The drill bits: history and modern experience
Purpose of the work is a brief historical review of the development of diamond drill bits of various types and the presentation of the prospective ways in this area. Methodology. Analysis and summary of scientific and technical achievements, literary overview. Results. Processes of formation of rock...
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Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, A. Ratov, B. Sudakov, A. 2019-10-19T14:06:04Z 2019-10-19T14:06:04Z 2019 The drill bits: history and modern experience / A. Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, B. Ratov, A. Sudakov // Породоразрушающий и металлообрабатывающий инструмент – техника и технология его изготовления и применения: Сб. науч. тр. — К.: ІНМ ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України, 2019. — Вип. 22. — С. 24-32. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 2223-3938 DOI: 10.33839/2223-3938-2019-22-1-24-30 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/159931 622.24 Purpose of the work is a brief historical review of the development of diamond drill bits of various types and the presentation of the prospective ways in this area. Methodology. Analysis and summary of scientific and technical achievements, literary overview. Results. Processes of formation of rock cutting tools, namely big diamond drill bits; small diamond drill bits; the bits equipped with synthetic diamonds; the bits armed by composite materials using diamonds are considered. Stages of innovative development and new approaches to drilling technologies are presented. Целью работы является краткий исторический обзор развития алмазных буровых коронок различного типа и презентация современных исследований в данном направлении. Методология. Анализ и обобщение научно-технических достижений и литературных источников. Результаты. Выполнен обзор создания и развития алмазного бурового инструмента: больших и малых алмазных буровых коронок; коронок, оснащенных синтетическими алмазами; коронок, армированных композитными материалами. Показаны этапы развития технологий и новые инновационные подходы к алмазному бурению. Метою роботи є короткий історичний огляд розвитку алмазних бурових коронок різного типу і презентація сучасних досліджень в цьому напрямку. Методологія. Аналіз та узагальнення науково-технічних досягнень та літературних джерел. Результати. Виконаний огляд створення та розвитку алмазного бурового інструменту: великих та малих бурових коронок; коронок, оснащених синтетичними алмазами; коронок, армованих композитними матеріалами. Показано етапи розвитку технологій та нові інноваційні підходи до алмазного буріння. This article is dedicated to the memory of prof. Anatolii Kozhevnykov. en Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України Породоразрушающий и металлообрабатывающий инструмент – техника и технология его изготовления и применения Знаменательные даты, история The drill bits: history and modern experience Буровые коронки: история и современный опыт Article published earlier |
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The drill bits: history and modern experience |
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The drill bits: history and modern experience Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, A. Ratov, B. Sudakov, A. Знаменательные даты, история |
| title_short |
The drill bits: history and modern experience |
| title_full |
The drill bits: history and modern experience |
| title_fullStr |
The drill bits: history and modern experience |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The drill bits: history and modern experience |
| title_sort |
drill bits: history and modern experience |
| author |
Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, A. Ratov, B. Sudakov, A. |
| author_facet |
Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, A. Ratov, B. Sudakov, A. |
| topic |
Знаменательные даты, история |
| topic_facet |
Знаменательные даты, история |
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2019 |
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English |
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Породоразрушающий и металлообрабатывающий инструмент – техника и технология его изготовления и применения |
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Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України |
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Article |
| title_alt |
Буровые коронки: история и современный опыт |
| description |
Purpose of the work is a brief historical review of the development of diamond drill bits of various types and the presentation of the prospective ways in this area. Methodology. Analysis and summary of scientific and technical achievements, literary overview. Results. Processes of formation of rock cutting tools, namely big diamond drill bits; small diamond drill bits; the bits equipped with synthetic diamonds; the bits armed by composite materials using diamonds are considered. Stages of innovative development and new approaches to drilling technologies are presented.
Целью работы является краткий исторический обзор развития алмазных буровых коронок различного типа и презентация современных исследований в данном направлении. Методология. Анализ и обобщение научно-технических достижений и литературных источников. Результаты. Выполнен обзор создания и развития алмазного бурового инструмента: больших и малых алмазных буровых коронок; коронок, оснащенных синтетическими алмазами; коронок, армированных композитными материалами. Показаны этапы развития технологий и новые инновационные подходы к алмазному бурению.
