Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment
Review of existing in the world methods of the rolled metal heat treatment and technological directions of coating application on metal products is made. Results of technological development analysis of finish metal product treatment are presented. The most rational technological schemes of finish m...
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Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України
2008
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Postizhenko, V.K. 2019-10-30T17:05:08Z 2019-10-30T17:05:08Z 2008 Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment / V.K. Postizhenko // Современная электрометаллургия. — 2008. — № 1 (90). — С. 37-42. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. 0233-7681 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/160282 Review of existing in the world methods of the rolled metal heat treatment and technological directions of coating application on metal products is made. Results of technological development analysis of finish metal product treatment are presented. The most rational technological schemes of finish metal product treatment are suggested. Выполнен обзор существующих в мире способов термической обработки металлопроката и технологических направлений нанесения покрытий на металлопродукцию. Представлены результаты анализа технологического развития конечной обработки металлопродукции. Предложены наиболее рациональные технологические схемы финишной обработки металлопродукции. en Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України Современная электрометаллургия Общие вопросы металлургии Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment Анализ технологического развития конечной обработки металлопродукции Article published earlier |
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Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
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Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment Postizhenko, V.K. Общие вопросы металлургии |
| title_short |
Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
| title_full |
Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
| title_fullStr |
Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
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Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
| title_sort |
analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment |
| author |
Postizhenko, V.K. |
| author_facet |
Postizhenko, V.K. |
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Общие вопросы металлургии |
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Общие вопросы металлургии |
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2008 |
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English |
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Современная электрометаллургия |
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Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України |
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Article |
| title_alt |
Анализ технологического развития конечной обработки металлопродукции |
| description |
Review of existing in the world methods of the rolled metal heat treatment and technological directions of coating application on metal products is made. Results of technological development analysis of finish metal product treatment are presented. The most rational technological schemes of finish metal product treatment are suggested.
Выполнен обзор существующих в мире способов термической обработки металлопроката и технологических направлений нанесения покрытий на металлопродукцию. Представлены результаты анализа технологического развития конечной обработки металлопродукции. Предложены наиболее рациональные технологические схемы финишной обработки металлопродукции.
|
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0233-7681 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/160282 |
| citation_txt |
Analysis of technological development of finish metal product treatment / V.K. Postizhenko // Современная электрометаллургия. — 2008. — № 1 (90). — С. 37-42. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. |
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2025-11-26T13:25:09Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-26T13:25:09Z |
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1850622723324116992 |
| fulltext |
both for normalized steel (Figure 5) and for high-
temperature temper quenched steel (Figure 6).
As it follows from presented in the Figures corre-
lation factors, value of ratio R/σy for all experimental
dependences exceeds 3, which corresponds to the level
of fiduciary probability of the data obtained (α ≥
≥ 0.95) and is rather high value for multifactor in-
vestigations. This allows speaking about high statistic
reliability of the data obtained and predicting their
reproducibility in melting of the 20GL steel with CNH
in industrial furnaces.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Modification of the 20GL ferrite-pearlite steel by
titanium, aluminium and nitrogen in combination
with rather narrow ranges of content of base elements
(silicon, manganese and carbon) corresponds to the
level of requirements, established for cast elements
of freight railway cars of new generation.
2. The results obtained have high statistic reliabil-
ity and are accepted for industrial application.
1. (2004) Development of transport machine-building in Rus-
sia «Zheldormashinostroenie-2004», experimental circular
railway VNIIZhT: Recommend. of Participants of Int.
Conf. (Shcherbinka, June 29--30, 2004). Moscow: Center of
Assistance to Development of Transport Science.
2. Pirogov, V.A., Chernenko, V.T., Martsiniv, B.F. et al.
(1994) New low-alloy silicon steels for metal structures.
Moscow: Central Research Institute of Information and
Technical-Economical Studies in Ferrous Metallurgy.
