Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles
Purpose. A qualitative and quantitative study of the correlation of space-time changes of the total electron content of the ionosphere with variations in the energetic electron flux during a significant increase of the solar wind density and velocity. Determination of the conditions when the increas...
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Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України
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| Цитувати: | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles / Y.M. Zanimonskiy, A.V. Koloskov, Yu.M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A.O. Sopin, Y.Y. Zanimonskiy // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2019. — № 2 (19). — С. 70-83. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859655523731767296 |
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| author | Zanimonskiy, Y.M. Koloskov, A.V. Yampolski, Yu.M. Nykiel, G. Sopin, A.O. Zanimonskiy, Y.Y. |
| author_facet | Zanimonskiy, Y.M. Koloskov, A.V. Yampolski, Yu.M. Nykiel, G. Sopin, A.O. Zanimonskiy, Y.Y. |
| citation_txt | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles / Y.M. Zanimonskiy, A.V. Koloskov, Yu.M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A.O. Sopin, Y.Y. Zanimonskiy // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2019. — № 2 (19). — С. 70-83. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Український антарктичний журнал |
| description | Purpose. A qualitative and quantitative study of the correlation of space-time changes of the total electron content of the ionosphere with variations in the energetic electron flux during a significant increase of the solar wind density and velocity. Determination of the conditions when the increase of the intensity of the flux of energetic electrons can be accompanied by the appearance of large-scale inhomogeneities of the ionosphere observed in magnetically conjugated regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Мета. Якісне та кількісне дослідження кореляції просторово-часових змін повного електронного вмісту з варіаціями потоку енергійних електронів під час істотного збільшення щільності і швидкості сонячного вітру. Визначення умов, за яких збільшення інтенсивності потоку енергійних електронів може супроводжуватися виникненням великомасштабних неоднорідностей іоносфери, що спостерігаються у магнітосполучених регіонах північної та південної півкуль.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:39:08Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
70
Cite: Zanimonskiy Y. M., Koloskov A. V., Yampolski Yu. M., Nykiel G., Sopin A. O., Zanimonskiy Y. Y. Relationship of variations of the total
electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles. Ukrainian Antarctic
Journal, 2019. № 2 (19), 70—83.
UDC 537.876.23, 550.388.2
Y. M. Zanimonskiy 1, A. V. Koloskov 1, 2, *, Yu. M. Yampolski 1,
G. Nykiel 3, A. O. Sopin 1, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy 4
1 Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
4 Mystetstv Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine
2 State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine,
16 Taras Shevchenko Blvd., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
3 Gdansk University of Technology,
11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., Gdansk, Poland
4 Yael Acceptic, 3 Irina Bugrimova square, Kharkiv, 61010, Ukraine
* Corresponding author: alexander.koloskov@gmail.com
Relationship of variations of the total electron content
of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation
of high-energy charged particles
Abstract. Purpose. A qualitative and quantitative study of the correlation of space-time changes of the total electron content of the
ionosphere with variations in the energetic electron flux during a significant increase of the solar wind density and velocity. Deter-
mination of the conditions when the increase of the intensity of the flux of energetic electrons can be accompanied by the appear-
ance of large-scale inhomogeneities of the ionosphere observed in magnetically conjugated regions of the Northern and Southern
hemispheres. Methods. The research methodology is based on the construction of the time sequence of electron fluxes spatial dis-
tributions and their subsequent comparison with the maps of the total electron content (TEC) over North America and the TEC
diurnal variations in magnetically conjugated regions. The degree of similarity has been estimated in this paper, and the correspon-
ding correlation coefficients have been obtained. The TEC was calculated from the ground-based Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) observations, and the electron fluxes in the ionosphere were obtained from the in situ measurements by the POES
satellites. The map-making region was selected by the presence of a dense network of GNSS receivers and the presence of stations
in the magnetically conjugated region of the Antarctica, as well as by the favorable configuration of spatial distribution of energetic
particles at the orbital height of POES satellites. The study is based on the two geomagnetic disturbances of the St. Patrick’s Days
in March 2013 and 2015. Results. The satellite and ground-based data during geomagnetic disturbances were processed by using
the developed technique. It is found that the consistency of changes in the total electron content of the ionosphere and electron
fluxes in time and space coincide with the variation range increase of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field that has
been observed according to the data of ground-based magnetometers and indicates the existence of ionospheric currents in the
geospace. According to the analysis of the two events, the assumption is made that the presence of ionospheric currents formed by
protons and electrons precipitated from the magnetosphere is one of the conditions for the consistency of changes in the total elec-
tron content and electron flux. Conclusions. It is shown that during the geomagnetic disturbances the space-time changes of the
ionospheric inhomogeneities are partially consistent with the variations of the fluxes of energetic electrons that allows the possibil-
ity of using these observations of TEC as indicators of precipitation.
Keywords: ionosphere, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), POES, spatial distribution, correlation, geomagnetic dis-
turbances.
Геокосмічні дослідження
Geospace Research
ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
71ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
INTRODUCTION
The paper presents the results of studying the spatio-
temporal distribution of inhomogeneities of the near-
Earth plasma originated through the factors, which
affect the ionosphere “from above”. To them in par-
ticular belongs an ionization of atmospheric gas by
the energetic electrons coming from the magneto-
sphere. The parameters of electron fluxes were deter-
mined by the data of POES satellites (Rodger et al.,
2010), and the ionospheric response was evaluated
through the maps of the total electron content (TEC)
and by comparison of time dependences of TEC in
magnetically conjugated regions.