Метою роботи є короткий історичний огляд розвитку алмазних бурових коронок різного типу і презентація сучасних досліджень в цьому напрямку. Методологія. Аналіз та узагальнення науково-технічних досягнень та літературних джерел. Результати. Виконаний огляд створення та розвитку алмазного бурового інструменту: великих та малих бурових коронок; коронок, оснащених синтетичними алмазами; коронок, армованих композитними матеріалами. Показано етапи розвитку технологій та нові інноваційні підходи до алмазного буріння.
|
| issn |
2223-3938 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/159931 |
| citation_txt |
The drill bits: history and modern experience / A. Kozhevnykov, A. Dreus, B. Ratov, A. Sudakov // Породоразрушающий и металлообрабатывающий инструмент – техника и технология его изготовления и применения: Сб. науч. тр. — К.: ІНМ ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України, 2019. — Вип. 22. — С. 24-32. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
24
Proydaka(Ed.); Ministerstvo obrazovaniya i nauki ukrainy. Natsional'naya
Metallurgicheskaya Akademiya Ukrainy. (Vols. 1-2; Vol. 1). Dnіpro : Nova іdeologіya.
45. Sudakov, А., Dreus, A., Sudakovа, D., et al. (2018). Issledovanie protsessa plavleniya
novogo tamponazhnogo materiala pri tekhnologii termomekhanicheskoy izolyatsii
pronitsaemykh gorizontov vskrytiya shakhty [The study of melting process of the new
plugging material at thermomechanical isolation technology of permeable horizons of
mine opening]. E3S Web of Conferences, 60, 1–10 [in English].
46. Sudakova, D.A., (2018). Rezul'taty vnedreniya tekhnologii izolyatsii
pogloshchayushchikh gorizontov tamponazhnimi termoplastichnymi kompozitsionnymi
materialami [The results of the implementation of the insulation technology of absorbing
horizons by thermoplastic thermoplastic composite materials]. Naftogazova galuz:
perspektivi naroshchuvannya resursnoї bazi (traven 2018 roku) — Mіzhnarodna naukovo-
tekhnіchna konferentsіya. (pp. 217–220). Ivano-Frankovsk [in Russian].
УДК 622.24 DOI: 10.33839/2223-3938-2019-22-1-24-30
A. Kozhevnykov1, A. Dreus2, B. Ratov3, A. Sudakov1
1National TU Dnipro Polytechnic, Dmytra Yavornyckoho ave., 19, 49005, Dnipro, Ukraine
2Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagaroina ave., 72, 49010, Dnipro, Ukraine,
E-mail: dreus@mmf.dnulive.dp.ua
3Caspian University, Seifullin ave., 521, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
THE DRILL BITS: HISTORY AND MODERN EXPERIENCE
Purpose of the work is a brief historical review of the development of diamond drill bits of various
types and the presentation of the prospective ways in this area.
Methodology. Analysis and summary of scientific and technical achievements, literary overview.
Results. Processes of formation of rock cutting tools, namely big diamond drill bits; small diamond drill
bits; the bits equipped with synthetic diamonds; the bits armed by composite materials using diamonds are
considered. Stages of innovative development and new approaches to drilling technologies are presented.
Novelty and practical value. In the historical context, the necessity of improvement a drilling tool is
shown, the new promising ways for the development of diamond drill bits and technologies are presented.
Key words: drill bits, diamond drilling, historical review, new drilling technologies
Introduction
Drilling began in the late Paleolithic and Neolithic (13–7 Millennium BC). Any process of
creating holes can be seen as boring or drilling. Drill bits are one of the main types of drilling tools.
Modern rock drilling is a high–tech and high–end process and has great importance to ensure the
suitable development of national economy and energy self–sufficiency of world countries. Despite the
seeming simplicity of construction, modern drilling bits are the high-tech products. There are different
types of drilling core bits which apply at rotary exploration drilling. Depending on the type of rock-
cutting elements, there are distinguishes between diamond and carbide drill bits. The effectiveness of
rock drilling technologies depends on the operational capabilities of drilling tool used.
The history of different types of drilling tools and drilling technologies was considered in
number works [1–6]. This paper is focused to the history of drill bits and materials for its. The some
results of authors own investigations in this direction are presented.
The brief review of diamond drill bit history
The invention of big diamond drill bit. Note, that a kind of diamond rotary drilling was used
5000 years ago in ancient Egypt to quarry stone. A hollow wooden rod (later metal) hardened by fire
mailto:dreus@mmf.dnulive.dp.ua
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
25
was rotated by hand or bow string on loose, hard mineral grains such as granulated rubies or sapphires
which were sifted onto the drill surface. Short holes with diameter from 6 to 700 mm were drilled in this
way [1]. However, manufacturing diamond drilling tools was developed in the mid 19th century.
