Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂
Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk polycrystalline rhombohedral boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ synthesized by crystallization from the B–BN melt at 7 GPa have been systematically studied by micro- and nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained data...
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Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України
2017
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| Cite this: | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ / V.L. Solozhenko, V. Bushlya // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 67-72. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Solozhenko, V.L. Bushlya, V. |
| author_facet | Solozhenko, V.L. Bushlya, V. |
| citation_txt | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ / V.L. Solozhenko, V. Bushlya // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 67-72. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk polycrystalline rhombohedral boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ synthesized by crystallization from the B–BN melt at 7 GPa have been systematically studied by micro- and nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained data on hardness, elastic properties and fracture toughness clearly indicate that B₁₃N₂ belongs to a family of superhard phases and can be considered as a promising superabrasive or binder for cubic boron nitride.
Мікроструктура та механічні властивості об’ємного полікристалічного ромбоедричного субнітриду бору B₁₃N₂, синтезованого кристалізацією з розплаву B–BN при 7 ГПа, було систематично вивчено методом мікро- та наноіндентування, атомносилової мікроскопії та скануючої електронної мікроскопії. Отримані дані про твердість, еластичні властивості та в’язкість руйнування чітко вказують на те, що B₁₃N₂ належить до сімейства надтвердих фаз і може розглядатися як перспективний суперабразив або зв’язуючий матеріал для кубічного нітриду бору.
Микроструктура и механические свойства объемного поликристаллического ромбоэдрического субнитрида бора B₁₃N₂, синтезированного кристаллизацией из расплава B–BN при 7 ГПа, были систематически изучены методом микро- и наноиндентирования, атомно-силовой микроскопии и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Полученные данные о твердости, упругих свойствах и вязкости разрушения ясно показывают, что B₁₃N₂ принадлежит к семейству сверхтвердых фаз и может рассматриваться как перспективный суперабразив или связующее для кубического нитрида бора.
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ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 6 67
UDC 661.657.5
V. L. Solozhenko1, *, V. Bushlya2
1LSPM–CNRS, Université Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
2Division of Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University,
Lund, Sweden
*vladimir.solozhenko@univ-paris13.fr
Mechanical properties of superhard boron
subnitride B13N2
Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk polycrystalline
rhombohedral boron subnitride B13N2 synthesized by crystallization from the B–BN
melt at 7 GPa have been systematically studied by micro- and nanoindentation, atomic
force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained data on hardness,
elastic properties and fracture toughness clearly indicate that B13N2 belongs to a family
of superhard phases and can be considered as a promising superabrasive or binder for
cubic boron nitride.
Keywords: boron subnitride, hardness, elastic moduli, fracture
toughness.
Rhombohedral boron subnitride B13N2 has been recently
synthesized by crystallization from the B–BN melt at 5 GPa [1–3]. The structure of
B13N2 belongs to the R 3 m space group and represents a new structural type pro-
duced by the distorted B12 icosahedra linked together by N–B–N chains and inter-
icosahedral B–B bonds [1]. Boron subnitride is refractory (Tm = 2430(20) K at
ambient pressure [4]) and low-compressible (B0 = 200(15) GPa [5]) phase similar
to other boron-rich solids with structures related to α-rhombohedral boron (B6O,
B4C, etc.). According to the predictions made in the framework of thermodynamic
model of hardness [6, 7], B13N2 is expected to exhibit hardness of 40 GPa [8]
comparable to that of commercial polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. Here we
present the results of the comprehensive study of mechanical properties of B13N2
boron subnitride.
Well-sintered bulks of polycrystalline B13N2 have been synthesized in a toroid-
type apparatus with a specially designed high-temperature cell [9] at 7 GPa by
quenching of B–BN melt from 2630 K in accordance with high-pressure phase
diagram of the B–BN system [10]. Powders of crystalline β-rhombohedral boron
(99 %, Alfa Aesar) and hexagonal graphite-like boron nitride (hBN) (99.8 %,
Johnson Matthey GmbH) have been used as starting materials. The X-ray
diffraction study (TEXT 3000 Inel, CuKα1 radiation) has shown that the recovered
bulk samples contain well-crystallized B13N2 (a = 5.4585(8) Å, c = 12.253(2) Å),
in mixture with cubic BN (10–15 vol %) due to the peritectic nature of the
L + BN ⇄ B13N2 reaction [4, 10].
The recovered samples (cylinders 4-mm diameter and 3-mm height) were hot
mounted in electrically conductive carbon-fiber reinforced resin, and were planar
ground with 1200 grit SiC and subsequently polished with 9-μm and 1-μm dia-
mond suspensions, followed by super-finishing with 0.04-μm SiO2 colloidal solu-
© V. L. SOLOZHENKO,, V. BUSHLYA, 2017
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 68
tion. Extensive duration of the super-finishing (~ 1.5 hour) and low process
pressure (0.02 MPa) ensured the minimal mechanical damage to the material
surface after final polishing.
