Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development
The article analyzes development trends of the nuclear-industrial complex. Among the main problems of development of nuclear-industrial complex determined inadequate legal framework, lack of investment. the required amount of enriched uranium in nuclear fuel purchased by Ukraine only in the Russian...
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Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, V. Osadcha, N. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko, O. 2020-06-01T18:18:18Z 2020-06-01T18:18:18Z 2019 Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development / V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Кotko // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2019. — № 4 (58). — С. 41-50. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 DOI: 10.12958/1817-3772-2019-4(58)-41-50 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/169018 338.45:621.039(477) The article analyzes development trends of the nuclear-industrial complex. Among the main problems of development of nuclear-industrial complex determined inadequate legal framework, lack of investment. the required amount of enriched uranium in nuclear fuel purchased by Ukraine only in the Russian Federation. Russia supplies the stockpile of uranium-235 after enrichment not less than 0.3%. The necessity of development sequence the stages of the innovation-oriented development of nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine on the basis of strategic determinants. Directly the nuclear-industrial complex, which is the leading element of the nuclear energy complex of Ukraine can be considered a complex sector of the national economy that includes production of uranium, which forms the basis to meet the needs of nuclear power plants in natural uranium in the medium and long term; Zirconia production, which includes the establishment of the production of zirconium, which is the main structural material for the fabrication of nuclear fuel, given its unique physical properties of the weak interaction with neutron flux in the reactor core; manufacture of ion-exchange materials and to ensure the full production of uranium of Ukraine; production of fuel assemblies and components as a key link in the creation of our own nuclear-fuel cycle; research, design and information support of scientific research. In Ukraine there is no specialized institution that would deal with the coordination of the research questions regarding the development of nuclear-industrial complex. The contribution of the nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine in the creation of gross domestic product is not significant, but its role is important in ensuring economic security and achieving energy independence. The basic principles for the development of nuclear-industrial complex should be reflected in the state Program of development of the industry and development strategy of the region. For the development of nuclear-industrial complex, it is advisable to use an innovative approach. This approach is represented as a set of three interconnected units, namely: methodical-information unit; diagnostic-estimated; estimating procedure. Reasonably necessary to increase the volume of uranium production, increase the level of its enrichment and at the same time to solve environmental issues on waste management . У статті проаналізовано тренди розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу. Серед основних проблем розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу визначені недосконалість законодавчої бази, відсутність інвестицій. Необхідна кількість, збагаченого урану в ядерному паливі закуповується Україною тільки в РФ. Росія постачає відвал урану-235 після збагачення не менше 0,3%. Обґрунтовано необхідність розроблення послідовності етапів інноваційно-орієнтованого розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу Україні на основі стратегічних детермінант. Безпосередньо атомно-промисловий комплекс, який є провідною ланкою ядерно-енергетичного комплексу України, можна вважати комплексною галуззю національної економіки, що включає: уранове виробництво, що створює основу для задоволення потреби атомних електростанцій у природному урані на середньо- та довгострокову перспективу; цирконієве виробництво, яке передбачає налагодження випуску цирконію, що є основним конструкційним матеріалом для виготовлення ядерного палива з огляду на його унікальні фізичні властивості слабкої взаємодії з нейтронним потоком в активній зоні реактора; виробництво іонообмінних матеріалів та забезпечення ними в повному обсязі уранове виробництво України; виробництво тепловидільних збірок та комплектувальних виробів як невід’ємної ланки створення власного ядерно-паливного циклу; наукове, проектне та інформаційне супроводження проведення науково-дослідних робіт. В Україні відсутній профільний інститут, який би займався координацією науково-дослідних питань щодо розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу. Внесок атомно-промислового комплексу України у створення валового внутрішнього продукту не є значним, але його роль важлива щодо забезпечення економічної безпеки та досягнення енергетичної незалежності країни. Основні засади розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу доцільно відобразити у державній Програмі розвитку галузі та в Стратегії розвитку регіону. Для розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу доцільно використовувати інноваційний підхід. Даний підхід представлено як сукупність трьох взаємопов’язаних блоків, а саме: методико-інформаційний; діагностично-орієнтувальний; оціночно-процесуальний. Обґрунтовано необхідність збільшення обсягу видобутку урану, рівня його збагачення