Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва
Представлено результати контролю в умовах виробництва електричного опору R пресованих алюмінієвих кабельних провідників. Представлены результаты контроля электрического сопротивления R в условиях производства прессованных алюминиевых кабельных жил. This paper presents results of control of electrica...
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| Published in: | Електротехніка і електромеханіка |
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| Date: | 2019 |
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Інститут технічних проблем магнетизму НАН України
2019
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| Cite this: | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва / Ю.О. Антонець, Л.А. Щебенюк, О.М. Гречко // Електротехніка і електромеханіка. — 2019. — № 4. — С. 48-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — укр., англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859820888187207680 |
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| author | Антонець, Ю.О. Щебенюк, Л.А. Гречко, О.М. |
| author_facet | Антонець, Ю.О. Щебенюк, Л.А. Гречко, О.М. |
| citation_txt | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва / Ю.О. Антонець, Л.А. Щебенюк, О.М. Гречко // Електротехніка і електромеханіка. — 2019. — № 4. — С. 48-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — укр., англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Електротехніка і електромеханіка |
| description | Представлено результати контролю в умовах виробництва електричного опору R пресованих алюмінієвих кабельних провідників.
Представлены результаты контроля электрического сопротивления R в условиях производства прессованных алюминиевых кабельных жил.
This paper presents results of control of electrical resistance R production pressed aluminum cable conductors.
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High Electric and Magnetic Field Engineering. Cable Engineering
48 ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2019. no.4
© Y.A. Antonets, L.A. Shchebeniuk, O.M. Grechko
UDC 621.315.2 doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2019.4.07
Y.A. Antonets, L.A. Shchebeniuk, O.M. Grechko
TECHNOLOGICAL MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF PRESSED
CABLE CONDUCTORS IN PRODUCTION CONDITIONS
This paper presents results of control of electrical resistance R production pressed aluminum cable conductors. Control of
electrical resistance in manufacturing of cable production is the most massive non-destructive test, which provides a compromise
between the manufacturer's costs for a high-conductivity material on the one hand and the user's operating costs from
conducting heating losses on the other. For the adoption of technological solutions for the use of hot compression of solid
aluminum wires (instead of cold drawing technology) for a specific size, a reliable determination of the probability of
unacceptable values of electrical resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) in large masses of products is necessary. The application
of statistical analysis of measurement results using the mathematical apparatus of boundary distributions is considered. In this
case, the subject matter of the analysis is the distribution of the limit values of the control parameter, which makes it possible to
reliably estimate the likelihood of the appearance of inadmissible values (probability of claims). An algorithm for determining the
probability of the appearance of impermissible values of the electrical resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) for solid aluminum
wires of low and medium voltage cables in the range of the cross-sectional area (120...240) mm2 based on the analysis of the
results of control of the electrical resistance during a long technological period (18 months) manufacturing in production
conditions. The use of the appeal potential of the technological solution as the cost of products, for which R > Ř is used, is
proposed. The comparison of the appeal potential of the technology of hot pressing of solid aluminum and the technology of cold
drawing (dragging) provided the same level of specific electrical conductivity of the metal is achieved. References 8, figures 5.
Key words: control of electrical resistance, aluminum cable conductors, technological monitoring, probability of claims,
mathematical apparatus of boundary distributions.