Microstructure of the polished samples have been studied by high-resolution
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using LEO/Zeiss 1560 microscope in
secondary electron and InLens modes. SEM results indicate the presence of
residual cubic BN (bright contrast) localized as individual inclusions (Fig. 1, a).
The dimensions of the B13N2 phase pools vary from 50 to 200 µm. Close-up image
of the boron subnitride region taken with an InLens detector shows that B13N2 is
polycrystalline with the grain sizes of 50 to 600 nm (Fig. 1, b).
a
b
Fig. 1. SEM overview of the sample microstructure (a) and an InLens close-up image of the
region of pure B13N2 (b).
Microindentation has been performed using the Ernst Leitz Wetzlar microhard-
ness tester under loads ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 N; at least, five indentations have
been made at each load. The indent sizes were measured with a Leica DMRME
optical microscope under 1000× magnification in the phase contrast regime.
Vickers hardness (HV) was determined from the residual imprint upon indentation
and was calculated following the standard definitions according to Eq. 1:
2
8544.1
d
P
HV = , (1)
where P and d are the applied load and residual imprint diagonal, respectively. The
value of Knoop hardness (HK) was determined by Eq. 2:
2070279.0 d
P
HK = , (2)
where P is the applied load and d is the length of a large diagonal of an indent.
Vickers hardness measurements have shown that the calculated microhardness
abruptly decreases with the load and reaches the asymptotic value of
HV = 41(2) GPa already at a load of 1 N (Fig. 2, a). The experimental Vickers
hardness of B13N2 is in an excellent agreement with the value previously calculated
in the framework of the thermodynamic model of hardness [8], and is comparable
to the hardness of commercial polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. The load
dependence of calculated Knoop hardness is presented in Fig. 2, b; the asymptotic
hardness value is HK = 32(1) GPa.
Nanoindentation study has been performed on Micro Materials NanoTest Van-
tage system with trigonal Berkovich diamond indenter (the tip radius of 120 nm).
The maximal applied load was 500 mN. Loading at the rate of 0.5 mN/s was
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 6 69
followed by a 10 s holding and unloading at the same rate. AFM microscope
Dimension 3100 (Digital Instruments) in tapping mode was used on
nanoindentation imprints for pile-up correction. Figure 3 shows a characteristic
load-displacement curve for bulk B13N2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
40
44
48
52
56
H
V
, GPa
Load, N
a
0 1 2 3
30
40
50
60
H
K
, GPa
Load, N
b
Fig. 2. Vickers (a) and Knoop (b) microhardness of bulk boron subnitride B13N2 vs load. Insets:
optical microscope images of the indents formed by Vickers and Knoop indenters under loads of
6 and 3 N, respectively.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
100
200
300
400
500
L
oa
d,
N
Depth, nm
Fig. 3. Characteristic load-displacement curve for bulk boron subnitride B13N2. Inset: an optical
microscope image of the indent formed by Berkovich indenter under load of 500 mN.
Evaluation of the hardness and elastic modulus was performed in accordance to
the Oliver-Pharr method [11]. The hardness of the sample was determined by
Eq. 3:
( )c
N hA
P
H max= , (3)
where Pmax is the maximum applied load and A(hc) is the projected contact area.
The area function A(hc) was calibrated on a standard fused silica reference sample.
Correction of the area function for the pile-up effects was based on the indent
topography data obtained on the actual samples by atomic force microscopy.
From 7 independent nanoindentation experiments the nanohardness of B13N2
was found to be HN = 36(2) GPa that is in a good agreement with our
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 70
microhardness data. The elastic recovery of B13N2 was determined as the ratio of
elastic work to the total work of the indentation by Eq. 4:
%100
ep
e
W WW
W
R
+
= , (4)
where Wp and We are plastic and elastic works, respectively. From experimentally
found values Wp = 77(9) nJ and We = 97(1) nJ the elastic recovery RW has been
estimated as 55(6) % which is slightly lower than that of single-crystal cubic BN
(60 % [12]).