та одночасно рішень екологічних питань щодо утилізації відходів. В статье проанализированы тенденции развития атомно-промышленного комплекса. Основными проб-лемами развития атомно-промышленного комплекса являются несовершенство законодательной базы, отсутствие инвестиций. Необходимое количество обогащенного урана в ядерном топливе закупается Украиной только в РФ. Россия поставляет отвал урана-235 после обогащения до 0,3%. В статье обоснована необходимость разработки последовательности этапов инновационно-ориентированного развития атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины на основе стратегических детерминант. Непосредственно атомно-промышленный комплекс, который является ведущим звеном ядерно-энергетического комплекса Украины, можно считать комплексной отраслью национальной экономики, которая включает: урановое производство, создающее основу для удовлетворения потребности атомных электростанций в природном уране на средне- и долгосрочную перспективу; циркониевое производство, которое предусматривает налаживание выпуска циркония, что является основным конструкционным материалом для изготовления ядерного топлива, учитывая его уникальные физические свойства слабого взаимодействия с нейтронным потоком в активной зоне реактора; производство ионообменных материалов и обеспечение ими в полном объеме урановое производство Украины; производство тепловыделяющих сборок и комплектующих изделий как неотъемлемого звена создания собственного ядерно-топливного цикла; научное, проектное и информационное сопровождение, проведение научно-исследовательских работ. В Украине отсутствует профильный институт, который бы занимался координацией научно-исследовательских работ по развитию атомно-промышленного комплекса. Значение и вес атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины в создании валового внутреннего продукта не является значительным, но его роль важна по обеспечению экономической безопасности и достижению энергетической независимости страны. Основные принципы развития атомно-промышленного комплекса целесообразно отразить в государственной Программе развития отрасли и Стратегии развития региона. Для развития атомно-промышленного комплекса целесообразно использовать инновационный подход. Данный подход представлен как совокупность трех взаимосвязанных блоков, а именно: методико-информационный; диагностико-ориентировочный; оценочно-процессуальный. Обоснована необходимость увеличения объемов добычи урана, уровня его обогащения и одновременно решений экологических вопросов по утилизации отходов. en Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України Економічний вісник Донбасу International and Regional Economics Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development Тенденції та перспективи розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу України Тенденции и перспективы развития атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development |
| spellingShingle |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, V. Osadcha, N. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko, O. International and Regional Economics |
| title_short |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development |
| title_full |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development |
| title_fullStr |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development |
| title_sort |
tendencies and prospects of the ukrainian nuclear industrial complex development |
| author |
Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, V. Osadcha, N. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko, O. |
| author_facet |
Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, V. Osadcha, N. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko, O. |
| topic |
International and Regional Economics |
| topic_facet |
International and Regional Economics |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| publisher |
Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Тенденції та перспективи розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу України Тенденции и перспективы развития атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины |
| description |
The article analyzes development trends of the nuclear-industrial complex. Among the main problems of development of nuclear-industrial complex determined inadequate legal framework, lack of investment. the required amount of enriched uranium in nuclear fuel purchased by Ukraine only in the Russian Federation. Russia supplies the stockpile of uranium-235 after enrichment not less than 0.3%.
The necessity of development sequence the stages of the innovation-oriented development of nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine on the basis of strategic determinants. Directly the nuclear-industrial complex, which is the leading element of the nuclear energy complex of Ukraine can be considered a complex sector of the national economy that includes production of uranium, which forms the basis to meet the needs of nuclear power plants in natural uranium in the medium and long term; Zirconia production, which includes the establishment of the production of zirconium, which is the main structural material for the fabrication of nuclear fuel, given its unique physical properties of the weak interaction with neutron flux in the reactor core; manufacture of ion-exchange materials and to ensure the full production of uranium of Ukraine; production of fuel assemblies and components as a key link in the creation of our own nuclear-fuel cycle; research, design and information support of scientific research. In Ukraine there is no specialized institution that would deal with the coordination of the research questions regarding the development of nuclear-industrial complex.