3. Shipitsyn, S.Ya., Babaskin, Yu.Z., Kirchu, I.F. (2004) Ap-
plication of steels with carbon-nitride hardening is the es-
sential increase in reliability and life of rail tracks and
trains. Metall i Litio Ukrainy, 1/2, 39--42.
4. Goldshtejn, M.I., Grin, A.V., Blum, E.E. et al. (1970)
Hardening of structural steels by nitrides. Moscow: Metal-
lurgiya.
5. Rabinovich, A.V., Tregubenko, G.N., Tarasiev, M.I. et al.
(2001) Development of composition and technology for pro-
duction of efficient structural steels with carbon-nitride
hardening. In: Transact. of NMetAU on Current Problems
of Metallurgy. Vol. 3. Dnipropetrovsk: Sistemni Teknolo-
gii.
6. Kalliopin, I.K., Gavrilin, I.V., Ershov, G.S. (1976) Modifi-
cation of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing steel by titanium.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Chiorn. Metallurgiya, 2, 64--67.
7. Lunev, V.V., Pirozhkova, V.P., Burova, N.M. (2003) Ex-
amination of structure and nonmetallic inclusions in steels
20G2L and 40G2L modified by nitrogen with different sul-
fur additions. Teoriya i Praktika Metallurgii, 1, 21--26.
8. Nizhegorodov, B.O., Ignatov, M.V., Rabinovich, O.V. et
al. Method of production of nitrogen-containing master al-
loys. Pat. 20492, Ukraine. Int. Cl. C 22 C 35/00. Publ.
15.10.2001.
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF FINISH METAL PRODUCT TREATMENT
V.K. POSTIZHENKO
National Technical University of Ukraine «KPI», Kiev, Ukraine
Review of existing in the world methods of the rolled metal heat treatment and technological directions of coating
application on metal products is made. Results of technological development analysis of finish metal product treatment
are presented. The most rational technological schemes of finish metal product treatment are suggested.
K e y w o r d s : heat treatment, quality metal product, anticor-
rosion coatings, controlled rolling
Intensive development of construction and automo-
tive industry within postwar period up to nowadays
required high amount of quality metal products.
Improvement of the rolled stock quality is to a
significant degree ensured in the process of the fourth
metallurgical process stage (heat treatment, heat
hardening, and application of protective anticorrosion
coatings).
Quality metal product is rather wide idea. One of
its components is rolled stock from alloyed, low-alloy,
carbon and low-carbon steels, produced by the method
of controllable rolling, heat treated in separate units
after rolling, subjected to heat treatment in rolling
heating, with metal or non-metal coatings. Growth
of volume of production of quality steels is presented
in Figure 1.
Special attention has to be paid to wish of the
metal product consumers to get it in the form, suitable
for manufacturing of their products.
That’s why metallurgical plants try to produce
rolled stock with preset properties ---- a combination© V.K. POSTIZHENKO, 2008
Figure 6. Influence of ALK consumption V on yield strength and
impact toughness of high-temperature temper quenched 20GL steel
1/2008 37
of the required values of strength, ductility, and serv-
ice characteristics.
Mentioned changes in conditions of the metal
product supply are based on radical perfection of the
metal production at the ferrous metallurgy plants.
From this viewpoint of great significance is registered
in a number of countries transition from production
of relatively high-alloy structural steels, subjected to
heat treatment at a metallurgical plant or at the en-
terprise-consumer of this metal, to production of high-
strength rolled stock without application of separate
heat treatment and with minimal content of alloying
additives.
Mentioned statement should not be interpreted as
refusal of metallurgists from application of the metal
heat treatment as a measure for improving mechanical
and technological properties. Development of proc-
esses in ferrous metallurgy follows at present the way
of achievement of the required results using simpler,
cheaper and, as a result, more rational methods, while
heat treatment may be used in order to meet more
strict requirements, for example in production of
heavy-duty steels [1].