The diamond core drill was proposed by George Leschot, a Swiss watchmaker. In 1862, while
supervising the blasting operations during the construction of a railway tunnel in the Swiss Alps.
Leschot was challenged with drilling of solid granite rocks as drill bits made of high strength tempered
steel were worn our very quickly. Leschot first proposed to use a diamond to disintegration granite and
mountain rocks. He ordered diamonds for manufacturing several dozens of pilot diamond bits.
His son, Rodolfe, together with Piguet, a
mechanical engineer, improved the drilling rig and
came up with a way to mount the diamonds in the
bit. These diamond tools were much more
expensive than their steel counterparts, but proved
themselves to much more efficient in operation (see
Fig.1). The rate of tunnel drilling increased
substantially. Being encouraged with the success
achieved, Leschot applied a diamond bit in blast
hole mining operations in massive marble rocks.
Again, the diamond bit displayed its advantages.
So, the era of diamond drilling begun.
Initially, the diamonds were fixed on the
drill bit with bit’s metal. There are several ways to
impregnate diamonds in drill bits. The best and
most common is the so–called Russian method for diamond impregnation in the drill crown that
provides reliable (firm) fixing of diamonds on the body of drill bit and protection of diamonds from
damage during operation. This method is characterized by impregnation of diamonds both in lateral
surface of the crown and in its cutting face. The large gems are placed on the outer surface of the
cutting face, while the small ones are fixed on its inner surface. The diamonds placed on the cutting
face of the crown should completely cover it.
The small diamond drill bits. Firstly, large diamonds were used for manufacturing the drill bits.
Till the 1930s, Carbonado commonly known as the black diamonds that had finely crystalline structure
and low brittleness were exclusively used for the reinforcement of crowns. Weight of single diamond
ranges from 0.5 to 2 carats. It is the most expensive industrial diamond. Fine-grained drill bits are
allowed to complete a phase of chilled-shot drilling. This method existed as a kind of mechanical
rotational drilling. The drilling of hard rock produced by the indentation in the bottom surface of the
steel and iron pellets. It was one of the most time-consuming and unproductive types of drilling.
When drilling hard, especially crumbling rocks, the consumption of diamonds increased, with
drilling costs rising sharply. Then, small diamonds were offered to be used. Depending on the size, the
diamond particles are arranged on the crown cutting face in one layer (single layer crowns), or in several
layers (multilayer crowns), or are evenly dispersed within a metal matrix (impregnated crowns).
The single–layer crowns are reinforced with diamonds ranging from 2–5 up to 40–60
pcs/carat. The multi–layer crowns are reinforced with smaller diamond grains, from 60–90 to 90–
120 pcs./carat. The impregnated diamond bits are reinforced with diamond particles within the
range from 120–500 pcs/carat or even more.
Drill bits with synthetic diamonds. The first attempt to synthesize diamonds was made in
1823, by the founder of Kharkov University Karazin who got superhard solid crystals of unknown
substance as a result of wood carbonization at a high temperature. In 1893, Professor Khrushchev,
also received a crystal scratching glass and corundum, as a result of rapid cooling of molten silver
saturated with carbon. His experiment was successfully replicated by A. Moissone who substituted
iron for silver. Later, it was found that the substance synthesized in these experiments was silicon
carbide (moissonite), not diamond, which had very similar properties.
Fig. 1. The diamond core drill was
invented by Rodolphe Leschot (picture
source: Public Domain)
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
26
In 1879, James Ballantyne Hannay, a Scottish chemist, discovered that alkali metals reacted
with organic compounds with carbon released in the form of graphite flakes, and suggested that, under
high pressure this carbon can crystallize as diamond. Having carried out a series of experiments in
which a mixture of paraffin, bone oil, and lithium was kept for a long time in a sealed red hot steel pipe,
he managed to obtain a few crystals that later were identified as diamonds. The scientific world did not
recognized his discovery, as at that time, the diamond was believed not to be obtained at low pressure
and temperature. The repeated study of Hannay’s samples in 1943 with the use of X–ray analysis
confirmed that the obtained crystals were diamonds, but Prof. Kathleen Lonsdale, who carried out the
analysis, reiterated that the Hannay experiments were a scientific hoax.