Reduced modulus Er was determined from stiffness measurements that are
governed by elastic properties of the sample and diamond indenter via Eq. 5:
122 11
−
ν−+ν−=
i
i
s
s
r EE
E , (5)
where Es, Ei are Young’s moduli and νs, νi are Poisson’s ratios of the sample and
indenter, respectively. The elastic modulus of the material hence can be calculated
for known properties of diamond (Ei = 1141 GPa and vi = 0.07 [11]) and Poisson’s
ratio of the sample. The Young’s modulus of E = 515(16) GPa was calculated by
Eq. 5 using the experimental Er = 365(8) GPa value (data from 7 independent
nanoindentation experiments) under the assumption that Poisson’s ratio of B13N2 is
equal to ν = 0.23 (theoretically predicted using the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approach
[13]). The variation of ν over the 0.16–0.28 range results in variation of E-value
from 530 to 501 GPa which is within the experimental error of Young’s modulus
evaluation from the present set of nanoindentation data. This allows the conclusion
that the theoretically predicted Young’s modulus value (387 GPa [13]) is strongly
underestimated.
Using the relation between Young’s (E) and shear (G) moduli for an isotropic
material
( )ν+
=
12
E
G (6)
and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.23 [13], the shear modulus of B13N2 was evaluated as
G = 209(6) GPa which is significantly higher than the theoretically predicted
values (157 GPa [13] and 162 GPa [14]).
The fracture toughness (KIc) was studied with an Ernst Leitz Wetzlar
microhardness tester using a Vickers diamond indenter under 6 N load. The lengths
of radial cracks emanating from the indent corners were measured in polarized
light with Alicona InfiniteFocus 3D optical microscope under 1000×
magnification. The value of KIc, was determined in terms of the indentation load P
and the mean length (surface tip-to-tip length 2c) of the radial cracks according to
Eq. 7 [15]:
KIc = xv(E/HV)0.5(P/c1.5), (7)
where xv = 0.016(4), E is Young’s modulus and HV is load-independent Vickers
hardness. The average fracture toughness of B13N2 has been estimated as
KIc = 1.9(4) MPa·m0.5 which is 33 % lower than the 2.8 MPa·m0.5 value for single-
crystal cBN [16]. As the crack lengths (25–40 μm) are much longer than the grains
(Fig. 4), the KIc value is a characteristic of the bulk B13N2 material as a whole.
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 6 71
Fig. 4. Optical microscope image of the radial crack system in polycrystalline B13N2 under inden-
tation fracture toughness test at 6-N load; width of field is 65 μm.
The data on mechanical and elastic properties of B13N2 are summarized in the
table. Due to high hardness and elastic recovery as well as high thermal stability,
oxidation resistance and adhesion to boron nitride, rhombohedral boron subnitride
B13N2 offers promise as a potential superabrasive or binder for cubic boron nitride.
Hardness, elastic moduli, and fracture toughness of superhard boron
nitrides
HV HK HN E G B KIc
GPa MPa·m0.5
B13N2 41(2) 32(1) 37(1) 515(16) 209(6) 200 [5] 1.9(4)
cubic BN 62a 44a 55a 909b 409 [17] 397 [18] 2.8 [16]
a Single crystal, (111) face [12];
b Polycrystalline material [12].
The authors thank Dr. Vladimir A. Mukhanov for assistance in high-pressure
synthesis of B13N2, Prof. Jinming Zhou for nanoindentation study and Prof. Jan-
Eric Ståhl for helpful discussions. This work was financially supported by the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the
Flintstone2020 project (grant agreement No 689279).
Мікроструктура та механічні властивості об’ємного полікристалічно-
го ромбоедричного субнітриду бору B13N2, синтезованого кристалізацією з розплаву B–BN
при 7 ГПа, було систематично вивчено методом мікро- та наноіндентування, атомно-
силової мікроскопії та скануючої електронної мікроскопії. Отримані дані про твердість,
еластичні властивості та в’язкість руйнування чітко вказують на те, що B13N2 нале-
жить до сімейства надтвердих фаз і може розглядатися як перспективний суперабразив
або зв’язуючий матеріал для кубічного нітриду бору.
Ключові слова: субнітрид бору, твердість, модулі пружності, в’яз-
кість руйнування.
Микроструктура и механические свойства объемного поликристалли-
ческого ромбоэдрического субнитрида бора B13N2, синтезированного кристаллизацией из
расплава B–BN при 7 ГПа, были систематически изучены методом микро- и наноинден-
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 72
тирования, атомно-силовой микроскопии и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. По-
лученные данные о твердости, упругих свойствах и вязкости разрушения ясно показыва-
ют, что B13N2 принадлежит к семейству сверхтвердых фаз и может рассматриваться
как перспективный суперабразив или связующее для кубического нитрида бора.
Ключевые слова: субнитрид бора, твердость, модули упругости, вяз-
кость разрушения.
1. Kurakevych O. O., Solozhenko V. L. Rhombohedral boron subnitride, B13N2, by X-ray powder
diffraction // Acta Cryst. C. – 2007. – 63, N 9. – P. i80–i82.
2. Solozhenko V. L., Kurakevych O. O. New boron subnitride B13N2: HP-HT synthesis, structure
and equation of state // J. Phys. Conf. Ser. – 2008. – 121, art. 062001 (1–7).