The ionospheric variations caused by the precipi-
tation of energetic electrons and protons, which es-
sentially increase during geomagnetic disturbances at
high latitudes, are of active interest of scientific com-
munity (Valladares et al., 2017, Yizengaw et al., 2005,
Yizengaw et al., 2006, Figueiredo et al., 2017, Yadav
et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2017, Ciraolo et al., 2007).
A considerable quantity of diagnostic methods, in
particular studying the total electron content and its
mapping is applied to their study. The TEC mapping
is a powerful instrument of visualization and studying
the ionospheric processes. Global ionospheric maps
for the last two decades are actively used in scientific
practice (Yao et al., 2018, Hernández-Pajares et al.,
2009). In a number of publications, the continental
TEC maps are applied as indicators of response of an
ionosphere to the powerful tropospheric processes,
such as, for example, typhoons (Chou et al., 2016),
to the wavelike disturbances caused by tsunami (Tang
et al., 2015) or earthquakes (Tsugawa et al., 2011).
Maps of TEC variations have allowed to determine
the characteristic parameters of the travelling iono-
spheric disturbances – propagation velocity, spatial
scale and period, lifetime (Nykiel et al., 2017, Zani-
monskiy et al., 2018), and the height of localization
of inhomogeneities (Nykiel et al., 2019a). The as-
sumption is made that the quasiperiodic structures
on the maps of TEC variations during the ionospher-
ic disturbances can be caused by the fluxes of elec-
trons, which are moving from the magnetosphere
along the geomagnetic field lines (Dudnik, Zani-
monskiy, 2018a, Jin et al., 2017, Dudnik, Zani-
monskiy, 2018b, Verkhoglyadova et al., 2016). How-
ever, only in a small number of papers devoted to
studying the time dynamics of spatial distribution of
electron content, different techniques of studying are
used simultaneously. For example, the results of si-
multaneously used data of several global measuring
systems for studying the processes during the geo-
magnetic disturbances are given in (Shinbori et al.,
2018). In this paper, the data of the Global Naviga-
tion Satellite System (GNSS) together with the re-
sults of the satellite-based measurements of the
Earth’s Magnetic Field (EMF) are used, the TEC
spatial changes during the geomagnetic storm are de-
scribed. Some special attention is given to the iono-
sphere over the North America, the TEC maps for
the main ionospheric trough along the geomagnetic
latitude are presented for the first time, the latitudi-
nal trough migration during the storm is described.
In our paper, the conditions of an ionosphere dur-
ing the two geomagnetic disturbances in March 2013
and 2015 on the St. Patrick’s Days are studied. In our
research, the results of data processing for a big net-
work of GNSS stations of the North America, records
of several GNSS stations located in the Antarctic Pen-
insula, and the results of satellite measurements in situ
of the fluxes of energetic electrons, which were made
by the POES satellites, were used. The main objects of
studying were time-space distributions of the total
electron content of the ionosphere and the electron
fluxes measured at the height of satellite orbits, and the
auxiliary ones – the time series of parameters of the
solar wind and the geomagnetic field been used for de-
scribing the circumstances under which the iono-
spheric disturbances were developed.
DATA AND METHODOLOGY
The TEC maps analyzed in this paper are calculated
using the GNSS continuously operating reference
stations data. Actually, these stations with different
spatial distribution are placed on all continents, and
also on the islands at oceans. A considerable data
array of measurements, which is every day published
in the Internet and contains a huge potential for
72 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Y. M. Zanimonskiy, A. V. Koloskov, Yu. M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A. O. Sopin, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy
ionospheric investigations, is realized for now not
completely.
For their more effective use, the development of
models describing the influence of atmosphere on the
GNSS signals, on the one hand, and on the other –
development of techniques of processing and inter-
pretation of the results obtained globally, are neces-
sary. Also, it is important to use different methods of
studying the ionosphere in the aggregate, by using to-
gether with the TEC maps the satellite data in situ as
well, in particular the results of direct measurements
of parameters of fluxes of the charged particles. In
this work, we have analyzed the maps of TEC spatial
distribution and intensity of electron fluxes, recorded
by the POES satellites. Information about the solar
wind gust, which can be considered as a source of
geomagnetic disturbances, has been obtained by the
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) space mis-
sion data [www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/level2/
lvl2DATA_SWEPAM.html] at the Lagrange point
L1 of the Sun-Earth system, at distance of about one
and a half million kilometers from the Earth, out of
the zone of essential influence of EMF.
The POES mission includes several satellites with
the solar-synchronous, close to circular orbits of ap-
proximately 850 km height and the rotation period of
~102 min. On the POES satellites, the measurement
of the fluxes of energetic electrons (being analyzed in
this Paper) and protons are made by the MEPED equip-
ment (Rodger et al., 2010). Satellites allow measur-
ing the intensity and spectral content of the fluxes of
protons and electrons at the altitude of orbit on the
global scale. For this work, it is important that the
particles under some conditions precipitate into the
ionosphere where they cause additional ionization
that can be detected on the TEC experimental distri-
butions. In this work, an attempt to determine these
conditions is made. It will be mentioned that the
time-space distribution of additional electrons dur-
ing the geomagnetic storms can be fixed on maps in
the form of the TEC growth in comparison both with
the background values in quiet days and with the ar-
eas of region with smaller intensity of precipitation.