Prof. Ovsei Leipunsky published 1939 an article [7] with detailed calculations, graphs, and
sheets and accurate and reliable parameters of diamond synthesis. He was an outstanding chemist
and physicist widely regarded as the author of the technique for diamond synthesis (1939) used now
in industrialized countries. To mark him together with his brother, Acad. Alexander Leipunsky, and
sister, Prof. Dora Leipunska, B. Horobets published a book “Three of the Atomic Project: the Secret
Leipunskii Physics” (2008). She published 2009the 2nd edition titled The Secret Physics of USSR
Atomic Project: the Leipunski Family. This book tells the story of invention by O. Leipunsky and
implementation of advanced method for diamond synthesis in Sweden, the USA, and the USSR.
Fifteen years later, Leipunski’s theory was verified by experiment in many laboratories by
specialists of Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA, Sweden) and General Electric (USA).
In the Soviet Union (1960), at the laboratory of ultrahigh pressures, Leonid Vereshchagin
managed to get the first artificial diamonds. Later, the laboratory was transformed into the Institute
of High Pressure Physics (IHPP) of USSR, with Vereshchagin being its first director. At the same
time, in Kyiv, the Institute of Superhard Materials (director V. Bakul) was established to develop
technologies and tools for the diamond application in the industry (grinding and polishing wheels,
diamond saws, chisels, drill bits, etc.). In the USSR, the problems related to the synthesis of
diamonds were studied at the Institute of High Pressure Physics, the Academy of Sciences of
USSR; at the Institute for Superhard Materials for the Academy of Sciences of the UkSSR (Institute
for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in present time) and at
many specialized factories and research institutes.
Diamond drill bits reinforced with composite materials.
There are two types :
a) reinforced with superhard material Slavutich;
b) reinforced with diamond-carbide inserts.
There are some main milestone of diamond drilling in overview [8] are presented. The
overview of some successful projects of oil drilling, where synthetics diamonds are used, in work
[9] are presented.
Experience of National TU Dnipro Polytechnic (NTU DP) Related to Diamond Drilling.
The Dnipropetrovsk Mining Institute (nowadays, the National Technical University Dnipro
polytechnic) was founded in 1899. The Department for Exploration of Mineral Deposits was established
in 1929, by Prof. A. Gimmelfarb. However, diamond drilling works started before the creation of the
department. In the 1920s, the Professor published a series of articles related to diamonds and their
application in the industry, as well as to diamond drilling for extracting coal in Donbass and iron ore in
the Kursk magnetic anomaly area. The diamond drilling researches were performed in two directions:
the design and the engineering (tech-niques for drilling with the use of diamond bits).
The design direction include the following R&Ds: diamond drill vibration bits; diamond
drill bit with asymmetric hydraulic system; detachable diamond drill bits; and rock cutting disc.
In 1984, the SMI and the Tula branch of TsNIGRI designed vibro-absorbing diamond drill
bits 01A3-ZhM (01A3-ЖМ) with the natural diamonds and 01A3sv-ZhM (01A3св-ЖМ) with the
synthetic ones. The shanks are made of anti-vibration (damping) composite material D30-MP (Д30-
МП). The bit diameters are 46; 59; 76; and 93 mm. The bits are designed for rotary drilling of
exploration wells with coring in the low abrasive, hard and lowfractured rocks referred to the 4th —
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
27
9th categories of drillability. The application of 01A3-ZhM and drill bits instead of 01A3 and
01A3sv bits with steel shanks enables to increase average operating life (durability) by 25—30 %
and penetration rates by 10—15 %. Diamond drill bits 01A3-ZhM and 01A3sv-ZhM were
manufactured at the Kabardino-Balkarian diamond tools factory.
The team of engaged researchers consists of E.F. Epstein, V.F. Syryk, N.A. Dudlia, N.M.
Gavrilenko, A.N. Davidenko, A.V. Varenik. In the course of drilling fluids research, the
mechanisms of influence of surfactants on the rocks and on the washing liquid have been
understood, with a large amount of materials requiring a separate consideration accumulated.
The NTU DP together with Geotechnics Design Office has developed a technique for
hydraulic diamond drilling with the use of high-frequency hammers G59V (Г59В) and G76V
(Г76В) with combined reflectors OG59 (ОГ59) and OG76 (ОГ76) located according to SMI
recommendations, with intraphase and intracyclic settings.