3. Solozhenko V. L., Kurakevych O. O. Chemical interaction in the B–BN system at high pres-
sures and temperatures. Synthesis of novel boron subnitrides // J. Solid State Chem. – 2009. –
182, N 6. – P. 1359–1364.
4. Solozhenko V. L., Mukhanov V. A. On melting of boron subnitride B13N2 under pressure //
J. Superhard Mater. – 2017. – 39, N 2. – P. 147–148.
5. Kurakevych O. O., Solozhenko V. L. 300-K equation of state of rhombohedral boron subni-
tride, B13N2 // Solid State Comm., 2009, 149, N 47–48, pp. 2169–217.
6. Mukhanov V. A., Kurakevych O. O., Solozhenko V. L. The interrelation between hardness and
compressibility of substances and their structure and thermodynamic properties //
J. Superhard Mater. – 2008. – 30, N 6. – P. 368–378.
7. Mukhanov V. A., Kurakevych O. O., Solozhenko V. L. Thermodynamic aspects of materials’
hardness: prediction of novel superhard high-pressure phases // High Pressure Res. – 2008. –
28, N 4. – P. 531–537.
8. Mukhanov V. A., Kurakevych O. O., Solozhenko V. L. Thermodynamic model of hardness:
Particular case of boron-rich solids // J. Superhard Mater. – 2010. – 32, N 3. – P. 167–176.
9. Mukhanov V. A., Sokolov P. S., Solozhenko V. L. On melting of B4C boron carbide under
pressure // Ibid. – 2012. – 34, N 3. – P. 211–213.
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B–BN system at 5 GPa // J. Phys. Chem. B. – 2010. – 114, N 17. – P. 5819–5822.
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nitrides from first principles // Phys. Rev. B. – 2017. – 95, art. 064206.
14. Gou H., Zhang J., Gao F. First-principles calculations of boron-rich compounds of B13N2
and B12C2X (X = Si, Ge) // J. Phys.: Cond. Matter. – 2008. – 20, art. 505211.
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Received 05.10.17
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-160165 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0203-3119 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:55:43Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Solozhenko, V.L. Bushlya, V. 2019-10-25T10:55:50Z 2019-10-25T10:55:50Z 2017 Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ / V.L. Solozhenko, V. Bushlya // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 67-72. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0203-3119 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/160165 661.657.5 Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk polycrystalline rhombohedral boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ synthesized by crystallization from the B–BN melt at 7 GPa have been systematically studied by micro- and nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained data on hardness, elastic properties and fracture toughness clearly indicate that B₁₃N₂ belongs to a family of superhard phases and can be considered as a promising superabrasive or binder for cubic boron nitride. Мікроструктура та механічні властивості об’ємного полікристалічного ромбоедричного субнітриду бору B₁₃N₂, синтезованого кристалізацією з розплаву B–BN при 7 ГПа, було систематично вивчено методом мікро- та наноіндентування, атомносилової мікроскопії та скануючої електронної мікроскопії. Отримані дані про твердість, еластичні властивості та в’язкість руйнування чітко вказують на те, що B₁₃N₂ належить до сімейства надтвердих фаз і може розглядатися як перспективний суперабразив або зв’язуючий матеріал для кубічного нітриду бору. Микроструктура и механические свойства объемного поликристаллического ромбоэдрического субнитрида бора B₁₃N₂, синтезированного кристаллизацией из расплава B–BN при 7 ГПа, были систематически изучены методом микро- и наноиндентирования, атомно-силовой микроскопии и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Полученные данные о твердости, упругих свойствах и вязкости разрушения ясно показывают, что B₁₃N₂ принадлежит к семейству сверхтвердых фаз и может рассматриваться как перспективный суперабразив или связующее для кубического нитрида бора. The authors thank Dr. Vladimir A. Mukhanov for assistance in high-pressure synthesis of B₁₃N₂, Prof. Jinming Zhou for nanoindentation study and Prof. Jan-Eric Ståhl for helpful discussions. This work was financially supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Flintstone2020 project (grant agreement No 689279). en Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України Сверхтвердые материалы Получение, структура, свойства Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ Solozhenko, V.L. Bushlya, V. Получение, структура, свойства |
| title | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ |
| title_full | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ |
| title_fullStr | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ |
| title_short | Mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride B₁₃N₂ |
| title_sort | mechanical properties of superhard boron subnitride b₁₃n₂ |
| topic | Получение, структура, свойства |
| topic_facet | Получение, структура, свойства |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/160165 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT solozhenkovl mechanicalpropertiesofsuperhardboronsubnitrideb13n2 AT bushlyav mechanicalpropertiesofsuperhardboronsubnitrideb13n2 |