For the analysis, the common data of six satellites
in March, 2013 and five – in March, 2015 have been
used. The global logarithmic distribution (here and
after) of the intensity of the electron flux with the en-
ergy above 30 keV, according to the measurements by
the mep90e1 instrument (Rodger et al., 2010) on the
orbit of satellites for 24 hours on March, 17, 2013, is
shown in Fig. 1. This drawing is similar to the ones
presented on the site [https://satdat.ngdc.noaa.gov/
sem/poes/data/plots_OLD/maps/png/]. The previ-
ous data processing has shown that the electron flux-
es in the quiet and disturbed conditions are distri-
buted over the globe similarly. For the disturbed con-
ditions, intensity and filling of the space between
the two zones of precipitation of electrons are typi-
cal those of an order higher (Dudnik, Zanimonskiy,
2018a). The phenomena in 2015 can be illustrated by
the similar Figures.
As it has been marked in the Introduction, continu-
ously operating (permanent) GNSS stations are dis-
tributed over the globe but very nonuniformly. To cal-
culate the global TEC maps, the spatial model in the
form of expansion by spherical functions of the 15th
degree and the 15th order has been used (Her nández-
Pajares et al., 2009). This representation allows to in ter-
polate the TEC values on territories with small number
of stations, but at the same time essentially reduces
the spatial resolution for the territories with large
networks of closely spaced stations, that is character-
istic for Japan, the USA and the Central Europe.
The North America network has the maximum area
of coverage and area of intersection with the energetic
electron fluxes. Moreover, some elements of this net-
work are magnetically conjugated with the stations
located in the Antarctic region. On this basis it was
selected for investigation. Here we analyze the data
of over seven hundred GNSS stations in the United
States of America and Canada in the region marked
by a rectangle in Fig. 1. The elements of this network
which are magnetically conjugated with the Antarc-
tic region stations, and which data were processed in
a special way, are marked by asterisks, diamonds in-
dicate geomagnetic observatories used to investigate
compression of EMF.
Fig. 2 shows the distribution in the studied region
of the intensity of electrons flux with the energy over
30 keV according to the POES satellites data in geo-
73ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
graphical coordinates (Fig. 2, a) and in geographical
longitude and geomagnetic latitude (Fig. 2, b), for
March 15, 2015. The GNSS stations are shown by
triangles on the map of Fig. 2 at the left. We have used
the data of the geomagnetic observatories also shown
on this map. From the literature (Yao et al., 2018), it
is known that the electron flux distribution consistent
with the geomagnetic coordinates. This fact is illus-
trated both in Fig. 1 and in Fig. 2. Therefore, the fol-
lowing Figures are given in geomagnetic latitude.
Fig. 1. Global electron flux distribution in energy range of >30 keV measured by POES satellites during the geomagnetic storm
on March 17, 2013. The rectangle shows the study region. The dashed lines show the isolines of geomagnetic latitude, the aster-
isks indicate magnetically conjugated GNSS stations and diamonds indicate geomagnetic observatories used to investigate com-
pression of EMF
Fig. 2. Electron flux distribution with energy >30 keV in the study region measured by POES satellites, March 15, 2013 as a
function of (a) geographic coordinates and (b) geographic longitude and geomagnetic latitude. The dashed lines show the iso-
lines of the geomagnetic latitude; triangles – GNSS stations and black circles – geomagnetic observatories used in this Paper
17 March 2013 00 h — 24 h
log
10
(mep90e1)–1 0
80
60
40
20
L
a
t
–20
–40
–60
–80
–180 –150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30
Lon
60 90 120 150 180
0
1 2 3 4
15 March 2013 00 h — 24 h 15 March 2013 00 h — 24 hlog
10
(mep90e1) log
10
(mep90e1)
–1 –10 0
70 80
70
60
60
50 50
40
40
30
30
20
L
a
t
G
e
o
m
a
g
.
la
t
–160 –160–140 –140–120 –120–100 –100–80 –80–60 –60
Lon Lon
1 12 23 3
ba
74 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Y. M. Zanimonskiy, A. V. Koloskov, Yu. M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A. O. Sopin, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy
The TEC global distribution is shaped similarly (Her-
nández-Pajares et al., 2009).
The GPS and GLONASS satellites primary data
available on the Internet and which are collected in
Fig. 3. (a) Keogram of the electron flux vs. geomag folat (geomagnetic latitude of footpoint — the point at which line of mag-
netic field reach the surface of the Earth) of POES satellite from March 15 to March 20, 2013. (b) Keogram of the deviations of
TEC (TEC
076
—TEC
074
). Line 1 shows changes of the solar wind speed. Line 2 shows the time variations of the hourly range of
the horizontal component of the magnetic field at CMO observatory. Line 3 shows time variations of the rate of change of the
intensity of geomagnetic field
Day of March 2013
log
10
(mep90e1)
201918171615
60
60
70
70
80
50
50
40
40
10
5
0
—5
—10
—15
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
G
e
o
m
a
g
f
o
la
t,
d
e
g
G
e
o
m
a
g
l
a
t,
d
e
g
a
b
UTC
TECU
—1
75ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
the dual-frequency receivers of the stations in the
USA, Canada and Antarctic region, were processed
by using the original program developed at the Abdus
Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
(Italy) (Ciraolo et al., 2007). As a whole, the data of
more than seven hundred GNSS stations have been
applied. As a result, the information on the total elec-
tron content of the ionosphere over the studied re-
gions for the time intervals of March 13 till March
22, 2013 and 2015 has been added to the database.