Acceptance tests of reflectors OG59 (ОГ59) and OG76 (ОГ76) have been made in iron ore
deposits of the Kryvyi Rih Exploration Expedition of Company “Yuzhukrgeologia” and
Zyryanovskaya Exploration Expedition of Company “Vostkazgeologia”. The test results are as
follows: increase in penetration rate is 10.3—21.8 %; increase in footage per run is 10.2—42 %;
reflector service life is 1150—1400 hours; maximum drilling depth is 2,280 m. The SMI and
Company “Yuzhukrgeologia” have designed and implemented a technique for rotary-percussion
drilling with the use of high frequency hammers G59V (Г59В) and G76V (Г76В) with and without
OGV-MP (ОГВ–МП) reflectors, which ensures an increase in ROP of 7.8—20.8 % and an increase
in footage per run of 34 %. The developed technique for rotary-percussion drilling with the use of
high-frequency hydraulic hammers with wave reflectors, intraphase and intracyclic settings
increases the efficiency and depth of hydraulic percussive drilling. For the first time in the world of
drilling practice, a drilling depth of over 2,000 m (2,280 m) has been reached. The hydro-percussive
systems GV+OGV (ГВ+ОГВ) have been commercialized.
The NTU DP developed a ZRMA (ЗРМА) device with rubber metallic elastic element that
ensured not only vibration damping, but also the operation of drill bit with a variable rotation speed.
The use of this device while drilling rocks in the Donbass region significantly reduced the number
of accidents and breakdowns of drilling tools and enabled increasing:
1) ROP: by 25 % (with the use of carbide drill bits); by 30 % (with the use of diamond drill bits).
2) footage per run: by 15 % (with the use of carbide drill bits); by 12% (with the use of
diamond drill bits).
Thus, R&Ds of the NTU DP Department of Mineral Exploration have been successfully
implemented, passed acceptance tests and commercialized. Among them, there are antivibration
diamond drill bits 01A3-ZhM, 01A3sv-ZhM-KB3AI and hydro-percussive systems, including high-
frequency hydraulic hammer and reflector of hydraulic waves.
While destroying solid and hard rocks, a significant part of energy is spent on the friction of the
drill bit on the rock. This energy is converted into heat. The thermal energy of friction can be used to
intensify the rock destruction. For this, the temperature in the zone of contact between the cutting
elements and the rock should be high enough to heat the face layer of the rock and to weaken it.
In order to utilize the heat energy of friction, the National Mining Academy of Ukraine
together with Institute for Superhard Materials of the NAS of Ukraine has designed
thermomechanical drill bits with the use of superhard composite materials and diamonds. The bench
tests have been conducted for various designs of drill bits made of different superhard materials:
polycrystalline diamond, boron carbide, silicon nitride, «geothermal» material, relit, and tungsten
carbide powder. For pilot tests, thermomechanical drill bits based on artificial diamonds were used.
They differed from the serial bits BS-33 (БС-33) by the presence of one or two wide flushing ports.
The bench studies have showed that the specific wear of pilot bits was 1.6—2.4 times lower, as
compared with the serial diamond bits, while drilling granite from Kudashevsky deposit having a
density of 2.7 kg/m3, porosity 0.98—1.6, tensile strength for axial compression of 140—192 MPa
and abrasion of 0.48—0.45 g/cm (Table 1).
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
28
Table 1. Bench tests of Thermomechanical Drill Bits
Type of drill bit
Penetration rate Specific wear
m/hour % mm/m %
BS-33-59 2.53 100 0.026 100
BS -33-59-ТМ1/1 2.81 112 0.017 63
BS -33-59-ТМ2/1 3.24 128 0.011 42
BS 33-59-ТМ2/2 3.00 118 0.096 369
The results of drilling wells with the use of thermomechanical drill bits under operating
conditions are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Test Drilling of Wells by Thermomechanical Drill Bits
Type of drill bit
Total
drilling, m
Footage per drill bit Penetration rate
Depth of
drilling, m
m, % m/hour %
BS-33-59 14.80 7.40 100 2.99 100
BS-33-59-ТМ1/2 17.90 8.95 121 3.75 125
BS-33-59-ТМ2/1 18.64 9.32 126 3.60 120
Due to the utilization of heat energy of friction, the penetration rate increases 1.20–1.25
times and the footage per run increases 1.21–1.26 times.
Currently, scientists of the NTU DP continue to work in this direction. A great attention is
paid to the physical processes on the working face of borehole at diamond drilling. In particular, the
idea of using friction heat to improve drilling efficiency is very promising. This idea is a basis to
drilling with pulse flushing [10]. Supply of cleaning agent with a variable flow rate ensures a deeper
heating of rock due to a full manifestation of the internal friction between the mineral grains
constituting the rock, and between the atoms, ions, and molecules within crystal lattices, on the one
hand. On the other hand, the presence of non-stationary temperature field entails an increase in
fragility of the rock. This approach is seems promising to deep well drilling. For example for deep
geothermal well drilling, where rotary diamond drilling is normally used. With increase of the well
depth and mining rock temperature, the performance of rotary drilling method drops drastically.
