Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током
The steel–molybdenum coating applied to the piston rings group made of high-strength cast iron provides a good conformability, low wear rate, and low coefficient of friction. This fact is explained by the specific characteristics of molybdenum oxides. Сталь-молибденовое покрытие, нанесённое на поршн...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
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| Дата: | 2019 |
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2019
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током / Э.Ф. Штапенко, В.А. Заблудовский, В.В. Титаренко, В.С. Краева, А.М. Афанасов // Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. — 2019. — Т. 41, № 1. — С. 27-37. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — рос. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859621391818555392 |
|---|---|
| author | Штапенко, Э.Ф. Заблудовский, В.А. Титаренко, В.В. Краева, В.С. Афанасов, А.М. |
| author_facet | Штапенко, Э.Ф. Заблудовский, В.А. Титаренко, В.В. Краева, В.С. Афанасов, А.М. |
| citation_txt | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током / Э.Ф. Штапенко, В.А. Заблудовский, В.В. Титаренко, В.С. Краева, А.М. Афанасов // Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. — 2019. — Т. 41, № 1. — С. 27-37. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — рос. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description | The steel–molybdenum coating applied to the piston rings group made of high-strength cast iron provides a good conformability, low wear rate, and low coefficient of friction. This fact is explained by the specific characteristics of molybdenum oxides.
Сталь-молибденовое покрытие, нанесённое на поршневые кольца из высокопрочного чугуна, обеспечивает хорошую прирабатываемость, малую интенсивность износа, низкий коэффициент трения. Этот факт объясняется специфическими свойствами оксидов молибдена.
Сталь-молібденове покриття, що нанесено на поршневі кільця з високоміцного чавуну, забезпечує добру припрацьовуваність, малу інтенсивність зношування, низький коефіцієнт тертя. Цей факт пояснюється специфічними властивостями окислів молібдену.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-11-29T03:52:26Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
PACS numbers: 06.60.Vz, 62.20.Qp, 68.35.Gy, 68.55.J-, 68.60.Bs, 81.15.Cd, 81.40.Pq
Development and Investigation of a Steel–Molybdenum Coating
Deposited by the Gas–Thermal Method
V. I. Bolshakov, D. B. Hlushkova*, O. V. Kalinin, O. I. Voronkov*,
and L. L. Kostina
Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
24a
Chernyshevsky Str.,
49600 Dnipro, Ukraine
*Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University,
25 Yaroslav Mudryy Str.,
61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
The steel–molybdenum coating applied to the piston rings group made of
high-strength cast iron provides a good conformability, low wear rate, and
low coefficient of friction. This fact is explained by the specific characteris-
tics of molybdenum oxides.
Key words: steel–molybdenum coating, conformability, wear rate, micro-
hardness, molybdenum oxides.
Сталь-молібденове покриття, що нанесено на поршневі кільця з високо-
міцного чавуну, забезпечує добру припрацьовуваність, малу інтенсив-
ність зношування, низький коефіцієнт тертя. Цей факт пояснюється спе-
цифічними властивостями окислів молібдену.
Ключові слова: сталь-молібденове покриття, припрацьовуваність, швид-
кість зношування, мікротвердість, оксид молібдену.
Сталь-молибденовое покрытие, нанесённое на поршневые кольца из вы-
сокопрочного чугуна, обеспечивает хорошую прирабатываемость, малую
интенсивность износа, низкий коэффициент трения. Этот факт объясня-
ется специфическими свойствами оксидов молибдена.
Corresponding author: Diana Borysivna Hlushkova
E-mail: diana@khadi.kharkov.ua
Citation: V. I. Bolshakov, D. B. Hlushkova, O. V. Kalinin, O. I. Voronkov, and
L. L. Kostina, Development and Investigation of a Steel–Molybdenum Coating Deposited
by the Gas–Thermal Method, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 41, No. 1: 39–46 (2019).