Fig. 4. (top) Keogram of the electron flux vs. geomagnetic latitude of foot point (geomag folat) of POES satellite from March 15
to March 20, 2015. (bottom) Keograms of TEC variations without spatial trend (latitude-dependence) subtracted using 2nd order
polynomial function for March 15 (left) and March 17 (right). Line 1 shows changes of the solar wind speed measured at point
L1. Line 2 shows the time variations of the hourly range of the horizontal component of the magnetic field at BSL station. Line 3
shows time variations of the rate of change of the intensity of geomagnetic field
Day of March 2015
201918171615
log
10
(mep90e1)
60
60 60
70
70 70
80
50
50 50
40
40 40
G
e
o
m
a
g
f
o
la
t,
d
e
g
G
e
o
m
a
g
l
a
t,
d
e
g
5
4
3
2
1
0
4
2
0
–2
4
2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
TECU
TECU
0 06 612 1218 1824 24
UTC UTC
76 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Y. M. Zanimonskiy, A. V. Koloskov, Yu. M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A. O. Sopin, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy
Using this database, the time series, as well as the
map sequences, and the keograms – two-dimension-
al images depending on the time and spatial coordi-
nate, have been made.
RESULTS
The results of the studies for the two events are given
sequentially in a similar way. Fig. 3 illustrates the re-
sults, which concern those of March, 2013. The up-
per part of the Figure shows the keogram (a two-di-
mensional pattern in the “day time – geomagnetic
latitude” coordinates) of the logarithm of electron
flux intensity recorded by the mep90e1 instrument
versus geomagnetic latitude and time within five con-
secutive days. This instrument has been chosen be-
cause firstly, the electron flux intensity for it is maxi-
mum, and secondly, the electrons are detected by this
sensor over the North America within a wide range of
latitudes from 30° to 80° North.
Line 1 in Fig. 3 shows the time variations of solar
wind speed in point L1 of the Sun-Earth system
from March 15 till March 20. Line 2 shows for each
hour the range of variation of horizontal component
of EMF (Danskin, Lotz, 2015) in the CMO high-
latitude magnetic observatory. The data are taken
from the site INTERMAGNET – the global net-
work of observatories for monitoring the geomag ne-
tic field (http://www.intermagnet.org/activitymap/
activitymap-val-eng.php?year=2013&month=03&
day=17&component=h).
On the electron flux keogram, the variations of its
spatial pattern at the initial and main phase of the
storm on March 15 to 20 are clearly seen. At the be-
ginning of an active phase, at the end of March, 16,
an essential electron flux increase in the North had
occurred, which lasted till March 18. At the end of
March 17, the electron flux was extended towards
South (the electron flux increase was also observed at
lower latitudes as well). At the maximum of geomag-
netic field variations (Line 2), the “merging” of two
maxima (in quiet geomagnetic conditions located
approximately at 65° and 50°) into one has occurred
in spatial distribution of electron fluxes, and its in-
tensity was essentially increased.
It should be noted that the electron content, un-
like the electron flux intensity, has a significant regu-
lar diurnal variation. To single out the studied varia-
tions related to irregular events, the two techniques
can be used. First, calculate the map of difference of
TEC spatial distributions within the disturbed and
quiet days. This technique has been used when
analysing the events of geomagnetic storm on March
17, 2013. For the referential TEC maps, those for
March 15 have been used. Secondly, it is possible to
eliminate the regular component of TEC spatial dis-
tribution by modelling its polynomial on latitude
and, if necessary, on longitude. The second technique
is more appropriate for using if during the studied
geomagnetic event its activity changes gradually and
the choice of quiet days is not obvious. The second
technique has been used when analysing the events of
March 17, 2015.
To single out the studied large-scale ionospheric
inhomogeneities, the technique of subtraction of the
TEC spatial trend represented by the latitudinal the
2-nd order polynomial function was used. After the
trend removal we have the quasi 1D TEC spatial dis-
tribution, which depends only on geomagnetic lati-
tude that allows constructing the keogram of inho-
mogeneities.
At the bottom of Fig. 3, the keogram of TEC de-
viations is shown (values for March 17 minus values
for March 15 (TEC
076
—TEC
074
)) — the dependence
on time of day and geomagnetic latitude of the total
electron content of an ionosphere over the North
America. This keogram has common features with
the electron flux keogram that suggests the presence
of common origin of these space-time features. How-
ever, the electron flux spatial distribution cannot be
investigated in detail because the POES satellites or-
bit covers nonuniformly the analyzed space. More-
over, the time distribution of these satellites also is
very non-uniform. Therefore, the electron flux keo-
gram is constructed by means of interpolation that
significantly reduces the space-time resolution capa-
bility. On the other hand, the TEC maps over the
North America, which have been obtained in this
study, have the spatial resolution of about one hun-
dred kilometers and that for time — 30 sec. Hence,
77ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
we may hope for implementation of the possibility of
a more detailed study of the processes during geo-
magnetic disturbance.