The contribution of the nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine in the creation of gross domestic product is not significant, but its role is important in ensuring economic security and achieving energy independence. The basic principles for the development of nuclear-industrial complex should be reflected in the state Program of development of the industry and development strategy of the region. For the development of nuclear-industrial complex, it is advisable to use an innovative approach. This approach is represented as a set of three interconnected units, namely: methodical-information unit; diagnostic-estimated; estimating procedure.
Reasonably necessary to increase the volume of uranium production, increase the level of its enrichment and at the same time to solve environmental issues on waste management .
У статті проаналізовано тренди розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу. Серед основних проблем
розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу визначені недосконалість законодавчої бази, відсутність інвестицій. Необхідна кількість, збагаченого урану в ядерному паливі закуповується Україною тільки в РФ. Росія постачає відвал урану-235 після збагачення не менше 0,3%.
Обґрунтовано необхідність розроблення послідовності етапів інноваційно-орієнтованого розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу Україні на основі стратегічних детермінант. Безпосередньо атомно-промисловий комплекс, який є провідною ланкою ядерно-енергетичного комплексу України, можна вважати комплексною галуззю національної економіки, що включає: уранове виробництво, що створює основу для задоволення потреби атомних електростанцій у природному урані на середньо- та довгострокову перспективу; цирконієве виробництво, яке передбачає налагодження випуску цирконію, що є основним конструкційним матеріалом для виготовлення ядерного палива з огляду на його унікальні фізичні властивості слабкої взаємодії з нейтронним потоком в активній зоні реактора; виробництво іонообмінних матеріалів та забезпечення ними в повному обсязі уранове виробництво України; виробництво тепловидільних збірок та комплектувальних виробів як невід’ємної ланки створення власного ядерно-паливного циклу; наукове, проектне та інформаційне супроводження проведення науково-дослідних робіт. В Україні відсутній профільний інститут, який би займався координацією науково-дослідних питань щодо розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу.
Внесок атомно-промислового комплексу України у створення валового внутрішнього продукту не є значним, але його роль важлива щодо забезпечення економічної безпеки та досягнення енергетичної незалежності країни. Основні засади розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу доцільно відобразити у державній Програмі розвитку галузі та в Стратегії розвитку регіону. Для розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу доцільно використовувати інноваційний підхід. Даний підхід представлено як сукупність трьох взаємопов’язаних блоків, а саме: методико-інформаційний; діагностично-орієнтувальний; оціночно-процесуальний.
Обґрунтовано необхідність збільшення обсягу видобутку урану, рівня його збагачення та одночасно рішень екологічних питань щодо утилізації відходів.
В статье проанализированы тенденции развития атомно-промышленного комплекса. Основными проб-лемами развития атомно-промышленного комплекса являются несовершенство законодательной базы, отсутствие инвестиций. Необходимое количество обогащенного урана в ядерном топливе закупается Украиной только в РФ. Россия поставляет отвал урана-235 после обогащения до 0,3%. В статье обоснована необходимость разработки последовательности этапов инновационно-ориентированного развития атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины на основе стратегических детерминант.
Непосредственно атомно-промышленный комплекс, который является ведущим звеном ядерно-энергетического комплекса Украины, можно считать комплексной отраслью национальной экономики, которая включает: урановое производство, создающее основу для удовлетворения потребности атомных электростанций в природном уране на средне- и долгосрочную перспективу; циркониевое производство, которое предусматривает налаживание выпуска циркония, что является основным конструкционным материалом для изготовления ядерного топлива, учитывая его уникальные физические свойства слабого взаимодействия с нейтронным потоком в активной зоне реактора; производство ионообменных материалов и обеспечение ими в полном объеме урановое производство Украины; производство тепловыделяющих сборок и комплектующих изделий как неотъемлемого звена создания собственного ядерно-топливного цикла; научное, проектное и информационное сопровождение, проведение научно-исследовательских работ. В Украине отсутствует профильный институт, который бы занимался координацией научно-исследовательских работ по развитию атомно-промышленного комплекса.