DOI: 10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039
Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies
Ìåòàëîôіç. íîâіòíі òåõíîë.
Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2019, vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 39–46
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039
Reprints available directly from the publisher
2019 G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published by license under
the G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics–
N.A.S. of Ukraine Publishers imprint.
Printed in Ukraine.
39
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039
https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039
40 V. I. BOLSHAKOV, D. B. HLUSHKOVA, O. V. KALININ et al.
Ключевые слова: сталь-молибденовое покрытие, прирабатываемость,
скорость износа, микротвёрдость, оксиды молибдена.
(Received September 9, 2018)
1. ANALYSIS OF PUBLICATIONS
The significant increase of reliability and endurance of units and ma-
chine parts is one of the main problems in the development of modern
engineering.
This problem can be solved by the urgent development of the new
technologies, especially, for the details, which work in the condition of
friction as well as amortization.
The well-known strengthen technologies have some disadvantages,
for example: the microgeometry of details is changed after strengthen-
ing, skellering of the product surface and the appearance of stresses
inside it, affects the operability of the machine unit, the need to create
special and expensive conditions for the process of strengthening, en-
vironmental problems, etc.
This scientific research is devoted to the process of planning and in-
vestigation of the structure and features of piston rings group after
covering them with steel–molybdenum coating.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The coatings were applied to the piston rings group made of high-
strength cast iron used in batch production.
Now, the electrolytic bichromated coating is applied to the piston
rings group.
That is why the researches were conducted simultaneously with the
piston rings group, which were reinforcement according to the pro-
posed technology of hardening; the results of the research were com-
pared by the main features, which characterize serviceability of piston
rings group during operation.
The proposed technology of hardening consists in applying a coating
on cast iron rings by the method of double-wire metallization with in-
dependent feeding of steel and molybdenum wires. For this purpose,
structural bearing steel 11X18M was selected, the chemical composi-
tion of which is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Chemical composition of steel 11X18M (content of elements, %).
С Si Mn S P Cr Mo Cu Ni Fe
1.1–1.2 0.53–0.95 0.5–1.0 >0.015 >0.025 16.5–18.0 0.5–0.8 >0.3 >0.3 Rest
DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF A STEEL–MOLYBDENUM COATING 41
Molybdenum is chosen as a material having a melting point of
2620°С, high heat resistance and corrosion resistance, low thermal ex-
pansion coefficient, high hardness and strength at elevated tempera-
tures, significant specific strength. Such a set of properties can signif-
icantly improve the quality of the coating.
The method of two-wire metallization creates a complex structure of
the coating, in which particles of steel and molybdenum, having dif-
ferent properties (including density), should be distributed in succes-
sive layers with different hardness. This will allow obtaining a hetero-
geneous structure of the coating, ensuring its high antifriction prop-
erties.
The piston rings, which were covered with the steel–molybdenum
coating, were grouped in twenty items. The assembling of the piston
rings group was carried out in a special appliance, imitating the bush-
ing of the working cylinder. Rings on the mandrel were assembled in
such a way that there was no opening of the locks.
On the working surfaces of the piston rings group, a special groove
is provided under the coating, which increases the adhesion of the coat-
ing to the substrate.
The technological process of applying the steel–molybdenum coat-
ing to the piston rings group includes the following stages: prelimi-
nary cleaning, bead blasting treatment, spraying.
The bead blasting treatment deals with cleaning the surface of the
base coat increase the surface roughness of the substrate, which in-
TABLE 2. The modes of steel–molybdenum coating sputtering.
Coating
composi-
tion,
%wt.