Представлено результати контролю в умовах виробництва електричного опору R пресованих алюмінієвих кабельних
провідників. Контроль R в кабельному виробництві є наймасовішим неруйнівним випробуванням, яке забезпечує
компроміс між затратами виробника на матеріал високої електропровідності з одного боку, і експлуатаційними
затратами користувача від втрат на нагрівання провідників з іншого. Для прийняття технологічних рішень щодо
використання гарячого пресування суцільних алюмінієвих жил (замість технології холодної витяжки) для
конкретних розмірів жили необхідне надійне визначення ймовірності появи недопустимих значень електричного
опору R > Ř (ймовірності рекламацій) у великих масивах продукції. Розглянуто застосування статистичного аналізу
результатів вимірювання за допомогою математичного апарату граничних розподілів. При цьому предметом аналізу
стає розподіл граничних значень контрольного параметру, що дає можливість надійного оцінювання ймовірності
появи недопустимих значень (ймовірності рекламацій). Розроблено алгоритм визначення ймовірності появи
недопустимих значень електричного опору R > Ř (ймовірності рекламацій) для суцільних алюмінієвих жил силових
кабелів низької і середньої напруги в діапазоні площі поперечного перерізу (120…240) мм2 на основі аналізу результатів
контролю електричного опору впродовж тривалого технологічного періоду (18 місяців) виготовлення в умовах
виробництва. Запропоновано використання рекламаційного потенціалу технологічного рішення як вартості
продукції, для якої R > Ř. Виконане порівняння рекламаційного потенціалу технології гарячого пресування суцільних
алюмінієвих і технології холодної витяжки (волочіння) за умови досягнення однакового рівня питомої
електропровідності металу. Бібл. 8, рис. 5.
Ключові слова: контроль електричного опору, алюмінієві кабельні провідники, технологічний моніторинг,
ймовірність рекламацій, математичний апарат граничних розподілів.
Представлены результаты контроля электрического сопротивления R в условиях производства прессованных
алюминиевых кабельных жил. Контроль R в кабельном производстве являться наиболее массовым неразрушающим
испытанием, которое обеспечивает компромисс между затратами изготовителя на материал высокой
электропроводности, с одной стороны, и эксплуатационными затратами пользователя от потерь на нагрев
проводников, с другой. Для принятия технологических решений относительно использования горячего прессования
сплошных алюминиевых жил (вместо технологии холодной вытяжки) для конкретных размеров жилы необходимо
надежное определение вероятности появления недопустимых значений электрического сопротивления R > Ř
(вероятности рекламаций) в больших массивах продукции. Рассмотрено использование статистического анализа
результатов измерений с помощью математического аппарата предельных распределения. При этом предметом
анализа становится распределение предельных значений контрольного параметра, что дает возможность
надежного определения вероятности появления недопустимых значений (вероятности рекламаций). Разработан
алгоритм определение вероятности появления недопустимых значений электрического сопротивления R > Ř
(вероятности рекламаций) для сплошных алюминиевых жил силовых кабелей низкого и среднего напряжения в
диапазоне площади поперечного сечения (120…240) мм2 на основе анализа результатов контроля электрического
сопротивления в течение длительного технологического периода (18 месяцев) изготовления в условиях производства.
Предложено использование рекламационного потенциала технологического решения как стоимости продукции, для
которой R > Ř. Произведено сравнение рекламационного потенциала технологии горячего прессования сплошных
алюминиевых жил и технологии холодной вытяжки (волочения) при условии достижения одинакового уровня
удельной электропроводности металла. Библ. 8, рис. 5.
Ключевые слова: контроль электрического сопротивления, алюминиевые кабельные проводники, технологический
мониторинг, вероятность рекламаций, математический аппарат граничных распределений.
ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2019. no.4 49
Introduction and problem definition. The
introduction of technological changes in the production of
cable and wire products, which increase the economic
efficiency of production, always requires the analysis of
the impact of these changes on the relation of interests of
the manufacturer and consumer of products. Here, it is a
matter of solid aluminum wires made by hot pressing
(SSAP – solid soft aluminum pressed), instead of the
technology of cold drawing, which in practice of cable
technology is called dragging. Hot pressing provides the
highest electrical conductivity of the metal with the
simultaneous elimination of the cost of annealing, which
is necessary for recrystallization of the structure of the
conductor due to the cold deformation of compression
during dragging. Providing a high level of electrical
conductivity corresponds both to the interests of the
manufacturer and to the interests of the consumer, since
this characteristic is the basis for providing the electrical
resistance R of conductors. But the value of R is
influenced by a number of structural and technological
factors. Therefore, the monitoring of the electrical
resistance R for conductors is the most massive non-
destructive test in the cable industry, which provides a
compromise between the manufacturer's costs on the
material of high electrical conductivity on the one hand
and the user's operating costs from the losses of heating of
conductors on the other.
