Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives
This study is devoted to using of electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotube-nanogold composite membrane for detection of sulfite which is one of harmfull food additives. The experimental results demonstrated that the application of electrochemical sensor could improve electron tran...
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| Cite this: | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives / Jian Chu, Wentan Guo // Functional Materials. — 2018. — Т. 25, № 1. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859895632865525760 |
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| author | Jian Chu Wentan Guo |
| author_facet | Jian Chu Wentan Guo |
| citation_txt | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives / Jian Chu, Wentan Guo // Functional Materials. — 2018. — Т. 25, № 1. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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| description | This study is devoted to using of electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotube-nanogold composite membrane for detection of sulfite which is one of harmfull food additives. The experimental results demonstrated that the application of electrochemical sensor could improve electron transport rate and increase electrode surface and effective contact area of solution. Sulfite in dried bean milk cream in tight rolls could be effectively detected using voltammetric method. This work provides a reference for the application of electrochemical sensor in detection of food additives.
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184 Functional materials, 25, 1, 2018
ISSN 1027-5495. Functional Materials, 25, No.1 (2018), p. 184-187
doi:https://doi.org/10.15407/fm25.01.184 © 2018 — STC “Institute for Single Crystals”
Electrochemical sensor for sulfide
determinationin food additives
Jian Chu, Wentan Guo
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control,
Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Hexi, Tianjin, 300222,
China
Received December 21, 2017
This study is devoted to using of electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotube-
nanogold composite membrane for detection of sulfite which is one of harmfull food additives. The
experimental results demonstrated that the application of electrochemical sensor could improve
electron transport rate and increase electrode surface and effective contact area of solution. Sulfite
in dried bean milk cream in tight rolls could be effectively detected using voltammetric method. This
work provides a reference for the application of electrochemical sensor in detection of food additives.
Keywords: electrochemical sensor, arbon nanotube-nanogold composite, food additives.
Данное исследование посвящено использованию электрохимического датчика на
основе многослойной углеродной нанотрубки – нанослойной композитной мембраны
для обнаружения сульфита, который является одним из вредных пищевых добавок.
Экспериментальные результаты показали, что применение электрохимического датчика
может улучшить скорость переноса электронов и увеличить поверхность электрода и
эффективную площадь контакта с раствором. Проведенные исследования позволяют
применение электрохимического датчика для определения наличия пищевых добавок.
Електрохімічний датчик для визначення сульфіда. Jian Chu, Wentan Guo.
Дане дослідження присвячене використанню електрохімічного датчика на основі
багатошарової вуглецевої нанотрубки - нанослойной композитної мембрани для виявлення
сульфіту, який є одним з шкідливих харчових добавок. Експериментальні результати
показали, що застосування електрохімічного датчика може поліпшити швидкість
перенесення електронів і збільшити поверхню електрода і ефективну площу контакту з
розчином. Проведені дослідження дозволяють застосування електрохімічного датчика для
визначення наявності харчових добавок.
1. Introduction
With the occurrence of events such as Su-
dan red and melamine in recent years, more
attentions have paid to food additives. Food
additives can effectively prevent food spoilage
and extend quality guarantee period; however,
excessive intake of food additives can cause se-
vere damages to health. Therefore it is urgent
to find approaches to efficiently detect food ad-
ditives. For example sulfite which is very harm-
ful has been extensively applied in different
food processing steps such as preservation of
fresh fruits, bacterial inhibition and oxidation
resistance in the manufacture process of wines
such as grape wine and browning prevention of
aquatic products [1-5].To change the status of
food safety, technologies for detecting food ad-
ditives have become the key research subject in
food safety field [6-10].
The purpose of this work is to study the ca-
pabilities of an electrochemical sensor to deter-
mine the additives of sulfite in food.
Functional materials, 25, 1 2018 185
Jian Chu, Wentan Guo / Electrochemical sensor for sulfide ...