Wire
diame-
ter, mm
Wire
feed
speed,
m/min
Coating
composi-
tion,
% in
volume
A
rc
v
ol
ta
g
e,
V
E
le
ct
ri
c
cu
rr
en
t,
А
P
ol
ar
it
y
S
to
re
d
a
ir
p
re
s-
su
re
,
k
g
f/
cm
2
D
ia
m
et
er
o
f
ai
r-
bl
as
t
n
oz
zl
e,
m
m
S
p
ra
y
in
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
m
m
Мо St Mo St Mo St Мо St Мо St
50 50 1.5 1.7 3.8 3.8 44 56 35 220 + − 4.5–5.0 7
100–
110
50 50 2.0 2.3 3.8 3.8 44 56 40 400 + − 5.0–5.5 8
100–
110
60 40 1.5 1.7 3.8 2.47 53 47 35 220 + − 5.0–5.5 7
100–
110
60 40 2.0 2.3 3,8 2.47 53 47 40 250 + − 5.0–5.5 8
100–
110
40 60 1.5 1.7 3.8 5.84 33 67 35 220 + − 5.0–5.5 7
100–
110
40 60 2.0 2.3 3.8 5.84 33 67 40 400 + − 5.0–5.5 8
100–
110
42 V. I. BOLSHAKOV, D. B. HLUSHKOVA, O. V. KALININ et al.
creases the total area of the coating adhesion sections with the sub-
strate and the adhesion of the coating.
Molybdenum and steel wires were fed at a certain speed. The coating
was applied by electric arc spraying on the same mandrel as shot blast-
ing. The molybdenum wire is connected to the positive pole of the pow-
er source, the steel wire to the negative pole.
The application modes of the steel–molybdenum coating are given in
the Table 2.
The temperature of the piston rings group during the application of
the steel–molybdenum coating is 150°C. The coating was sprayed to a
thickness of 0.8 mm. After the coating was applied, a mechanical
treatment was carried out. The thickness of the coating in the final fin-
ished ring is 0.5 ± 0.1 mm.
3. THE RESULTS OF THE CONDUCTED RESEARCH
The structure of the steel–molybdenum coating was studied using a
metallographic microscope with an increase from ×100 to ×300.
The microstructure of the coating has a typical character of gas
thermal coats layered with uniformly spaced pores (Fig. 1).
The industrial etching of the samples was carried out with a Mu-
rakama reagent (10 g NaOH, 10 g K3Fe (CN)3, 10 ml H2O), which is
used to reveal the structure of Mo and other refractory materials.
The structure of the steel–molybdenum coating after etching is shown
at the Fig. 2. The microstructure of the coating is a combination of mo-
lybdenum (dark, etching areas) and steel (light, non-etching areas).
The large-dispersed component of molybdenum appears with a larger
increase in the structure of the coating, apparently, due to the high
rates of crystallization during the coating process (Fig. 3). Besides the
two main phases, the other structural components are observed in the
coating, which are to be the products of the interaction of steel and mo-
Fig. 1. The microstructure of steel–molybdenum coating, ×115.
DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF A STEEL–MOLYBDENUM COATING 43
lybdenum wires with oxygen and nitrogen, as well as products of inter-
action between molybdenum and steel in the process of plasma spraying.
The pore size of the coating is (5–10)⋅10−6
m that is optimal for pis-
ton ring group operating with significant force and temperature loads.
The porosity of the coating (up to 12%) provides an increased oil
consumption of the rings, which positively affect both the process of
running-in of the working sleeve–piston ring pair and the operation of
the piston ring group during operation.
The control of the adhesion strength of the steel–molybdenum coat-
ing to the substrate is carried out on a special device by twisting the
piston ring group with simultaneous bending until the coating was
peeled off. The angle of twist at which the coatings were peeled off is
not less than 35°, which indicates satisfactory adhesion of the coat-
ings.
The measurement of microhardness showed that, for molybdenum,
Fig. 2. The microstructure of steel–molybdenum coating after etching, ×115.
Fig. 3. The microstructure of steel–molybdenum coating surface layer, ×400.
44 V. I. BOLSHAKOV, D. B. HLUSHKOVA, O. V. KALININ et al.
it is Нµ = 550–590, and for steel, Нµ = 460–560 by the thickness of the
coating.