Значение и вес атомно-промышленного комплекса Украины в создании валового внутреннего продукта не является значительным, но его роль важна по обеспечению экономической безопасности и достижению энергетической независимости страны. Основные принципы развития атомно-промышленного комплекса целесообразно отразить в государственной Программе развития отрасли и Стратегии развития региона. Для развития атомно-промышленного комплекса целесообразно использовать инновационный подход. Данный подход представлен как совокупность трех взаимосвязанных блоков, а именно: методико-информационный; диагностико-ориентировочный; оценочно-процессуальный.
Обоснована необходимость увеличения объемов добычи урана, уровня его обогащения и одновременно решений экологических вопросов по утилизации отходов.
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1817-3772 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/169018 |
| citation_txt |
Tendencies and Prospects of the Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development / V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Кotko // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2019. — № 4 (58). — С. 41-50. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
41
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
UDC 338.45:621.039(477) doi: 10.12958/1817-3772-2019-4(58)-41-50
V. Liashenko,
DrHab (Economics), Professor,
ORCID 0000-0001-6302-0605,
Institute of Industrial Economics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
V. Shevchenko,
DrHab (Technical), Professor,
ORCID 0000-0002-7290-811X,
Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics
named after N. Polyakov NAS Ukraine, Dnipro,
N. Osadcha,
DrHab (Economics),
ORCID 0000-0001-5066-2174,
Institute of Industrial Economics of NAS of Ukraine, Dnipro,
O. Kolomiytsev,
PhD (Psychology),
ORCID 0000-0002-2711-9883
O. Kotko,
PhD (Economics),
ORCID 0000-0002-9244-3583
State Enterprise “Investment-Innovation Centre”, Dnipro
TENDENCIES AND PROSPECTS OF THE UKRAINIAN NUCLEAR
INDUSTRY COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT
Under the conditions of transition to the 6th tech-
nological structure, helio- and nuclear energy become
the leading sources of energy resources [1; 2]. In ge-
neral, in Ukraine, about 1000 tons of uranium concen-
trate are produced per year in modern conditions, but
real investments are needed not to increase production
but to make it. The need to increase uranium production
and its further conversion into nuclear fuel has been
talked about without exception by the all Ukrainian go-
vernments. According to the view of some experts, our
country ranks first in Europe by its reserves and is in the
top ten in the world. By even the most modest of their
estimates, raw materials will last for a hundred years
[14].
2,5 thousand tons of uranium concentrate are re-
quired annually to support electricity production by
operating NPPs. Ten years ago, an ambitious program
"Nuclear Fuel of Ukraine" was adopted, with plans to
increase uranium concentrate production up to 1880
tons per year, construction of a nuclear fuel plant and
production of 270 tons of zirconium per year. But in fact
it turned out ... as always. Therefore, modern Ukraine
only produces natural uranium concentrate, which is ac-
tually a low value-added raw material and is further en-
riched for the production of uranium dioxide-enriched
tablets from which fuel elements are formed. It should
be noted that the required amount of uranium enriched
in nuclear fuel is purchased by Ukraine only in the Rus-
sian Federation. Russia supplies uranium-235 dump
after enrichment of at least 0.3%. Similar developments
are being made by the US at Westinghouse.
Analysis of recent researches and publications.
The study of problems of atomic industrial complex de-
velopment dedicated their works: A. Nosovsky [4],
L. Litvinsky, O. Purtov [5] A. Maksimchuk [6] G. Mo-
hon’ko, K. Tarasenko [7].
Despite the significant attention of scientists, the
problem of conditions formation for innovative-oriented
development of nuclear-industrial complex requires
more study.
The main purpose of the study is to develop the
sequence of conditions formation of innovation-oriented
development of nuclear-industrial complex in Ukraine
on the basis of strategic determinants.
Presentation of the basic material. The develop-
ment of the economy and the increase in population is
one of the reasons for the growth in energy demand in
modern conditions. Over the past 20 years, the world
population increased by 1.6 billion people, and the total
real income of the population and enterprises – by 87%.
The consumption of primary energy has increased from
1900 in 22.5 times, and over the last 20 years the volume
of world primary energy consumption grew by 45%.
