в области VUV измеряют с помощью высокоэффективного обзорного
спектроанализатора (HEXOS).
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА СИСТЕМА ДІАГНОСТИКИ ПЛАЗМИ НА СТЕЛАРАТОРІ W7-X
ДЛЯ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ДОМІШОК У ПЛАЗМІ
M. Kubkowska, B. Buttenschön, A. Langenberg and the W7-X team
Стеларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), який розташований в Грайфсвальді, Німеччина, є
експериментальною установкою для демонстрації стаціонарного утримання плазми. Стеларатор було
введено в експлуатацію в кінці 2015 року та спочатку експлуатувався в конфігурації з обмежувачем
(5 полоідальних неохолоджуваних графітових обмежувачів). З 2017 року установка була оснащена
вуглецевим неохолоджуваним дивертором. Із запуском стеларатора були також введені в експлуатацію і
випробувані нові діагностичні системи. Розуміння транспорту домішок y стелараторі є важливим
завданням для оптимізації його роботи. На W7-X є декілька спектроскопічних систем, які надають
інформацію про домішки в плазмі. Одна з них – система аналізу висоти спостережуваного імпульсу
(PHA) – реєструє спектри м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання в діапазоні енергій від близько
300 еВ до 20 кеВ з часовою роздільною здатністю 100 мс. Є також рентгенографічні спектрометри XICS і
HR-XIS, призначені для виміру просторово-часової випромінювальної здатності домішок, геліоподібних
іонів з високою часовою роздільною здатністю (5 мс). Спектри в області VUV вимірюють за допомогою
високоефективного оглядового спектроаналізатора (HEXOS).
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-149074 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:53:07Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kubkowska, M. Buttenschön, B. Langenberg, A. W7-X team 2019-02-19T15:29:02Z 2019-02-19T15:29:02Z 2018 W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies / M. Kubkowska, B. Buttenschön, A. Langenberg and the W7-X team // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 6. — С. 312-316. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.25.Vy, 52.25.Xz, 52.55.Hc, 52.25.Fi, 52.70.−m https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/149074 The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator which is located in Greifswald, Germany is an experimental device
 for demonstration of steady-state plasma operation. It was commissioned at the end of 2015 and at the beginning,
 it was operated in the limiter configuration (5 poloidal uncooled graphite limiters) while starting from 2017 it has
 been equipped with a carbon uncooled divertor. With the launch of the device, new diagnostics have also been
 commissioned and tested. Understanding of impurity transport in stellarators is a crucial task in the optimisation
 process. At W7-X there are several spectroscopic systems which deliver information about plasma impurities.
 One of them is a pulse height analysis system (PHA) which collects soft X-ray spectra in the energy range from
 about 300 eV up to 20 keV with 100 ms temporal resolution. There are also X-ray imaging spectrometers XICS
 and HR-XIS which are devoted for measurements of spatio-temporal impurity emissivity of highly ionized ions
 with high temporal resolution (5 ms). Spectra in the VUV region are measured by the High-Efficiency XUV
 Overview Spectrometer (HEXOS). Стеларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), який розташований в Грайфсвальді, Німеччина, є
 експериментальною установкою для демонстрації стаціонарного утримання плазми. Стеларатор було
 введено в експлуатацію в кінці 2015 року та спочатку експлуатувався в конфігурації з обмежувачем
 (5 полоідальних неохолоджуваних графітових обмежувачів). З 2017 року установка була оснащена
 вуглецевим неохолоджуваним дивертором. Із запуском стеларатора були також введені в експлуатацію і
 випробувані нові діагностичні системи. Розуміння транспорту домішок y стелараторі є важливим
 завданням для оптимізації його роботи. На W7-X є декілька спектроскопічних систем, які надають
 інформацію про домішки в плазмі. Одна з них – система аналізу висоти спостережуваного імпульсу
 (PHA) – реєструє спектри м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання в діапазоні енергій від близько
 300 еВ до 20 кеВ з часовою роздільною здатністю 100 мс. Є також рентгенографічні спектрометри XICS і
 HR-XIS, призначені для виміру просторово-часової випромінювальної здатності домішок, геліоподібних
 іонів з високою часовою роздільною здатністю (5 мс). Спектри в області VUV вимірюють за допомогою
 високоефективного оглядового спектроаналізатора (HEXOS). Стелларатор Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), который расположен в Грайфсвальде, Германия, является
 экспериментальной установкой для демонстрации стационарного удержания плазмы. Стелларатор был
 введен в эксплуатацию в конце 2015 года, и вначале эксплуатировался в конфигурации с ограничителем
 (5 полоидальных неохлаждаемых графитовых ограничителей). С 2017 года установка оснащена
 углеродным неохлаждаемым дивертором. С запуском стелларатора были также введены в эксплуатацию
 и испытаны новые диагностические системы. Понимание транспорта примесей в стеллараторе является
 важной задачей для оптимизации его работы. На W7-X имеется несколько спектроскопических систем,
 которые предоставляют информацию о примесях в плазме. Одна из них – система анализа высоты
 наблюдаемого импульса (PHA) – регистрирует спектры мягкого рентгеновского излучения в диапазоне
 энергий от около 300 эВ до 20 кэВ с временным разрешением 100 мс. Имеются также
 рентгенографические спектрометры XICS и HR-XIS, предназначенные для измерения пространственновременной примесной излучательной способности гелиоподобных ионов с высоким временным
 разрешением (5 мс). Спектры в области VUV измеряют с помощью высокоэффективного обзорного
 спектроанализатора (HEXOS). This work has been carried out within the framework
 of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received
 funding from the Euratom research and training
 programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement
 № 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do
 not necessarily reflect those of the European
 Commission.
 This scientific work was partly supported by Polish
 Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the
 framework of the scientific financial resources in the
 years 2014-2018 allocated for the realization of the
 international co-financed project. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Диагностика плазмы W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies Експериментальна система діагностики плазми на стелараторі W7-X для транспортних досліджень домішок у плазмі Экспериментальная система диагностики плазмы на стеллараторе W7-X для транспортных исследований примесей в плазме Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies Kubkowska, M. Buttenschön, B. Langenberg, A. W7-X team Диагностика плазмы |
| title | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| title_alt | Експериментальна система діагностики плазми на стелараторі W7-X для транспортних досліджень домішок у плазмі Экспериментальная система диагностики плазмы на стеллараторе W7-X для транспортных исследований примесей в плазме |
| title_full | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| title_fullStr | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| title_short | W7-X plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| title_sort | w7-x plasma diagnostics for impurity transport studies |
| topic | Диагностика плазмы |
| topic_facet | Диагностика плазмы |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/149074 |
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