Corresponding maximum limit values Ř are
normalized to provide a sufficiently small electrical
resistance, which determines the energy losses in the
cable, and hence the temperature of its elements and by it,
the durability and reliability of cable insulation in both
operating and emergency modes [1]. In order to make
technical decisions on the use of hot pressing of solid
aluminum wires (instead of the cold drawing technology)
for a specific size of the wire, it is necessary to reliably
determine the probability of unacceptable values of
electrical resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) in large
masses of products based on the results of technological
monitoring of R.
Analysis of literature. Cable production is
characterized by significant lengths of products with high
requirements for the uniformity of length parameters,
therefore the value of Ř per unit of length is standardized
[2]. The monitoring of homogeneity of R in length is the
subject of technological monitoring. The problem of
organizing active technological monitoring is conceptual
for automated mass production not only in cable
technology, since between the tasks of receiving and
current technological monitoring there is a significant
theoretical and technical difference [3]. For the key
electrical engineering parameters of mass production,
one-way restrictions are used: for electrical resistance of
conductors – no more than; for electric strength – not less
than, etc. Therefore, for the evaluation of the guaranteed
level of technical parameters of products that ensure its
reliable functioning, it is expedient to use the
mathematical apparatus of boundary distributions [4]. The
difference in the technological monitoring from the
receiving one is that possible changes in the technological
process should be recorded by it [4]. That is, the
measurement result is an element of an unknown
statistical array. Therefore, for the purposes of
technological monitoring, it is expedient to use the
mathematical apparatus of the boundary distributions. In
this case, the subject matter of the analysis is the
distribution of the limit values of the control parameter,
which makes it possible to reliably estimate the
probability of the appearance of inadmissible values
(probability of claims).
The number of structural and technological factors
that affect the value of R is very significant. The first is
the cross-sectional area of the conductor. The larger the
area of the section of the continuous wire, the economic
efficiency of the application of hot pressing technology is
higher because of the unnecessary further annealing. On
the other hand, in the process of crystallization of the
metal, after compression its density changes and its
shrinkage [5] is observed, which depend on the
compression mode and the cross-sectional area of the
wire. For a specific size of the wire, a reliable
determination of the probability of the occurrence of
impermissible values of electrical resistance R > Ř in
large masses of products based on the results of
technological monitoring of R is necessary.
Reliable determination of the probability of the
appearance of inadmissible values of random variable is
still the subject of the search for specific solutions for
specialists in the field of mathematical statistics [6]. It is
obvious that such a determination in production
conditions should take into account the volume of output
and be based on sufficiently well-known and indisputable
statistical models. Known statistical models of
distribution of boundary values correspond to these
obvious requirements [4]. The one-time, even massive,
statistical stability study can not be practically carried out,
the concept of solving applied probabilistic problems is
the well-known Mises concept [7]: the frequency f*(A) of
event A is the proportion of the number of events m*(A)
arising from the number of independent attempts n* under
the identical conditions that they may have occurred in:
f*(A) = m*(A)/n*. Here and further the mark «*» is used
for the values determined experimentally. The
requirement of reproducibility of a phenomenon with the
definition of frequency acquires a quantitative expression
in the form of the principle of constancy of frequencies:
m1*(A)/n1* m2*(A)/n2* m3*(A)/n3* .. mk*(A)/nk*, (1)
that is, the frequency of this event in a series of
independent attempts must be sufficiently identical.
The relation (1) is precisely the principle, since
sufficient uniformity of frequencies can be accepted only
within the framework of a specific problem, but the
requirement of constancy of frequencies naturally follows
from the requirement of the reproducibility of the event.
This requirement is successfully used in practical
statistics [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to reliably
determine the probability of the occurrence of
impermissible values of resistance R > Ř that should be
performed for the largest cross-sectional area produced
and tested during a long technological period in a series of
independent attempts.