It was observed that the geomagnetic storms of the
Saint Patrick’s Days in 2013 and 2015 had some dis-
tinctive features because of the difference in the dy-
namics of increase of solar wind density and speed
being the reason for the near-Earth space disturban-
ces. Further, the results of the analysis of the event of
March 17, 2015 are given.
The upper part of Fig. 4 shows the keogram of the
logarithmic intensity of the electron flux depending
on geomagnetic latitude and time within five con-
secutive days in March, 2015. Below in Fig. 4, the
TEC keograms for March 15 and 17 in 2015 are
shown. Line 1 in Fig. 4 shows the time variation of
the solar wind speed. Line 2 shows for each hour, the
range of variation of horizontal component of EMF
in the BSL middle-latitude magnetic observatory,
which illustrates development of the storm.
The electron flux keogram shows well the spatial
structure changes of this flux at the initial and main
phase of the storm from March, 15 till March, 20.
The solar wind speed grew gradually with a one-mo-
ment sharp increase on the morning of March 17,
unlike of the events in March, 2013. Thus, the elec-
tron flux extended towards southern direction, the
merging of two maxima in the electron flux spatial
Fig. 5. Diurnal variations of TEC over the Antarctic Peninsula (GNSS stations uthw (b) and vnad (d)) and North America (sta-
tions vald (a) and npri (c)) on March 2013 (top) and 2015 (bottom). Gray lines correspond to disturbed days and black lines -
averaged TEC for 12—16 March
a
c
b
d
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
4
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vald 48N 77W
avg(12—16)—03—2013
17—03—2013
npri 41N 71W
avg(12—16)—03—2015
17—03—2015
uthw 77S 109W
avg(12—16)—03—2013
17—03—2013
vnad 65S 65W
avg(12—16)—03—2015
17—03—2015
T
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,
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20
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24
24
24
24
78 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Y. M. Zanimonskiy, A. V. Koloskov, Yu. M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A. O. Sopin, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy
distribution occurred, and the intensity essentially
increased, as well as the magnetic field variations es-
sentially grew. The next maximum of magnetic field
variations corresponds to the increase in electron flux
intensity and to the spatial flux maximum southern
displacement, which is characteristic for the periods
of geomagnetic perturbations (see, e.g., (Shinbori et
al., 2018)).
The materials accumulated in this study made it
possible to begin testing the working hypothesis,
which consists in the fact that during geomagnetic
disturbances the influence on the ionosphere from
above manifests itself in the same or in similar way in
magnetically conjugated regions, while other sources
of disturbances generate ionospheric heterogeneities
in the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the
Earth independently. Moreover, the scatter of the pa-
rameters of the ionosphere generated by impact from
above is assumed to be approximately the same, while
this scatter in the quiet condition can be of different
levels, in particular due to the greater meteorological
activity in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula
(Yampolski et al., 2004).
Consider the behavior of TEC during geomagnetic
disturbances in the magnetically conjugated region
of Antarctica. The small number of permanent sta-
tions in the Antarctica does not allow calculating the
TEC maps with acceptable resolution for this region,
so let us limit the comparison of the daily TEC calcu-
lated for magnetically conjugated GNSS stations lo-
cated in both hemispheres. The corresponding results
are presented in Fig. 5. The top panel is based on data
obtained in 2013 and the bottom panel — in 2015. The
left column of both panels shows results for GNSS sta-
tions in North America and the right column shows
results for Antarctic stations. The daily TEC depen-
dencies on disturbed days are shown in gray lines.
The black lines show the average daily TEC values for
five quiet days preceding the storm, and vertical bars
show the standard error of measurement.
The figures show that despite the fact that the av-
erage daily TEC time series in the magnetically con-
jugated regions are significantly different, on March
17, similar synchronous changes in TEC variations
were recorded during the geomagnetic disturbance.
Such type of effects was mentioned in the literature,
for example (Yue et al., 2016; Foster, Rideout, 2007).
For both disturbed days, significant increases in TEC
occurred approximately from 18 to 22 UTC, which
were absent on quiet days. The synchronous behavior
of these peaks suggested that they could be related to
the precipitation of charged particles, which should
coincide in time for the same L-shells. Unfortunate-
ly, it was not possible to recover the intensity of elec-
tron fluxes according to POES mission and quantita-
tively confirm this hypothesis, since the satellites did
not fly over these GNSS stations between 18 and
22 UTC. This fact highlights a significant lack of data
from satellites, spatio-temporal distribution of which
is very uneven.