2. Experimental
2.1 Experimental preparation
CHI650 electrochemical workstation was
used. Glassy carbon (GC) electrode was taken
as the working electrode. Reference electrode
was Ag/AgCl. Counter electrode was spiral
platinum wire. dried bean milk cream in tight
rolls was a tested material. 0.2 mol/L phosphate
buffer solution (PBS) was taken as supporting
electrolyte. 0.2 mol/L PBS was prepared by
mixing 38 ml of sodium dihydrogen phosphate
solution (0.2 mol/L) and 162 ml of disodium
hydrogen phosphate (0.2 mol/L).Hydrochloric
acid was prepared by diluting concentrated hy-
drochloric acid with equal amount of distilled
water. Lead acetate was prepared by adding
4 g of Lead acetate to 200 ml of water. Iodine
standard solution was prepared by diluting
calibrated iodine standard solution (0.1 mol/L)
with water whose amount was ten times that
of iodine standard solution. Starch indicator
solution was prepared as follows: 1 g of soluble
starch was added with a little water. When it
became mushy after stirring, 100 mL of boil-
ing water was added slowing. Then the mixture
was heated till boiling. After 3-min cooling, it
was preserved for standby. Concentrated nitric
acid was processed by refluxing treatment and
then preserved for standby.
Synthesis of nano-gold
50 mL of HAuCl4 solution whose concentra-
tion was 0.01% was prepared. Then obtained
solution was heated till boiling. The boiled solu-
tion was processed by reflux condensation and
then stirred. The solution was added with 1 mL
of sodium citrate (1%), followed by 40-min stir-
ring in boiling state. After the heating device
was closed, stirring continued till the synthe-
sized nano-gold colloid solution was cooled to
room temperature. The obtained solution was
refrigerated at 5 °C.
Preprocessing of glassy carbon electrode
A GC electrode was polished by aluminium
oxide. After three times of polishing, the GC
electrode was processed by ultrasonic cleaning
using 100% ethyl alcohol and distilled water,
5 min each time. Then the electrode was
dried.
Preparation of modified electrode
2 mg of the prepared concentrated nitric
acid was dispersed using 2 mL N, N- dimeth-
ylformamide. After dispersion, 2 mL of nano-
gold solution was added. 6 μL of suspension
was taken and droped on the surface of the GC
electrode. Then the electrode was dried under
an infrared lamp. After drying, 5 μL of ethanol
solution was dropped on the surface of the elec-
trode to vaporize the solution.
Test method
A small quantity of the solution was put into
an electrolysis cup along with PBS (0.2 mol/L).
Then cyclic voltammetry scan was performed
using 0-1.0 V potential window;11 the scanning
frequency was set as 0.05 V/s. Differential pulse
voltammetry was performed using 0.1 – 1.0 V
potential window;[12] the potential increment
was set as 0.01 V, the impulse amplitude was
set as 0.05 V, and the pulse superposition was
set as 0.04 V. The experimental results were
recorded during experiment. The experimental
temperature was kept at 27 °C.
Preprocessing of samples
10 g of dried bean milk cream in tight rolls
was pounded to pieces and then transferred to
a 50 ml centrifuge tube. 40 mL of normal propyl
alcohol (2%) was added to stabilize the dried
bean milk cream in tight rolls. The stabilized
solution was centrifuged at 6000 r/min and 5
°C for 20 min. The supernatant liquid was fil-
trated using double-layer filter paper. Then 2%
normal propyl alcohol solution was added till
the volume of the solution became 50 ml. Then
it was preserved.
3. Results and discussion
Electrode linearity and detection limit
Figure 1 and 2 show the differential pulse
voltammetry curves for the electrode in sulfite
and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate at differ-
ent concentrations. Figure 1 demonstrates that
Fig. 1. The differential pulse voltammetry curves
for the electrode in sulfite
186 Functional materials, 25, 1, 2018
Jian Chu, Wentan Guo / Electrochemical sensor for sulfide ...
the response potential of the electrode in sulfite
was 0.2 V, and it increased with the increase
of the concentration of sulfite; there was a good
linear relationship when the concentration was
0.08 ~ 0.7 mmol/L. The linear equation was
x=0.595+11.543×103c, and the lowest detection
concentration was 5×10–5 mol/L. Figure 2 dem-
onstrated that the electrode had a favorable
catalysis response to sodium formaldehyde
sulfoxylate, catalysis potential was 0.35 V, and
there was a good linear relationship between
oxidation peak current and the concentration
of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate when the
concentration of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
was between 0.06 mmol/L and 0.7 mmol/L. The
linear equation was x=1.568+21.269×103c, the
lowest detection concentration was 3×10–5 mol/L.
Stability of electrode
The stability and electrochemical behaviors
of the electrode surface and the reproducibility
of electro-catalytic behaviors were tested us-
ing differential pulse voltammetry. The experi-
mental results demonstrated that the relative
standard deviation of peak current signals of
the mixed solution of nitrite and sodium form-
aldehyde sulfoxylate (1.0 mmol/L) detected
with ten developed electrical machineries un-
der the same conditions was smaller than 7.7%,
suggesting the favorable reproducibility of the
prepared electrode. Then the mixed solution of
sulfite and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
(1.0 mmol/L) was scanned with one electrode
for ten times, and the relative standard devia-
tion was 2.5%.