The goal of the work is the development of an
algorithm for determining the probability of the
50 ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2019. no.4
appearance of impermissible values of the electrical
resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) for solid
aluminum wires of low and medium voltage cables in the
range of the cross-sectional area (120 ... 240) mm2 based
on the analysis of the results of the electrical resistance
monitoring during a long technological manufacturing
period in a production environment. Determination of the
probability of unacceptable values of electrical resistance
in the current production conditions is the basis for
establishing economically justified guarantees for the
user, first of all, regarding the bandwidth of the cable,
which is guaranteed by the manufacturer in nominal
operating conditions.
Main results. Figure 1 shows the results of the
monitoring of the electrical resistance R under the
conditions of production and, in accordance with the
current certification documentation, for 18 months of
2017 and 2018, of solid aluminum wires of low and
medium voltage power cables made by pressing in the
range of the cross-sectional area (120 ... 240) mm2.
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
0
0.1
0.2
ρ < 0,027 µm
ρ < 0,029 µ m
R, /km
M, kg/m
Fig. 1. The dependence of the electric resistance R on the unit
length of the aluminum wire, made by hot pressing, from the
mass M in the range of the cross-sectional area (120 ... 240) mm2:
points – experimental values; solid curves – the dependencies
R = f(М), calculated for the specific electric resistance
of 0.027 μΩm (lower) and 0.029 μΩm (upper)
The dependence R = f(М) of the lateral resistance R
on the particle mass of the conductor is universal,
inversely proportional and its parameter is the specific
electrical resistance ρ of the wire metal. The results of the
control over 18 months are in accordance with the current
standards regarding the specific electrical resistance of the
wire metal, which confirms the starting thesis that
pressing provides the necessary electrical conductivity of
the metal with the simultaneous exclusion of the cost of
annealing.
A feature is the presence of samples with an
abnormally low mass for each of the nominal cross
sections studied. Such samples appear evenly throughout
the long technological observation period, representing a
relatively small, but substantial part of the tested samples
(from 5 % to 8 %). In accordance with the principle of the
reproducibility of the Mises, the technology of
manufacturing of continuous aluminum wires by hot
pressing ensures the reproducibility of the electrical
conductivity of the metal, but in this particular case does
not ensure the reproducibility of the particle mass of the
metal.
Therefore, in the further development of the
algorithm for determining the probability of the
appearance of impermissible values of electrical
resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) for solid
aluminum wires of low and medium voltage cables, has
been carried out on the basis of analysis of the data array
(238 values), which corresponds to the principle of the
reproducibility of the event. Data that does not correspond
to the principle of reproducibility of an event are used to
analyze the reasons for the appearance of specimens with
an abnormally low mass.
Figure 2 shows the characteristic functions of the
distribution of electrical resistance of SSAP samples. The
functions of the distribution of the maximum values of
Rmax are obtained in two ways: analytically by the formula
(2) and by the computer statistical experiment as the
distributions of the largest values in the corresponding
normally distributed random variables. Both methods
gave the same result, presented in Fig. 2.
1.15 10
4 1.25 10
4 1.35 10
4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1
Function of the distribution
of electrical resistance F(R)
Electrical resistance R, m–1
2
3
4
Fig. 2. Functions of the resistance R distribution of SSAP
samples: 1 – empirical distribution function (points) and its
approximation by normal distribution (solid line); 2 – function
of distribution of maximum values Rmax in 24 samples at 24
normally distributed values; 3 – function of distribution of
maximum values Rmax in the corresponding 250 samples;
4 – arbitrarily selected impermissible value
The results presented in Fig. 2 testify:
1) according to the results of measurements of the
electrical resistance, it is possible to determine the
probability of the appearance of impermissible values of
the electrical resistance R > Ř (probability of claims) by
means of the known mathematical apparatus of
distributions of maximum values Rmax for solid aluminum
wires of low and medium voltage cables;
2) parameters of the boundary function of the
distribution of the maximum values Rmax [4]:
F(Rmax) = exp{– exp[– (Rmax – Bn)/An]}, (2)
where Bn is the shift parameter equal to Rmax, less than
37 % of the samples with n; Аn is the scale parameter that
depends on the initial distribution and does not depend on
n; the parameters of the function (2) depend on the
ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2019. no.4 51
division of the batch into statistical groups according to
the requirement of constancy of frequencies (1); to
determine the parameters we double-log the function
F(Rmax), obtain a linear relationship between the double
logarithms of the distribution function and the values
of Rmax;
3) the larger the statistical groups in accordance with
the requirement of constancy of frequencies (1), the
greater the number of inadmissible values of the electrical
resistance on the curve of the function of the distribution
of maximum values (see curves 2 and 3 in Fig. 2), but this
increase is rather fast decelerating and there is a limit
distribution and, accordingly, the boundary parameters
that do not depend on the volume of the batch of products
or its division into statistical groups.