Structure of primary energy consumption carriers in
separate countries is defined with the natural resources
and transport capacities availability, the nature of the in-
ternal needs. The increase in world primary energy de-
mand is determined such country and regions as China,
India, Brazil and the middle East. Although historically
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
42
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
nuclear energy has risen from its programs to develop
nuclear weapons, here, of course, reverse is possible.
Now Ukraine produces about 1,000 tons of ura-
nium concentrate per year. The level of concentrate pro-
vision from the beginning of the Millennium has in-
creased only from 32 to 40%. The rest (up to 1500 tons)
are annually purchased from Russian, European and Ka-
zakh suppliers. Meanwhile, older fields are depleted and
there is very little money to develop new ones. Besides
the cost of our uranium by global standards is very
high – $105 per kg, which is more than twice higher to
the current world quotes. And, of course, around this
area there are a bunch of shady semi-criminal schemes.
Geographically, almost all developed (and pro-
mising) deposits are concentrated in a small area (size
of 80 to 20 km) within Kirovohrad region. The only ura-
nium producer in Ukraine – Eastern mining-processing
combine (SkhidHZK) operates there. Its purpose and
specialization is mining and processing of uranium ore.
SkhidHZK consists of three mines: Inhulʹsʹka, Smo-
linsʹka and Novokostyantynivsʹka which develop four
deposits. Moreover, the Inhulʹsʹka mine runs two of
them at the same time. Hydrometallurgical plant
SkhidHZK in Zhovti Vody is engaged in the processing
of ore into uranium oxide. Then it traditionally goes to
the Russian Federation for the enrichment and fabrica-
tion of fuel assemblies (FA) in fact, fuel for Ukrainian
nuclear power generating stations.
The management structure of the SkhidHZK is part
of the state concern created in 2008 "Nuclear fuel" with
tasks: creation of a plant for the production of nuclear
fuel, the uranium and establish production of zirconium.
From all three tasks in fact are performed only extrac-
tion of uranium (97% of turnover) and some release of
hafnium (up to 12 t. per year).
There are two saved enterprises in Ukraine for ex-
traction and processing of uranium, the existing techno-
logy of building electronic components and even a spe-
cial measuring technique to determine the isotopic com-
position of nuclear materials. Moreover, reserves of ura-
nium and zirconium in Ukraine, as mentioned above,
one of the first in the world.
A unique feature of domestic production is that a
considerable part of the ore is extracted directly under
the regional centre – the city of Kropivnitsky (before Ki-
rovohrad). On the outskirts of the city is located In-
hulʹsʹka mine which has created an underground laby-
rinth in the depths of half a century (from 160 m. till 650
m,). There are only 5 vertical trunks, plus the two ura-
nium deposits – Michurinsʹkyi ta Tsentralʹnyi with an
underground tunnel nearly 6 km long, passing under the
river Ingul. There will be enough uranium reserves until
2030. And there is a large undeveloped Central
(Zakhidne (Western) deposit nearby. However, the ura-
nium deposits there go almost to the center of the city,
which for obvious reasons does not cause great enthu-
siasm among its residents.
Smolins’ka mine, which is located 80 km to the
west, has many more problems - it is going to be closed.
Since the uranium content is higher, the mine has long
been a key to mining and processing plant, giving up to
60% of raw materials. But more intensive testing of the
Vatutins`kyi deposit accelerated the depletion of avai-
lable reserves. Latest commissioned seven years ago, an
ore horizon 640 m. only slowed the pace of decline. The
plant capacity in recent years has decreased more than
twice. Before the accident at the Fukushima Japanese
nuclear power plant, during the period of high uranium
prices in the world, the option of working out even
deeper horizons of the Vatutins`kyi deposit and explo-
ration for exploration of a small neighboring southern
deposit was considered. However, the fall in uranium
prices made these plans unprofitable. Already in 2016,
the Nuclear Fuel Concern has decided that it is inappro-
priate to continue the operation of the Smolin Mine. In
the spring of 2017, there was also an official statement
that the residual resource of the mine does not exceed
1.4 thousand tons of uranium, and it will be closed
within 3-5 years. At the same time, it is more than a se-
rious blow to the village Smoline, for which the mine is
a city-forming enterprise. The village Smoline risks of
being left with nothing, since there is no money for the
new jobs creation either in the State Mining and Gas
Company or in the states.