Test results of samples
In the test, dried bean milk cream in tight
rolls was added to sulfite and sodium formal-
dehyde sulfoxylate in a dose of 100 mg/kg to
test the recycle rate of sulfite and sodium form-
aldehyde sulfoxylate. The results when stan-
dard was added and not added are shown in
Table 1.
Table 1 demonstrates that sodium formal-
dehyde sulfoxylate was not detected out in the
samples. In the experiment of recovery of sam-
ple addition, the recovery rates of sulfite and
sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate were both
about 90%. It revealed that the electrochemi-
cal sensor could effectively detect sulfite in the
dried bean milk cream in tight rolls.
To sum up, there was a good linear relation-
ship when the concentration of sulfite was be-
Table 1 – The detection results of sulfite and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in the dried bean milk
cream in tight rolls
Sample a Sample b
Addition
amount
mg/kg
Sulfite / 100 / 100
Sodium formalde-
hyde sulfoxylate / 100 / 100
Measured value
mg/kg
Sulfite 136.4±5.6 229.6±1.8 86.5±3.8 176.5±3.1
Sodium formalde-
hyde sulfoxylate N.D 95.3±3.1 N.D 87.5±3.5
Recovery rate
%
Sulfite / 94.2 / 91.3
Sodium formalde-
hyde sulfoxylate / 94.1 / 90.2
Fig. 2. The differential pulse voltammetry curves
for the electrode in sodium formaldehyde sulfox-
ylate
Functional materials, 25, 1 2018 187
Jian Chu, Wentan Guo / Electrochemical sensor for sulfide ...
tween 0.08 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L, and the low-
est detection concentration was 5×10–5 mol/L;
there was a good linear relationship when the
concentration of sodium formaldehyde sulfox-
ylate was between 0.06 mmol/L and 5.0 mmol/
L, and the lowest detection concentration was
3×10–5 mol/L. The detection results demon-
strated that the recovery rates of sulfite and so-
dium formaldehyde sulfoxylate were 91.3% and
90.2% respectively.
4. Conclusion
Sulfite as a kind of food additive has been
extensively added to food as a preservative;
however it can harm human body. Excessive
intake of sulfite can affect health of human
body. In this study, N-dimethylformamide was
dispersed to multi-walled carbon nanotube and
then modified on a glassy carbon electrode. The
developed electrochemical sensor was used to
test dried bean milk cream in tight rolls. The
electrochemical sensor suggested a favorable
stability and reproducibility. Moreover the
electrochemical sensor could detect sulfite and
sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate simultane-
ously. This work provides a reference for the
application of electrochemical sensor in food
detection.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Research on a
new method for measuring moisture content of
starch (KJ1730).
References
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4. K. Higashi, Y. Okamoto, T. Mano, et al., Jpn
Soc. Food Chem., 21, 187, 2017.
5. A.M. Szema, S.A. Hamidi, A. Koller, et al., BMC
Immunol., 12, 66, 2011.
6. M. Carocho, P. Morales, I.C.F.R. Ferreira, Trends
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-154452 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1027-5495 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:55:15Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Jian Chu Wentan Guo 2019-06-15T15:45:47Z 2019-06-15T15:45:47Z 2018 Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives / Jian Chu, Wentan Guo // Functional Materials. — 2018. — Т. 25, № 1. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 DOI:https://doi.org/10.15407/fm25.01.184 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/154452 This study is devoted to using of electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotube-nanogold composite membrane for detection of sulfite which is one of harmfull food additives. The experimental results demonstrated that the application of electrochemical sensor could improve electron transport rate and increase electrode surface and effective contact area of solution. Sulfite in dried bean milk cream in tight rolls could be effectively detected using voltammetric method. This work provides a reference for the application of electrochemical sensor in detection of food additives. This study was supported by Research on a new method for measuring moisture content of starch (KJ1730). en НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України Functional Materials Devices and instruments Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives Jian Chu Wentan Guo Devices and instruments |
| title | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| title_full | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| title_short | Electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| title_sort | electrochemical sensor for sulfide determinationin food additives |
| topic | Devices and instruments |
| topic_facet | Devices and instruments |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/154452 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jianchu electrochemicalsensorforsulfidedeterminationinfoodadditives AT wentanguo electrochemicalsensorforsulfidedeterminationinfoodadditives |