Dependencies of the parameters of the distribution
function (3) of the maximum values Rmax on the division
of a batch into statistical groups by the results of
measurements of electrical resistance (1 in Fig. 2) are
presented in Fig. 3.
0 100 200 300
1.24 10
4
1.25 10
4
1.26 10
4
1.27 10
4
1.28 10
4
1.29 10
4
1.02 10
6
1.021 10
6
1.022 10
6
1.023 10
6
Bn, m–1
n
An, m–1
Bn
An
Fig. 3. Dependences of the parameters of the distribution
function F(Rmax) (3) on the division of a batch into statistical
groups by the results of measurements of electrical resistance:
dependence Bn(n) – nonlinear, the value of the parameter Bn
reflects the maximum distribution density F(Rmax) (see Fig. 4)
1.15 10
4 1.25 10
4 1.35 10
4
0
1 10
5
2 10
5
3 10
5
4 10
5
2 10
11
1 10
11
0
1 10
11
2 10
11
3 10
11
dF(Rmax)/dRmax d( dF(Rmax))/(d Rmax)
2
Rmax, m
–1
Fig. 4. Characteristic points of the first (solid line f(Rmax)) and
the second derivative (dashed line df(Rmax)/dRmax) of the
distribution of the maximum values of electrical resistance
reflect the unambiguous technical meaning of the corresponding
values of Rmax: the minimum of the second derivative – the
appropriate technical characteristic of the upper bound for
technological monitoring by Rmax depends on n, but the
corresponding probability of exceeding this bound does not
depend on n, which gives an opportunity to analytically assess
the appropriate level of technical guarantee
Figure 5 illustrates the application of different upper
bounds for technological monitoring of the distribution
function of Rmax in 24 samples with 24 normally
distributed values determined experimentally.
0 200 400
0
5
10
Number of samples with Rmax>Rkr
Number of samples in the control batch
Rkr = 1,2610–4 m–1
Rkr = 1,2810–4 m–1
Rkr = 1,2910–4 m–1
Fig. 5. An illustration of the possible practical application of
different upper bounds for technological monitoring of the
distribution function of Rmax in 24 samples at 24 normally
distributed samples of SSAP with a cross section of 240 mm2
According to Fig. 5 within the array of a control
batch, from several tens to several hundreds, the
monitoring sensitivity provides the use of the upper limit
for Rmax < Rkr = 1.26.10–4 Ωm–1 in sampling for 24
samples. In this case, for batches with a sample size of 50
and larger, the relative number of samples with Rmax > Rkr
is stable and remains at 2.5 % if there are no obvious
changes in the technological process.
It is important that the limit Rkr = 1.26.10–4 Ωm–1 is
not arbitrarily chosen. This value corresponds to the
minimum of the second derivative – an expedient
technical characteristic, when the decrease in the density
of the distribution is sharply slowing down and practically
does not affect the number of violations of the established
limit. This gives an opportunity to analytically assess the
appropriate level of technical guarantee.
Conclusions.
1. The results of the monitoring over 18 months in
the conditions of the production of electrical resistance R
of solid aluminum wires made by hot pressing confirmed
the starting thesis that hot pressing provides the required
electrical conductivity of the metal with the simultaneous
exclusion of the cost of annealing.