Proposed method could be alternative drilling technology in complicate conditions, in which
mechanical power losses increase with the depths of drilling [11].
A number of mathematical models for research have been developed. The numeric study of
fluid mechanics and heat transfer processes on the working face of the borehole during the process
of drilling using diamond drilling bits was represented in the works [12]. The outcomes of the
modeling (examples see in Fig. 2) were used for determination to establish the resource and power
saving modes of drilling operations. The theoretical study of interrupted flushing impact to
weakening of rock formation in the course of diamond core drilling using diamond bits in work [13]
was conducted. The study revealed that under the pulse mode of drilling fluid supply there are
conditions for thermal decomposition of rock formation.
The researchers from NTU DP and Oles Honchar National University (DNU) considered the
prospects of further enhancement of diamond drilling bits’ designs in order to increase the heat
impact onto the drilled mining rock. The influence of the design particulars of drilling bits onto the
junction contact temperature was studied herein. A new design of diamond drilling bit was
proposed (Fig. 3).
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
29
a b
Fig.2. Results of numerical modeling heat transfer and fluid mechanics processes on working
field of bit (b)
Fig.3. General view a new design of thermal mechanical drill bit
This design has a special friction insert in order to enhance the thermo-cyclical effect.
Inserts implementing the heat-resistant friction materials, provide the intensive friction heat
generation rate in the bottom-hole area. The difference between rock surface and drilling fluid is
increasing. Thus, the rock is weaking because the tensile tensions are grow, and microfractures are
propagate.
The brief overview of the history of the creation of carbide drill bits
Hard metals are composite materials of a special class, which has high hardness, wear
resistance and durability that are stored at high temperatures (600°C to 800°C). These properties are
particularly useful in the drilling of wells. You can briefly define them as a composition consisting
of refractory compounds, typically carbide, and a relatively low-melting binder material. Firstly,
Henri Muassanom (Henri Moissan) synthesized tungsten carbide in 1893 when he fused tungsten
with carbon in his electric furnace.
The next step towards the creation of carbide tools considered by a work of American
engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (Frederick Winslow Taylor). It belongs to the priority
development of high-speed steel, which he shared with his compatriot White. On the basis of the
known tool steel "Midvale, Taylor and Monsel' white (Maunsel White) applied high temperature
quenching, provided her with high hardness and heat resistance, as well as improved the original.
Created by Taylor and white tool material based on tungsten, had a high resistance at high
cutting temperatures and allowed to raise the cutting speed to 5 times, so it was named "high speed
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
30
steel". Reached the speed of 40 m/min at the time was considered fantastic, and represented a real
revolution in metalworking. In 1900 at the world exhibition in Paris created by Taylor and White
steel won a gold medal. In 1907 d. Englishman Jelvudom Heyns (by Elwood Haynes) was patented
"Stellite" (from Latin stella is a star)-cast solid cobalt based alloy, used not only for the manufacture
of cutting tools, but also for welding machine parts and tools with a view to durability improvement
(United States Patent 873745). Then there were the alloy carbides tungsten for welding on drilling
as a wear-resistant coating. The first alloy carbides were part of more porous.
German inventor Hugo Lohman (Hugo Lohmann) in 1913-1914 Gg. tried to improve the
properties of the alloy carbides due to grinding in a thin powder, pressing and heating the preforms
formatted (dragged) to near the melting point. The most famous of its development was hard alloy
containing tungsten carbide and named "lomanit". This alloy was distinguished by exceptionally
high hardness, approaching to the hardness of diamond, but like "Stellite" was extremely fragile,
besides expensive, which has not received much spread. In the future, Lohman continued its
development and made a number of inventions, on the various solid alloys, the most interesting of
which singled out Meyer (J.R. Mejer).
Unfortunately, we could not in the databases of WIPO data, the EPO and Germany to find a
mention of the issued in the name of Lohmann patents for carbide bits for drilling. Unfortunately,
we could not in the databases of WIPO data, the EPO and Germany to find a mention of the issued
in the name of Lohmann patents for carbide bits for drilling.