Technologies of metal product finish treatment
based on processes of heat treatment. Improvement
of the steel rolled stock mechanical properties is fre-
quently achieved due to application of controllable
rolling, at which hot deformation (and for rolled stock
in reels or rolls also reeling) is performed under
strictly regulated temperature conditions. Significant
share of general reduction is performed at the tem-
peratures below the level of austenite transformations.
So, the controlled rolling is actually thermomechani-
cal treatment of the metal.
It should be noted that effect of the controlled
rolling is connected with special change of steel mi-
crostructure and is manifested provided certain con-
ditions are observed, main of which is that the steel
has to be clean in regard to sulfur and non-metal
inclusions. The highest effect is achieved on oxygen-
converter steels that passed out-of-furnace treatment.
In production of coiled steel on broad-strip con-
tinuous mills a regulated rolling is used. In this case
intensity of cooling and temperature of the strip reel-
ing into rolls are strictly controlled [2].
They started to use controlled rolling in industry
in 1960s on plate mills. Later they started to use it
on broad-strip and section mills. At big metallurgical
enterprises about 20 % of produced plate rolled stock
are subjected to the controlled rolling.
At present mentioned processes are used at such
state-of-the-art metallurgical enterprises as inter-
branch regional centers of thermal metal products [3].
Methods of application of protection coatings
on final metal products. More and more frequently
ferrous metallurgy assumes function of finishing of
the rolled stock surface. This is explained by high
efficiency of continuous application of coatings on a
steel strip. Application of coatings serves first of all
for long-term protection of metal products against
corrosion. In addition, steels with coatings are im-
parted decorative and special properties. Surfaces of
sheets and strips from corrosion-resistant steels and
aluminium are also subjected to finishing. Among
methods of production of steel corrosion-resistant
products at enterprises of ferrous metallurgy produc-
tion of rolled sheet with coatings occupies first posi-
tion.
Sheet metal with coating. Tinplate occupies first
position as to the volume of its production. In Figure 2
data on production and consumption of tinplate in
capitalist and developing countries within 1980--2005
are presented [4, 5]. As one can see from the Figure,
production of tinplate in developing countries in-
creases every year.
The biggest producer of tinplate and sheet metal
as a whole continues to be the USA despite reduction
of volumes of production in comparison with the maxi-
mal achieved level (6.2 mln t in 1968) [6]. In 2003
general dispatches of sheet metal constituted 3684.7
thou t. In Japan (second position in the world in
regard to production of tinplate and coated sheet met-
al as a whole) volume of tinplate production in 1997
constituted 1977 thou t, and in 1980s it somewhat
reduced [7]. The biggest in the world exporters of
tinplate are Japan (48.2 % in 2002), in Western
Europe ---- France, FRG and Netherlands. Great Brit-
ain achieved maximal volume of tinplate production
in 2001 ---- 1283 thou t.
Volumes of production of hot-dipped tinplate,
used in canning industry, are significant only in coun-
tries of former socialist camp, but nowadays process
Figure 1. Volume V of quality steel melting in economically de-
veloped countries; here and in Figures 2 and 3: 1 ---- USA; 2 ----
Japan; 3 ---- France; 4 ---- Brazil
38 1/2008
of their reduction is registered. Production of hot-
dipped tinplate in industrially developed capitalist
countries in some cases revives, although it is not used
anymore in canning industry.
Production of chrome-plated sheet metal is stable
or increases in the producer-countries. Although in
the USA it is lower than maximal achieved level
(1.2 mln t in 1973), from 1995 on it was rather con-
stant, in particular, 850 thou t/year. In 2000 its
dispatched volume constituted 857.1 thou t, in
2003 ---- 1041.8 thou t. Leader in production of chro-
mium-plated sheet metal at present is Japan, where
production increases at high rate and constitute at
present approximately 1.2 mln t, whereby 25 % of
chromium-plated sheet metal are exported.