Fig. 6. Maps of TEC variations over the US in quiet (left) and disturbed conditions (right) in March 2013. Variations during the
initiation of St Patrick’s Day storm are about five times more intense than in relatively quiet conditions and are concentrated in
the northern part of the map
50 50
40 40
30 30
–120 –120–100 –100
TECU TECU
–80 –80
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
–0.2
1.6
0.8
0
–0.8
–1.6
L
a
t
L
a
t
Lon Lon
79ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
TEC maps described above have a spatial resolu-
tion of about 150 kilometers above Canada, about
70 kilometers above the US and can be updated ev-
ery 30 seconds. The Internet availability of data
from more than thousand continuously operated
GNSS stations in the US makes it possible to con-
struct maps of TEC variations using the method de-
veloped by the authors (Nykiel et al., 2017; Nykiel
et al., 2019b). High resolution TEC maps are pro-
posed to be used as a marker of charged particles
precipitation into the ionosphere.
Two examples of these maps, for quiet and distur-
bed conditions at March 2013 are shown in Fig. 6,
and at March 2015 — in Fig. 7.
In quiet conditions, the TEC variations form vari-
ous spatial patterns depending on the presence of
tropospheric or thermospheric disturbance sources.
On average, over several tens of minutes, variations of
TEC have a uniform spatial picture. However, the de-
pendence of the level of TEC variations on the lati-
tude during the storm is revealed. The conditional
boundary, to the north of which the TEC dispersion
increases substantially, extends about 48° north lati-
tude (Figs. 6 and 7). This boundary moves to the
south from the beginning of the storm to its active
phase for several hours. Details on the construction
and application of maps of TEC variations are pre-
sented in publications (Nykiel et al., 2019b, Zani-
monskiy et al., 2019).
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
The sequence of events during the geomagnetic storm
of St. Patrick’s Day in 2013 can be described as fol-
lows. On March 15, 16 and 17, the Advanced Com-
position Explorer spacecraft registered several in-
creases in the velocity of the solar wind protons, the
maximum of which occurred on March 17 (Line 1 in
Fig. 3). The slight intensification of the solar wind on
March 15 and 16 led to an increase in the electron
flux recorded on the POES satellites (top panel in
Fig. 3), but did not disturb the spatial structure which
is characteristic for quiet geomagnetic conditions.
At around 05:27 UTC on March 17, the wind speed
at L1 point began to increase significantly. At about
6 UTC, that is, after 30—40 minutes, a rapid increase
in the range of variations of the horizontal component
of the geomagnetic field at high latitudes began. This is
illustrated by Line 2 in Fig. 3. The increase in the level
of these variations is a consequence of the increase in
the magnitude of the ionospheric electric currents
(Danskin, Lotz, 2015; Levitin et al., 1982).
Line 3 in Fig. 3 is the graph of the rate of change of
the modulus of intensity of the geomagnetic field. It
is averaged according to the data of 10 geomagnetic
observatories located in the middle and low latitudes
(Fig. 1). Thus, charged particles of the solar wind,
moving at a speed of just over 600 km/s, reached the
Earth’s magnetosphere after 06 UTC. Starting from
Fig. 7. Maps of TEC variations over the US in quiet (left) and disturbed conditions (right) in March 2015. Variations during the
initiation of St Patrick’s Day storm are about three times more intense than in relatively quiet conditions and are concentrated
in the northern part of the map
50 50
40 40
30 30
–120 –120–100 –100
TECU TECU
–80 –80
0.1
–0.1
–0.3
0.4
0.15
–0.1
–0.35
–0.6
L
a
t
L
a
t
Lon Lon
80 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Y. M. Zanimonskiy, A. V. Koloskov, Yu. M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A. O. Sopin, Y. Y. Zanimonskiy
this moment (as shown in the top panel in Fig. 3), the
intensity of electron fluxes increased significantly.
These effects were observed until the end of the day
on March 17.
On March 18, during the recovery phase of storm,
variations of horizontal component of the geomag-
netic field gradually decreased to the background level.
At the same time, the number of electrons recorded by
POES satellites remained greater than the background
level, with one spatial maximum in the distribution.
The distribution of electron flux across geomagnetic
latitude, characteristic of quiet conditions (Dudnik,
Zanimonskiy, 2018b), resumed in April almost si-
multaneously with the returning of solar wind pa-
rameters to values typical of the quiet Solar activity.
Let us return to the analysis of the spatio-temporal
distributions of electron flux and TEC. At approxi-
mately 06:30 UTC on March 17, POES satellites re-
corded an increase in the electron flux at 65 degrees
geomagnetic latitude (Fig. 3 upper panel). Then, the
increase in flux spread both in the northern and
southern directions. After 07 UTC, the increase of
total electron content over North America began
(along 60 degree of latitude, Fig. 3 lower panel).
The value of TEC gradually increased at 10 UTC,
compared to quiet conditions. Thus, correlation of
the spatial distribution of TEC with the distribution
of electron flux increased. At the beginning of the
day, until about 05 UTC, there was very small corre-
lation. By 08 UTC the correlation coefficient was 0.5
and reached its maximum ~0.74 at about 11 UTC.
Further, the correlation decreased and the geomag-
netic perturbation went into the stage of negative
storm (Verkhoglyadova et al., 2016), and the studied
parameters become anticorrelated. Note that a slight
increase in the solar wind speed on March 15 did not
affect the daily cycle of TEC variations. The next
small increase on March 16 may be associated with
TEC variations, approximately two times smaller
than observed on March 17.