Thus, significantly called the creator of the first carbide bits is not possible. There are more than
90 million patent documents on the database of the European Patent Office (Espacenet). We found out
the first issued patent to the core bit, equipped with carbide cutters. With high probability, they can be
considered as the core bit, described in the German patent DE335805 issued in the name of Alfred Stapf
and Hans Hundrieser. The patent was issued 14.04.1921 stated 26.03.1920. Almost at the same time,
namely 16.03.1922 (filing date 22.12.1920) was granted a patent Switzerland СН93763. It does not
indicate the inventor and the applicant was made by a German company Berlin-Anhaltische
Maschinenbau-Actien-Gesellschaft. However, the design of the tooth described in this patent is almost
similar to the previous one, so it is likely that the inventors are the same as in the German patent.
Since 1931, production of hard alloy relit (rare item cast). Note also the produced in the
USSR hard alloys sormayt (plant "Red Sormovo", and then plant special steels), shift (Leningrad
Institute of metals), Stalin and catch up (plant them. Schmidt), vokar (plant rare elements), drill
powder, VZO (Elektrozavod), TAS-hard alloy for drilling blowtorch (plant rare elements). Ignatiev
was the world's first self-sharpening carbide-insert bit in the laboratory of self-sharpening tools
1933. Zukhurov (Donbass) has proposed and used bits with a stepped arrangement under the end
koromacno ring. However, these developments were not patented.
Outstanding inventor Ignatiev went down in history as the inventor of the first self-
sharpening cutting tool and received his patents in the USSR (No. 14451), Germany, USA, France,
UK, Italy and Belgium. However, information on the receipt of a patent for a self-sharpening
carbide tools, could not be found.
As a result of the patent research database of the Federal Institute of industrial property (Russia)
we have found that the first patents for inventions relating to bits are the following two patents (issued in
one day, although with a different filing date). Copyright certificate of the USSR 21086 a Method of
producing cutters for drill bits. Author Karwacki published 31.07.1931 stated 06.01.1930. USSR patent
21895 Method welding of drill bits of solid carbide. The author is not specified, the applicant State all-
Union electrotechnical Association "VEO". Published 31.07.1931 stated 22.03.1930. In these inventions
was motivated by the opportunity and suggested a technology of drill bits hard alloy.
Conclusion
The historical review and background of drill bits, materials and technologies of rotary
drilling was presented herein. The experience of creating diamond drill bits and drilling
technologies in the National mining University (Dnipro, Ukraine) has been analyzed. Developing
new technology of rock drilling is very challenging. It is shown that improving the efficiency of
ЗНАМЕНАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАТЫ, ИСТОРИЯ
31
rotary drilling is possible in different ways: the use of new materials; changing the operating
parameters of drilling and improving the design of drill bits.
Acknowledgment
This article is dedicated to the memory of prof. Anatolii Kozhevnykov.
Целью работы является краткий исторический обзор развития алмазных буровых коронок
различного типа и презентация современных исследований в данном направлении.
Методология. Анализ и обобщение научно-технических достижений и литературных
источников.
Результаты. Выполнен обзор создания и развития алмазного бурового инструмента:
больших и малых алмазных буровых коронок; коронок, оснащенных синтетическими алмазами;
коронок, армированных композитными материалами. Показаны этапы развития технологий и
новые инновационные подходы к алмазному бурению.
Новизна и практическое значение. В историческом контексте показана необходимость
совершенствования бурового инструмента, показаны новые перспективные направления развития
алмазных буровых коронок и технологий.
Ключевые слова: буровые коронки, алмазное бурение, исторический обзор, новые технологии
бурения
A. Кожевников, д-р техн. наук1; А. Дреус, д-р техн. наук2
1Національний технічний університет Дніпровська політехнікаУкраїна
2Дніпровський національний університет имені Олеся Гончара, Украина
3Каспійський університет, Казахстан
БУРОВЫЕ КОРОНКИ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ОПЫТ
Метою роботи є короткий історичний огляд розвитку алмазних бурових коронок різного
типу і презентація сучасних досліджень в цьому напрямку.
Методологія. Аналіз та узагальнення науково-технічних досягнень та літературних джерел.
Результати. Виконаний огляд створення та розвитку алмазного бурового інструменту:
великих та малих бурових коронок; коронок, оснащених синтетичними алмазами; коронок,
армованих композитними матеріалами. Показано етапи розвитку технологій та нові інноваційні
підходи до алмазного буріння.