Rolled sheet with galvanized coatings from zinc
alloys. To the galvanized rolled sheet relates rolled
metal with coatings from zinc and its alloys, which
are applied by method of dipping into the melt (hot-
galvanized, with thermal diffusion coating by iron-
zinc alloy, with coatings from alloys of zinc with
aluminium (4.5--5.0, 15, 30 and 55 wt.%) and small
additives of other elements), coatings produced by
electrolytic method (zinc ones, from alloys of zinc
with iron, nickel, manganese, and other types includ-
ing multilayer ones, in which zinc is present in one
or two layers). Zinc may be also applied on a steel
strip by deposition from vapor phase in vacuum, but
this technology is still rarely used.
Growth of the galvanized rolled sheet production
in main capitalist countries in 1980--2003 is shown in
Figure 3. In Japan its volume in 1986 constituted
9088 thou t, in 2002 ---- 18197 thou t, i.e. it continues
to increase.
According to estimation, made in 1981, annual
volume of subjected to galvanization ferrous metals
constituted all over the world about 35 mln t (about
3 bln m2 of surface) [8].
In FRG about 150 enterprises applied in 1979 for
protection against corrosion coatings on 3 mln t of
ferrous metals (approximately 270 mln m2 of surface).
Consumption of zinc for hot galvanization constituted
about 165 thou t, about 70 thou t of which were used
for piece galvanization, approximately 10 thou t ----
for galvanization of wire and pipes, and about
75 thou t ---- for galvanization of strips [9]. Volume
of production of hot-galvanized sheets and strips in
this country in 1979 constituted about 1.49 mln t, in
1990 and 1995 ---- 1.5 mln t. Volume of production
of hot-aluminized strips, and sheets and strips, pro-
duced by the method of dipping into a melt, consti-
tuted in 1985 1.7 mln t, and their share in general
volume of production of thin sheet in the country
equaled more than 20 %. Beginning from 1959, from
eight installed broad-strip units for application of
coatings by the method of dipping into a melt at
present only six operate and produce about 8 % of
the products, produced at almost 200 known in the
world broad-strip units for application of coatings by
the method of dipping into a melt [10].
As it follows from [11], general volume of pro-
duced in the world beginning from 1972 galvalum
achieved more than 7 mln t; annual production of
galvalum equals at present 1.5 mln t/year and had
Figure 3. Growth of rolled galvanized sheet production in devel-
oped and developing countries
Figure 2. Volume of tinplate production in developed and devel-
oping countries
1/2008 39
to double by 1989. About 300 thou t of galvalum was
produced in Western Europe in 1986. It was assumed
that in 2005 it would constitute 950 thou t. For pro-
duction of the galvalum strip 22 licenses were sold,
developer of which is the «Bethlehem International
Engineering Corp.», USA [11].
Pilot production of strip with galfan coating on
hot-galvanization unit was carried out in France in
1981. Information about this was not discovered. In
1985 volume of its production constituted more than
60 thou t. It was assumed that in Japan by 2005
production of steel with galfan coating could achieve
20 % of hot-galvanized steel production. By 1987, 32
licenses were sold for production of strip, wire and
pipes with galfan coating [12]. Cost of the license for
production of strip with galfan coating in 1981 was
50 thou USD for first unit, 40 thou USD for second
and 30 thou USD for each subsequent unit. Developer
of the coating was International Lead and Zinc Re-
search Organization (ILZRO) [13].
Production of strip with lavegal coating (30 % Al)
started in 1985 in Italy at a new combined unit for
hot-aluminizing and application of the lavegal coat-
ings of 140 thou t/year productivity of the «Nuova
Italsider» company [14]. The product was developed
by a group of metallurgical companies with partici-
pation of the Metallurgical scientific-research center.
In 2005 demand for this product in Italy constituted
170 thou t.