The microhardness of molybdenum increased to Нµ = 720–760, and
steel, Нµ = 520–580 after the tests for wearability.
In order to determine the antifriction properties of the obtained
steel–molybdenum coating of piston ring group and the propensity to
grasp it with the sleeve, the tests were conducted to determine the de-
pendence of friction coefficient on the load. Samples cut from the
chrome and the steel–molybdenum ring group were tested, when rub-
bing in pair with disc samples from cast iron. The investigations were
carried out by using a SMC-2 friction machine under step loading. Lu-
brication with oil was carried out by dipping as well as applying it to
the working surfaces of the samples before testing. The results of the
tests are shown in Table 3.
The obtained data indicate that the steel–molybdenum coating does
not adhere to the sleeve cast iron in the entire range of loads. Moreo-
ver, when rubbing under more severe conditions (with a single lubrica-
tion before the test), the friction coefficient at high loads is even less
than with excessive lubrication. At the same time, samples of chromi-
um-plated rings can withstand less stresses prior to bulging working
under more severe conditions.
Thus, the obtained results indicate a higher resistance to corrosion
and better antifriction characteristics of piston rings with a steel–
molybdenum coating in comparison with electrolytic chromium plating.
The durability tests were carried out in comparison with chrome-
plated piston rings in order to determine the wearability and wear re-
sistance of a steel–molybdenum coating, when it was paired with a
sleeve. The test was carried out on a CMC-2 machine with reciprocating
motion for two hours under load 1 kN and a sliding speed of 1.3 m/h.
Lubrication is made by means of the immersion in oil.
The wear rate by the mass of the disc (liner) and the shoe (ring)
TABLE 3. Dependence of friction ratio on the load.
Ring Grease
Friction ratio at the load Р, kN
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Chromium Dipping 0.079 0.077 0.082 0.077 0.074 Scuffle
Steel–mo-
lybdenum
coating
– 0.066 0.068 0.072 0.070 0.070 0.072 0.072 0.072 0.072 0.072
Chromium Lubricants 0.098 0.099 0.103 Scuffle
Steel–mo-
lybdenum
coating
– 0.068 0.069 0.070 0.070 0.072 0.072 0.062 0.067 0.067 0.065
DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF A STEEL–MOLYBDENUM COATING 45
treated by the existing technology (electrolytic chromium plating) as
well as after the application of the steel–molybdenum coating are pre-
sented for comparison of the histogram in Fig. 4.
The results indicate that the steel–molybdenum coating is more
wear-resistant than electrolytically chrome plated one. The steel–
molybdenum coating minimizes the mating material to a lesser extent
and has a lower coefficient of friction
In Figure 5, the dependence of the wearability of the piston ring
group, chromed and with a steel–molybdenum coating, on the test time
is depicted.
The analysis of the obtained results testifies to faster workability of
piston ring group with the steel–molybdenum coating. For a piston
ring group with a steel–molybdenum coating, a lower wear rate is also
characteristic, which is confirmed by the obtained data on the good an-
tifriction properties of these coatings.
Fig. 4. Histogram of the intensity of wearability by weight of the pads (rings)
(a) and the disc (sleeves) (b); 1—chrome plated coating; 2—steel–molybdenum
coating.
Fig. 5. Dependence of wearability of piston ring group on test time: 1—chrome
ring; 2—ring with steel–molybdenum coating.
46 V. I. BOLSHAKOV, D. B. HLUSHKOVA, O. V. KALININ et al.
Such a complex of parameters of steel–molybdenum coating can be
explained by the specific properties of molybdenum oxides, which can
have an additional lubricating effect, acting as a solid lubricant. In ad-
dition, the high melting point of molybdenum (2600°C) contributes to
a lesser propensity to grasp (weld) the mating/matched materials.