Новизна та практичне значення. В історичному контексті показана необхідність
вдосконалення бурового інструменту, показані нові перспективні напрямки розвитку алмазних
бурових коронок і технологій буріння.
Ключові слова: бурові коронки, алмазне буріння, історичний огляд, новітні технології буріння
Литература
1. Talalay P. Foundational of Drilling Engineering. – Beijing Geological Publishing House,
2014 – 194 c.
2. Fiscor S. The Formative Years for E&MJ // Engineering and Mining Journal. – 2016 – Vol.
217, N 2 – P. 40–43.
3. Vogt D. A review of rock cutting for underground mining: past, present, and future //
Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. – 2016. –Vol.116, N 11.
– P. 1011-1026.
4. Talalay P. G. Yearly History of Ice Drilling from Nineteeth to the First Half of Twentieth
Century. // In Mechanical Ice Drilling Technology, Springer, Singapore. – 2016. – P. 9-13.
5. Коzhevnikov А.А., Sudakov, А.К. Anniversaries of innovative drilling technologies // Sci.
innov. – 2015. – Vol. 11, N 4. – P. 55—65.
6. Kozhevnykov A.A. Ratov B.T., Arshidinova M.T., Khomenko V.L. et al. The 100th
Anniversary of the Establishment of the Carbide: Carbide Bit // Int J Chem Sci. – 2017. –
Vol. 15, N 2 – 118.
7. Лепинский О.И. Об исскуственных алмазах // Успехи химии – 1939. – Т.8, № 10. – С.
1519-1534.
8. Pees S. Oil history – Meadvile, Penn.A: Petroleum History Institute, 2004.
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32
9. Glowka D. A., Dennis T., Le Phi, Cohen, J. et al. Development of Advanced Synthetic-
Diamond Drill Bits for Hard-Rock Drilling // U.S. Department of Energy, Apr. 25, 1997.
SAND-95-2616C; CONF-960104-1 ON: DE96002237.
10. Cao X., Kozhevnykov A., Dreus A., Liu BC. Diamond core drilling process using
intermittent flushing mode // Arabian Journal of Geosciences – 2019. – Vol.12, N 4. – 137.
11. Dreus A., Kozhevnykov A. Innovative Approach to Drilling of Geothermal Deep Wells
Using the Heat Factor / Proc. 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Energy Smart
Systems, April 17-19, 2019 Kyiv, Ukraine. – P.192–195.
12. Dreus A., Kozhevnykov A., Sudakov A., Lysenko K. Investigation of heating of the drilling
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Advanced Technologies – 2016.–N 3(7) – P. 41-46.
13. Dreus A. Y., Lysenko K. Y. Computer simulation of fluid mechanics and heat transfer
processes at the working face of borehole rock // Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho
Hirnychoho Universitetu – 2016. – N 5. – P. 29-35.
Received 19.06.19
References
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217(2), 40.
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future. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 116(11), 1011-
1026.
4. Talalay, P. G. (2016). Yearly History of Ice Drilling from Nineteeth to the First Half of
Twentieth Century. Mechanical Ice Drilling Technology, Springer, Singapore, 9–13.
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technologies. Science and innovation, 11(4), 55–65.
6. Kozhevnykov, A.A. Ratov, B.T., Arshidinova, M.T., Khomenko1, V.L., Bayboz, A.R.,
Sabirov B.F. (2017) The 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Carbide: Carbide
Bit. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 15(2), 118.
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9. Glowka, D. A., Dennis, T., Le, Phi, Cohen, J., and Chow, J (1997). Development of
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Energy, Apr. 25, 1997, SAND-95-2616C; CONF-960104-1 ON: DE96002237.
10. Cao X., Kozhevnykov A., Dreus A., Liu BC. (2019) Diamond core drilling process using
intermittent flushing mode. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12 (4), 137.
11. Dreus, A., Kozhevnykov A. (2019). Innovative Approach to Drilling of Geothermal Deep
Wells Using the Heat Factor. Proc. 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Energy
Smart Systems, April 17-19, 2019 Kyiv, Ukraine, 192–195.
12. Dreus, A., Kozhevnykov, A., Sudakov, A., Lysenko, K. (2016). Investigation of heating
of the drilling bits and definition of the energy efficient drilling modes. Easten–European
Journal of Advanced Technologies, 3 (7), 41-46.
13. Dreus, A. Y., Lysenko, K. Y. (2016). Computer simulation of fluid mechanics and heat
transfer processes at the working face of borehole rock. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho
Hirnychoho Universitetu, 5, 29-35.
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