There is no sufficient statistical data about pro-
duction of rolled electrolytically coated by zinc and
its alloys metal. In the USA production of the elec-
trolytically galvanized rolled sheet constituted in
1982 490 thou t, in 1983 ---- 610 thou t, and in 1984 ----
more than 700 thou t [15]. In connection with simul-
taneous commissioning of big number of new highly
productive electrolytic galvanization units in 2003,
production of this kind of rolled sheet with the coating
had to sharply increase. In FRG volume of production
of the electrolytically galvanized rolled sheet consti-
tuted in 1981 190 thou t, in 1982 ---- 230 thou t, and
in 1983 ---- 300 thou t [16]. According to statement
of specialists of Japanese company «Nisshin Steel»,
production of the electrolytically galvanized rolled
sheet constituted in January--November 1987 3 mln t
(hot-galvanized sheet ---- 4.59 mln t), and rates of
growth, in comparison with previous period in 1986,
were the highest (19.5 % in comparison with 11.2 %
for the hot-galvanized one). Judging from commis-
sioning of big amount of new capacities for electrolytic
galvanizing of steel strip, rates of growth in 2000s of
electrolytically galvanized steel were high not just in
Japan, but also in other industrially developed capi-
talist countries.
Hot-aluminized sheet steel. As it follows from
mentioned above, production of the hot-aluminized
sheet steel in the world constitutes more than 1 mln t.
In CIS countries 137 thou t of aluminized sheet steel
were produced in 1970, in 1984 ---- 308 thou t, and
in 1987 ---- 405 thou t. Import of Japan in 1987 con-
stituted 15 thou t. Production of hot-aluminized steel
in Japan achieves, approximately, 500 thou t/year
[4].
In 1960--1970s more than ten continuous special-
ized or combined units for production of hot-alumin-
ized sheet steel were installed in the USA, Japan,
Great Britain, FRG, France, CSSR, BPR and Argen-
tine [4]. In 1980s new continuous units (all of them
combined ones) were installed in Luxemburg and It-
aly (one in each) and were planned for putting into
operation in the USA (1988) and the USSR (1989).
In the USA among companies-producers of hot-alu-
minized sheet steel «Armco Steel» and «Inland Steel»
are mentioned.
A unit was put into operation in 1972 in Middle-
town, which was designed for aluminizing strip of
0.4--2.5 mm thickness and up to 1525 mm width with
two changeable baths for production of hot-alumin-
ized steel of type I (Al--Si) and type II (Al) [10]. At
present primary productivity of the unit has been in-
creased from 200 to 300 thou t/year. American com-
pany «United States Steel» (present USX) switched
over since 1983 to production of galvalum.
A new unit for hot galvanization (aluminizing) of
270 thou t/year productivity was installed in Fol-
lansbee by joint American-Japanese company «Will-
ing-Nisshin». In Japan two companies produced hot-
aluminized steel (of type I) ---- «Nippon Steel Co.»
and «Nisshin Steel» (the latter one supplies 79 % of
this product).
The «Nisshin Steel» company used two units (they
are installed at the «Hanshin» plant in Sakai) ----
combined ones for hot galvanization and aluminizing
of 164 thou t/year productivity [4]. The company
informed about development of technology for one-
side hot aluminizing with application of masking coat-
ing on other side of the strip, which is roasted in the
annealing furnace and then cleaned off by a brush
[17].
Unit of the «Nippon Steel Co.» (Japan) of
60 thou t/year capacity, installed at the plant in
Yawata, is also a combined one for hot galvaniza-
tion/aluminizing. In Germany the only producer of
hot-aluminized sheet steel was the «Tissen Stahl»
company, which produced it on the combined galva-
nization/aluminizing unit.
In France at plant of the «Ziegler» company in
Muson a continuous double designation unit of 120
thou t/year productivity was installed for processing
of a strip of 0.5--2.0 mm thickness and up to 1500 mm
width.
In Italy a combined unit for hot aluminizing /pro-
duction of a strip with lavegal coating of
140 thou t/year productivity was put into operation.
Need in hot-aluminized steel in Italy in 1990 was
estimated at the level of 50 thou t.
In1982 at the «Galvalenge» plant in Dudelenge,
Belgium, unit for hot aluminizing/production of gal-
valum (the company name is aluzink) was put into
operation for processing of a strip of 0.3--1.75 mm
40 1/2008
thickness and 700--1500 mm width with speed of
movement up to 140 m/min. Its maximal productiv-
ity was 35 t/h.