2. An algorithm for determining the probability of
unacceptable values of electrical resistance R > Ř
(probability of claims) is developed for continuous
aluminum wires, made by hot pressing, using the known
mathematical apparatus of distributions of maximum
values Rmax. The algorithm includes:
separation of the control batch into statistical groups
in accordance with the known requirement of constancy
of frequencies (1);
determination of the parameters of the initial
distribution by standard statistical procedures (in this
case, by normal distribution);
determination of the distribution parameters of the
maximum values Rmax by the least squares method in the
linear coordinates of the distribution function of the
maximum values;
determination of the critical value of the electrical
resistance Rkr, which corresponds to the minimum of the
52 ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2019. no.4
second derivative – the appropriate technical
characteristic, when the decrease in the density of the
distribution is sharply slowing down and practically does
not affect the number of violations of the established limit
(in this case Rkr = 1.26.10–4 Ω-–1);
determination of the level of technical guarantee as
the ratio of the number of samples with Rmax > Rkr to the
control batch volume (for example, 5/200 = 0.025 or
2.5 %, see Fig. 5).
3. The developed algorithm, tested in production
conditions and in accordance with valid certification
documentation during 18 months of 2017 and 2018,
makes it possible to technically assess the claim potential
of the achieved level of specific technology as a product
of the probability of unacceptable values Rmax > Rkr in the
control batch for (3) for the accepted the critical level Rkr
to the corresponding technological cost of the samples in
the control batch.
4. The use of the claim potential of the technological
solution as the cost of products, for which R > Ř is
proposed. The comparison of the claim potential of the
technology of hot pressing of solid aluminum wires
(0.025×1 = 0.025 USD/km) and the technology of cold
drawing (0.025×1.2 = 0.03 USD/km) provided the same
level of specific electrical conductivity of the metal is
carried out.
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Received 30.05.2019
Y.A. Antonets1, Candidate of Technical Science,
L.A. Shchebeniuk2, Candidate of Technical Science, Professor,
O.M. Grechko2, Candidate of Technical Science, Associate
Professor,
1 Private Joint-stock company Yuzhcable works,
7, Avtogennaya Str., Kharkiv, 61099, Ukraine,
phone +380 57 7545248,
e-mail: zavod@yuzhcable.com.ua
2 National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute»,
2, Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine,
e-mail: agurin@kpi.kharkov.ua, a.m. grechko@gmail.com
How to cite this article:
Antonets Y.A., Shchebeniuk L.A., Grechko O.M. Technological monitoring of electrical resistance of pressed cable
conductors in production conditions. Electrical engineering & electromechanics, 2019, no.4, pp. 48-52. doi:
10.20998/2074-272X.2019.4.07.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-159079 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 2074-272X |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:25:39Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут технічних проблем магнетизму НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Антонець, Ю.О. Щебенюк, Л.А. Гречко, О.М. 2019-09-22T10:21:24Z 2019-09-22T10:21:24Z 2019 Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва / Ю.О. Антонець, Л.А. Щебенюк, О.М. Гречко // Електротехніка і електромеханіка. — 2019. — № 4. — С. 48-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — укр., англ. 2074-272X DOI: https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2019.4.07 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/159079 621.315.2 Представлено результати контролю в умовах виробництва електричного опору R пресованих алюмінієвих кабельних провідників. Представлены результаты контроля электрического сопротивления R в условиях производства прессованных алюминиевых кабельных жил. This paper presents results of control of electrical resistance R production pressed aluminum cable conductors. uk Інститут технічних проблем магнетизму НАН України Електротехніка і електромеханіка Техніка сильних електричних та магнітних полів Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва Technological monitoring of electrical resistance of pressed cable conductors in production conditions Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва Антонець, Ю.О. Щебенюк, Л.А. Гречко, О.М. Техніка сильних електричних та магнітних полів |
| title | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| title_alt | Technological monitoring of electrical resistance of pressed cable conductors in production conditions |
| title_full | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| title_fullStr | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| title_full_unstemmed | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| title_short | Технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| title_sort | технологічний моніторинг електричного опору пресованих кабельних провідників в умовах виробництва |
| topic | Техніка сильних електричних та магнітних полів |
| topic_facet | Техніка сильних електричних та магнітних полів |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/159079 |
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