The events of the geomagnetic storm of St. Pat-
rick’s Day in 2015 can be described as follows. On
March 17, at 04:04 UTC, the spacecraft at the Lag-
ran ge L1 point registered an increase in the velocity
of the solar wind protons (Line 1 in Fig. 4). At 04:48
UTC, solar wind particles reached the Earth’s mag-
netosphere, which led to an increase in the variation
of the geomagnetic field. Line 3 in Fig. 4 represents
the time series of the rate of change of the intensity
modulus of the geomagnetic field, averaged from 10
observatories in the middle and low latitudes (Fig. 1).
44 minutes is the time when the solar wind propa-
gates over a distance of 1.5 million kilometers at a
speed of just over 550 km/s. Then, with a delay of sev-
eral hours, a significant increase in the range of varia-
tions of the horizontal component of the geomag-
netic field at mid-latitudes (Line 2 in Fig. 4) was re-
corded. As noted above, the increase in the level of
these variations is a consequence of the increase ion-
ospheric currents. As the keogram in the top panel of
the Fig. 4 shows intense electron fluxes existed for
the next two days.
At approximately 08:30 UTC, POES satellites re-
corded an increase in electron flux by 60 degree of
latitude (Fig. 4 upper panel). Further increase in the
flux spread in the south direction. The distribution of
TEC over North America on March 17, 2015 (the
bottom right diagram in Fig. 4) was characterized by
significant variability and practically no correlation
with electron flux distribution.
In the TEC distribution, a small minimum at about
55 degrees of geomagnetic latitude was observed dur-
ing 15 March, which is typical for quiet geomagnetic
conditions (keogram for March 15, bottom left in
Fig. 4). Also, in contrast to 2013, a correlation of
TEC distributions and electron flux was observed up
to 0.5 under quiet conditions on March 15, 2015.
The electron flux distribution of quiet conditions re-
covered in early April.
The results of our study can be summarized as fol-
lows. The observed spatio-temporal distribution of
total electron content is consistent with the distribu-
tion of energetic electrons fluxes under the following
conditions:
there are ionospheric currents, associated with
the flux of electrons;
fluxes of electrons are of sufficiently high inten-
sity;
geomagnetic perturbations do not exceed a cer-
tain level.
81ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
The explanation of these conditions is quite obvi-
ous. Currents along magnetic field lines are associ-
ated with fluxes of charged particles precipitating
from the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms,
which increase the electron concentration in the ion-
osphere. In quiet conditions after a storm, the amount
of energetic particles in the magnetosphere decreases
and the effect of additional ionization drops to a neg-
ligible level. During a strong geomagnetic storm,
other factors change the total electron content, such
as the emission of lower energy particles that are not
detected by POES satellites in situ.
The differences in the details of two events analyzed
in the work are caused by different dynamics of the pa-
rameters of solar wind before its main maximum. They
took place on the background of similarity in ge neral
characteristic of powerful geomagnetic storms.
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the research the following conclusions
are made.
1. During the geomagnetic storms of St. Patrick’s
Days in 2013 and 2015 large-scale ionospheric inho-
mogeneities of total electron content elongated along
geomagnetic latitudes appeared.
2. Ionospheric inhomogeneities change their spa-
tial structure during a geomagnetic storm. These
changes are partially consistent with changes in the
structure of energetic electron fluxes measured by
POES satellites.
3. Comparison of the data of two satellite systems,
GNSS and POES, confirmed the hypothesis of the in-
crease of the total electron content of the ionosphere
simultaneously with the precipitation of charged par-
ticles and the increase of ionospheric currents.
4. TEC data from dense networks of GNSS sta-
tions, in particular located in magnetically conjugat-
ed regions, used as a marker of the precipitation of
charged particles may provide additional information
to satellite in situ measurements.
Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to the
participants of scientific seminars of Department 22
of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, for the active dis-
cussions and useful suggestions.
The work has been done within the framework of
Research Projects “Jatagan-3” (No. 0116U000035),
“Zond-5” (No. 0119U100354), as well as with the
partial financial support under projects “Geliomaks-
19” (No. 0119U103575) and “Spitsbergen-2019”
(No. 0119U101802). This work is partially supported
by the EOARD-STCU Partner Project P735. Part of
this research was financed by the Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering of Gdansk University of
Technology statutory research funds.