In Great Britain the only producer of hot-alumin-
ized sheet steel became the only non-metallurgical
company «Coated Metals». It produced 45 thou t of
the product.
As a whole, production of the hot-aluminized steel
is less adaptable to streamlined production than pro-
duction of the hot-galvanized steel. It requires for
higher temperatures of the melt heating (660--
680 °C), which can stand only ceramic bathes. Char-
acteristic feature for state-of-the-art units, designated
for both hot aluminizing and hot galvanization, is
application of non-oxidizing heating in annealing fur-
naces with utilization of the waste gas heat, applica-
tion of air knives for regulation of the coating thick-
ness, straightening-stretching machines, and temper
mills. For additional chemical treatment of a strip
with coating the chromate treatment may be used.
The issue of prevention of thick layer of iron-alu-
minium alloy formation is successfully solved by in-
crease of the strip movement speed.
Hot-aluminized steel of type I (Al--8--12 % Si) is
characterized by improved deformability, high heat
resistance, and heat-reflecting capacity. Silicon in the
melt suppresses growth of iron-aluminium alloy. In-
vestigations, carried out in Japan and other countries,
showed high resistance of this steel against atmos-
pheric action in comparison with galvanized steel.
Lead-plated sheet steel. According to the assess-
ment made in 1982, more than 600 thou t/year of
lead-plated steel were produced in the world on con-
tinuous or sheet lead-plating units or using electro-
lytic method [6]. Continuous hot lead plating units
were installed in the USA (three), Great Britain and
France (two in each), Japan, FRG, Australia, Bel-
gium and the USSR (one in each). The most state-
of-the-art and productive in 1982 was the unit for
continuous lead plating, installed in Japan at plant
of the «Nippon Steel Co.» in Yawata instead of the
old continuous unit, productivity of which was 81
thou t/year. Productivity of the new unit is 210
thou t/year. Strips of 0.4--2.3 mm thickness and 610--
1230 mm width in coils of up to 22 t mass were proc-
esses on it at strip movement speed up to 70 m/min
(the highest speed for hot lead plating units). Nominal
mass of the two-side coating is 75--150 g/m2. Tech-
nology of the nickel sublayer application in amount
of 1 g per 1 m2 by electrolytic method was used for
the first time on this unit. As a result a difficult for
the hot lead plating units task of ensuring quality
adhesion of a coating from the Pb--Sn melt to steel
base was solved, it became possible to reduce content
of stannum in the alloy from 15 to 8 %, more uniform
fine crystalline structure of the alloy with minimal
amount of pinholes was achieved, and duration of
etching was reduced from 45 to 3--5 s.
Corrosion resistance of the lead plated according
to the new technology sheet steel is by 25 % higher
than of the steel plated according to conventional
technology. Other peculiarities of the unit consist in
application of air knives and, in some cases, of chemi-
cal treatment. Technology of nickel sublayer applica-
tion was introduced by two American companies,
which produced lead-plated sheet steel ---- «Armco
Steel» at the plant in Middletown and «United States
Steel» at the plant in Pittsburg. Maximal width of
the lead-plated sheet steel, produced at the continuous
unit in Middletown, was 1245 mm [18].
A continuous unit for electrolytic galvaniza-
tion/lead plating (installed in 1972, retrofitted into
the double-purpose one in 1978) operates at plant of
the «Estel Ziegerlandwerke» company in Dortmund,
FRG. It is designed for production of one- and two-
side lead plating of sheet steel with Pb--7 % Sn coating
of 2.5 and 5.0 µm thickness (5.0 µm correspond to
the coating of 38 g per 1 m2). The product may be
supplied in sheets of up to 5000 mm length and strips
with minimal width 20 mm; its quality does not differ
from that of the hot lead plated product [6]. Old unit
for electrolytic galvanization was reequipped into the
unit for electrolytic lead plating at the plant in
Fukuyama by the «Nippon Kokan» company, Japan.