The difference in the parameters of the crystalline structure of mo-
lybdenum and Feα, which is the base of the metallic matrix of cast iron
facilitated decrease in setting. Molybdenum crystallizes with the for-
mation of a body-centred cubic lattice with a period a = 3.1474 Å,
whereas in Feα a = 2.8665 Å (in chromium, the lattice period is a =
= 2.8829 Å).
4. SUMMARY
1. The technology for applying a steel–molybdenum coating is pro-
posed.
2. The investigation of a steel–molybdenum coating structure showed
that it has a heterophase structure.
3. The porosity of a steel–molybdenum coating provides increased oil
consumption of the rings, which positively affects the process of run-
ning in of the working cartridge–piston ring pair.
4. The coefficient of friction of the steel–molybdenum coating is 20%
lower than that of the chrome-plated coating for all the studied loads.
5. The wear rate of the chrome ring is by 2 times higher than that of the
ring with a steel–molybdenum coating.
6. The piston ring group with a steel–molybdenum coating are charac-
terized by faster workability than rings with chrome-plated coating.
7. The basis for a higher complex of antifriction properties and wear
resistance of piston rings with a steel–molybdenum coating as com-
pared to chrome plated is given.
REFERENCES
1. V. V. Kudinov, The Theory and Practice of the Gas–Thermal Coating (Moscow:
Metallurgy: 2000) (in Russian).
2. E. V. Antoshin, Application of Metallic and Non-Metallic Coatings by Means of
Gas–Thermal Spraying (Moscow: Engineering: 2002) (in Russian).
3. N. V. Katz, Metal Pulverization (Moscow: Engineering: 2006) (in Russian).
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-167741 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-29T03:52:26Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Штапенко, Э.Ф. Заблудовский, В.А. Титаренко, В.В. Краева, В.С. Афанасов, А.М. 2020-04-07T15:08:59Z 2020-04-07T15:08:59Z 2019 Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током / Э.Ф. Штапенко, В.А. Заблудовский, В.В. Титаренко, В.С. Краева, А.М. Афанасов // Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. — 2019. — Т. 41, № 1. — С. 27-37. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — рос. 1024-1809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0039 PACS numbers: 06.60.Vz, 62.20.Qp, 68.35.Gy, 68.55.J-, 68.60.Bs, 81.15.Cd, 81.40.Pq https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/167741 The steel–molybdenum coating applied to the piston rings group made of high-strength cast iron provides a good conformability, low wear rate, and low coefficient of friction. This fact is explained by the specific characteristics of molybdenum oxides. Сталь-молибденовое покрытие, нанесённое на поршневые кольца из высокопрочного чугуна, обеспечивает хорошую прирабатываемость, малую интенсивность износа, низкий коэффициент трения. Этот факт объясняется специфическими свойствами оксидов молибдена. Сталь-молібденове покриття, що нанесено на поршневі кільця з високоміцного чавуну, забезпечує добру припрацьовуваність, малу інтенсивність зношування, низький коефіцієнт тертя. Цей факт пояснюється специфічними властивостями окислів молібдену. en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Metallic surfaces and films Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током Формування шаруватої структури в плівках ніклю при електроосадженні імпульсним струмом Formation of Layered Structure in Films of Nickel at Electrodeposition by a Pulse Current Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током Штапенко, Э.Ф. Заблудовский, В.А. Титаренко, В.В. Краева, В.С. Афанасов, А.М. Metallic surfaces and films |
| title | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| title_alt | Формування шаруватої структури в плівках ніклю при електроосадженні імпульсним струмом Formation of Layered Structure in Films of Nickel at Electrodeposition by a Pulse Current |
| title_full | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| title_fullStr | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| title_full_unstemmed | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| title_short | Формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| title_sort | формирование слоистой структуры в плёнках никеля при электроосаждении импульсным током |
| topic | Metallic surfaces and films |
| topic_facet | Metallic surfaces and films |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/167741 |
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