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Received 21 November 2019
Accepted 3 December 2019
83ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions
Є. М. Занімонський 1, О. В. Колосков 1, 2, *, Ю. М. Ямпольський 1,
Г. Никель 3, А. О. Сопін 1, Є. Є. Занімонський 4
1 Радіоастрономічний інститут Національної академії наук України,
вул. Мистецтв, 4, м. Харків, 61002, Україна
2 Державна установа Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України,
бульвар Тараса Шевченка, 16, м. Київ, 01601, Україна
3 Гданський політехнічний університет,
вул. Г. Нарутовича, 11/12, м. Гданськ, Польща
4 Йаель Акцептiк, пл. Ірини Бугрімової, 3, м. Харків, 61010, Україна
* Автор для кореспонденції: alexander.koloskov@gmail.com
Зв’язок варіацій повного електронного вмісту іоносфери в магнітосполучених
регіонах з висипанням високоенергійних заряджених частинок
Реферат. Мета. Якісне та кількісне дослідження кореляції просторово-часових змін повного електронного вмісту з
варіаціями потоку енергійних електронів під час істотного збільшення щільності і швидкості сонячного вітру. Визна-
чення умов, за яких збільшення інтенсивності потоку енергійних електронів може супроводжуватися виникненням
великомасштабних неоднорідностей іоносфери, що спостерігаються у магнітосполучених регіонах північної та пів-
денної півкуль. Методи. Методика досліджень ґрунтується на побудові часової послідовності просторових розподілів
потоку електронів та їх подальшому порівнянні з картами повного електронного вмісту (ПЕВ) над Північною Амери-
кою та добовим ходом ПЕВ у магнітосполучених регіонах. В роботі виконано оцінки ступеня подібності та отримані
відповідні кореляційні коефіцієнти. Повний електронний вміст розраховано за даними наземних спостережень сиг-
налів глобальної навігаційної супутникової системи (ГНСС), а дані про потік електронів в іоносфері отримані з ви-
мірів “in situ” супутниками місії POES. Регіон досліджень вибрано за умовами наявності густої мережі приймачів
ГНСС та присутності перманентних станцій у магнітосполученому регіоні в Антарктиці, а також сприятливої конфі-
гурації просторового розподілу потоків енергійних частинок на висоті орбіти супутників POES. Дослідження викона-
но на прикладі двох геомагнітних збурень дня Св. Патрика в березні 2013 і 2015 років. Результати. За допомогою
розробленої методики опрацьовано супутникові та наземні дані під час геомагнітних збурень. Виявлено, що узгодже-
ність змін повного електронного вмісту іоносфери та потоків електронів у часі і просторі співпадає із збільшенням
розмаху варіацій горизонтальної компоненти геомагнітного поля, яка спостерігається за даними наземних магніто-
метрів і вказує на існування струмів вздовж ліній геомагнітного поля в геокосмосі. За даними аналізу проявів двох
геомагнітних бур сформульовано припущення, що наявність цих струмів, які формуються потоками високоенергій-
них заряджених частинок при висипанні з магнітосфери, є однією з причин варіацій повного електронного вмісту.
Висновки. Показано, що під час геомагнітних збурень просторово-часові зміни неоднорідностей іоносфери частково
узгоджені з варіаціями потоків енергійних електронів, що допускає можливість використання даних спостережень
ПЕВ у ролі індикаторів висипань.
Ключові слова: іоносфера, Глобальна навігаційна супутникова система (ГНСС), POES, просторовий розподіл, ко ре-
ля ція, геомагнітні збурення.
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-168331 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1727-7485 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:39:08Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Zanimonskiy, Y.M. Koloskov, A.V. Yampolski, Yu.M. Nykiel, G. Sopin, A.O. Zanimonskiy, Y.Y. 2020-04-30T11:32:14Z 2020-04-30T11:32:14Z 2019 Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles / Y.M. Zanimonskiy, A.V. Koloskov, Yu.M. Yampolski, G. Nykiel, A.O. Sopin, Y.Y. Zanimonskiy // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2019. — № 2 (19). — С. 70-83. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 1727-7485 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/168331 537.876.23, 550.388.2 Purpose. A qualitative and quantitative study of the correlation of space-time changes of the total electron content of the ionosphere with variations in the energetic electron flux during a significant increase of the solar wind density and velocity. Determination of the conditions when the increase of the intensity of the flux of energetic electrons can be accompanied by the appearance of large-scale inhomogeneities of the ionosphere observed in magnetically conjugated regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Мета. Якісне та кількісне дослідження кореляції просторово-часових змін повного електронного вмісту з варіаціями потоку енергійних електронів під час істотного збільшення щільності і швидкості сонячного вітру. Визначення умов, за яких збільшення інтенсивності потоку енергійних електронів може супроводжуватися виникненням великомасштабних неоднорідностей іоносфери, що спостерігаються у магнітосполучених регіонах північної та південної півкуль. The authors are grateful to the participants of scientific seminars of Department 22 of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, for the active discussions and useful suggestions. The work has been done within the framework of Research Projects “Jatagan-3” (No. 0116U000035), “Zond-5” (No. 0119U100354), as well as with the partial financial support under projects “Geliomaks-19” (No. 0119U103575) and “Spitsbergen-2019” (No. 0119U101802). This work is partially supported by the EOARD-STCU Partner Project P735. Part of this research was financed by the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Gdansk University of Technology statutory research funds. en Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України Український антарктичний журнал Геокосмічні дослідження Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles Зв’язок варіацій повного електронного вмісту іоносфери в магнітосполучених регіонах з висипанням високо енергій них заряджених частинок Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles Zanimonskiy, Y.M. Koloskov, A.V. Yampolski, Yu.M. Nykiel, G. Sopin, A.O. Zanimonskiy, Y.Y. Геокосмічні дослідження |
| title | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| title_alt | Зв’язок варіацій повного електронного вмісту іоносфери в магнітосполучених регіонах з висипанням високо енергій них заряджених частинок |
| title_full | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| title_fullStr | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| title_short | Relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| title_sort | relationship of variations of the total electron content of ionosphere in magnetically conjugated regions with precipitation of high-energy charged particles |
| topic | Геокосмічні дослідження |
| topic_facet | Геокосмічні дослідження |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/168331 |
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