Volume of production of the lead-plated sheet steel
was 24--36 thou t/year.
Lead-plated steel rolled stock is produced from
mild non-alloyed cold-rolled steel, characterized by
good stamping capacity. Coating in stamping is char-
acterized by the lubrication effect. Lead-plated sheet
steel has high corrosion resistance against action of
petrol, diesel fuel, and salt spread over the roads. The
sheets are subjected to soldering and brazing, spot
and seam welding, and then they are painted. Main
designation of the lead-plated sheet rolled stock is its
application in fuel tanks of automobiles and in manu-
facturing of the radiator frames and filter parts, hous-
ings of gas meters, oil bathes, housings of condensers
and other purposes.
New in technology of hot lead plating is applica-
tion as a basis of a strip from the corrosion-resistant
steel. For the first time production of the new product
of construction designation was mastered by the
«Strip Tinning» company, Great Britain. Strip of
0.25--3.00 mm thickness and 700 mm width from steels
304 and 306 was produced (application of other cor-
rosion-resistant steels is possible) with two-side coat-
ing by lead-stannum alloy (20 % Sn--80 % Pb).
Rolled sheet with organic coatings. World pro-
duction of steel rolled sheet with organic coatings in
1984 equaled 6 mln t or 1.2 bln m2, share of North
America in which constituted 47, Western Europe ----
26, Japan ---- 22, and the rest countries ---- 5 %. Com-
parison with other data [19] showed that share of
countries of Western Europe is by several percent
less, while that of the North America countries is
respectively higher. Consumption of the sheet rolled
stock per capita in 1984 constituted: in Western
Europe ---- 4, FRG ---- 5, North America and Japan ----
almost 10, Austria with New Zealand ---- approxi-
1/2008 41
mately 13 kg [20]. Assumed world production of
rolled aluminium sheet with organic coatings had to
constitute 1.85 bln t in 2003.
In the North America countries (the USA, Canada
and Mexico) the biggest dispatches of rolled sheet
(steel and aluminium one) with organic coatings were
in 1984 ---- 3.63 mln t. In 1985 they constituted 3.56,
and in 1986 ---- 3.46 mln t (reduction of the dispatches
was mainly caused by reduction of zincrometal con-
sumption) [21]. Share of Canada and Mexico consti-
tuted 8--10 % of the dispatches. In 1996 among general
amount of dispatched rolled sheet 2.82 mln t consti-
tuted steel rolled sheet and 0.64 mln t ---- aluminium
one [22].
In the Western Europe countries 1.8 mln t of rolled
sheet with organic coatings were produced in 2000.
In FRG volume of its production constituted 837
thou t in 2000; at average 0.7 mm thickness of the
strip it corresponds to application of coating on the
area of 180 mln m2 (area of one side of a strip is taken
into account). For this purpose about 9000 t of coat-
ings, applied in molten state, were used, including
coatings for sheet steel of zincrometal type and coat-
ings of back side of the strip.
In Japan, proceeding from the generalized data,
volume of production of steel rolled sheet with organic
coatings constituted 2.34 mln t in 2002. Volume of
dispatches of preliminarily painted galvanized sheet
achieved 1965 thou t in 1999. Aluminium was not
widely used as a base in Japan because of high cost
of electric energy [23].
As of 2002, the highest rates of increment of pro-
duction of the rolled sheet with organic coatings were
in Japan. This country became almost as big producer
in this field as the USA.
Tasks of the metal product finish treatment de-
velopment in ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine. The
most important task of metallurgy of Ukraine is in-
crease of high-tech character of the produced product
and its competitiveness on the metal product market,
and main directions are increased quality of the metal
products, expansion of the technological process in
the course of further processing of this product, and
preparation of the latter for its use by the consumers.
For this purpose it is necessary to fulfill the fol-
lowing measures:
• develop and use scheme of development of new
kinds of the products jointly with metallurgists and
consumers;
• expand assortment of the metallurgical products;
• widely use technology of heat and heat defor-
mation treatment of the metal from the rolling heat-
ing;
• establish a number of interbranch centers for
heat treatment of metal products (such centers were
established within last 15--20 years and successfully
function in industrially developed countries);
• significantly increase production of rolled sheet
from carbon steels with protection coatings;
• organize in big research centers laboratories for
carrying out standard and special tests of rolled stock
with coatings.
High quality of the products, produced on the
units for hot galvanization and application of electro-
lytic, organic and other coatings, enables expansion
of the field of their use. Rolled sheet with coating is
corrosion-resistant. In many cases it may be used as
a decorative facing and roofing material, it has special
properties and is subject to cold forming to shape and
has a number of other designations. Absence of cor-
rosion of the steel is guaranteed for the period of 5--40
years.
1. Myrtsymov, F.M. (1978) Ferrous metallurgy of industriali-
zed and developing countries. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
2. Medovar, B.I. (1990) Metallurgy yesterday, today and to-
morrow. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
3. Dejneko, L.N. (2004) Heat treatment as one of the effective
methods in increase of competitiveness of metal products.
In: Metallurgical science for enterprises of the Trans-Dni-
ester Region. Dnepropetrovsk: Sistemni Tekhnologii.
4. (1988) Annual world tinplate survey. Tin International,
61(2), 6--11.
5. (1986) Ibid., 59(4), 156.
6. (1982) JJSS Commentary, May, XI-5, 72.
7. (1985) French tinplate sales expand as world market dips.
Metal Bulletin Monthly, 170, 18, 19.
8. (1987) Tin International, 60(10), 324.
9. (1984) Mehr verzinkte Bleche. Baender Bleche Rohre, 6,
145.
10. Albrecht, J., Gerhard, E., Furken, L. et al. (1987) Stand
der Technik bei der Herstellung von Schmelztauchueberzu-
gen. Stahl und Eisen, 107(21), 973--979.
11. (1987) Europe may follow USSR into galvalume. Metal
Bulletin, 7224, 21.
12. (1986) Galfan ---- the zinc--aluminum coating. Iron Age,
229(15), 46, 49.
13. Radtke, S.F. (1981) Ganvan ---- zink bietet Galvalume pa-
roli. Metall, 15, 909, 910.
14. Memmi, M., Jardetti, J., Bonaretti, A. (1987) Lavegals ----
a new coating on the base of Zn--Al--Mg for sheet steel. In:
Paper for Symp. of Ital. Firms «Italsider» and «Italimpi-
anti» (Moscow, October 15--16, 1987). Moscow.
15. (1984) Mehrere Elektrolytische Verzinkungsanlagen gep-
lant. Stahl und Eisen, 104(14), 11.
16. Meuthen, B., Meyer zu Bexten Jobst, H. (1985) Electroly-
tic zinc-coated steel sheet for the automotive industry: state
of the art in West Germany. Iron and Steel Eng., 62(6),
26--28.
17. (1985) Jahrbuch Stahl. Duesseldorf: Stahleisen, 153--158.
18. Wrigley, Al. (1985) 2 auto firms employ terne-coated steel
tanks. American Metal Market, 93(47), 20.
19. (1985) World coil coating capacity. Sheet Metal Industri-
es, 22, 90.
20. (1985) Tetsu-to-Hagane, 12, 1252.
21. Meuthen, B., von Laer, P., Nolter, A. et al. (1985)
Jahre Stahlbreitbandbesichtigung ---- eine Leistungsbi-
lanz der deutschen Stahlindustrie. Stahl und Eisen,
105(22), 119--126.
22. (1987) Westeuropa: Bandbesichter wachsen weiter. Ibid.,
107(20), 77.
23. Guseva, N.E. (1987) Zincrometal and its modification.
Moscow: Chermetinformatsiya.
42 1/2008
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