The main hope associated with the development of
neighboring Novokostyantynivsʹka mine. And now the
Director of the Smolins’ka mine at the same time con-
trols them both. Previously it was assumed that part of
the mine personnel will go to Novokostyantynivsʹka
mine, which is in pilot operation (that is in fact still un-
der development). But even if so, not everyone will be
able to get a job.
The history of the decommissioning of mines in the
town Zhovti Vody that were previously included in the
SkhidHZK, also does not add optimism. They flooded,
and one of them ("Nova") went under water, having iron
ore reserves of almost a billion tons. Now SkhidHZK
task is to maintain the existing volume of production at
old fields at the level of 650-670 tons/year and commis-
sioning of the startup complex with a capacity of 500-
550 tons/year at Novokostyantynivsʹka mine.
The newest mine is talked a lot and often. Total
uranium reserves at operating mines – about 110 thou-
sand tons, the lion's share – 92 thousand tons (84%) is
exactly resources from Novokostyantynivsʹka. But, un-
fortunately, much less is being done.
In recent years, construction is funded only by the
plant, and even then very little. Thus, in 2016, the total
investment of the mining company (SkhidHZK) in sup-
port of existing mines, "and further development of the
Novokostyantynivsʹkyi deposit" was only $4.5 million.
At the same time, minimal valuation of the cost of com-
missioning a start-up complex of this mine with the out-
put for production of 500 thousand tons of ore per year
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
43
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
are at least ten times greater. The projected capacity –
1 500 000 tonnes of uranium ore per year – will require
about a quarter of a billion dollars. There is no such
money in SkhidHZK. Now, mining is shallow under-
ground, with a horizon of 240–300 m. The main ura-
nium lies deeper (up to 700 m), but there is no money to
reach it. On the surface of the mined rock mass is lifted
by two very worn trunks. However, everything is not so
bad. There is uranium there, and the volumes of its pro-
duction at this mine have already exceeded the level of
the Vatutins`kyi field. And even expensive uranium
electricity is clearly cheaper than electricity from
Ukrainian coal.
But some technologies for organizing a closed nu-
clear cycle in Ukraine are still lacking. Only the initial
stage of uranium ore enrichment is possible at Ukrainian
enterprises. It should be noted that investment is needed
due to the lack of technology and production facilities
for the construction of high and low power reactors. In
Ukraine there is a complete (closed) nuclear fuel cycle.
However, there are some of its key elements: the extrac-
tion, crushing, and enrichment of uranium ore to pro-
duce uranium oxide (U3O8); the use of nuclear fuel (en-
ergy and research reactors); storage of spent nuclear
fuel; transportation of fresh and spent fuel and radioac-
tive waste, storage and disposal of radioactive waste.
I.e, the modern nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine
includes: uranium ore production, production of nitrous
oxide, production of zirconium concentrate for the pro-
duction of shells (tubes) for fuel elements (TVELs) and
operating NPPs [3].
The composition of the enterprises that are the part
of the nuclear industry of Ukraine, which can be repre-
sented in the form (Table).
Table
The main enterprises of the nuclear-industrial complex of Ukraine and the profile of their activity
Name of Company Profile
State concern "Nuclear fuel" Uranium and zirconium production
Members of the concern:
SE "Eastern Mining and Processing Plant"
(SkhidHZK)
Natural uranium production and production of its ox-
ide concentrate
SE "Smoly" Production and marketing of ionized materials and
their provision in the full volume of uranium produc-
tion of Ukraine
State Enterprise "Ukrainian Research and Design In-
telligence Institute of Industrial Technology"
Project and scientific support of facilities and produc-
tion of nuclear fuel cycle
Other enterprises serving the leading structural units of nuclear power and the nuclear-industrial complex
Leading structural units of a nuclear (atomic)
energy is a state enterprise "National nuclear energy
generating company "Energoatom" and its separate di-
visions, and the nuclear-industrial complex – the state
concern "Nuclear fuel", which is the SE "Eastern mining
and processing plant", SE "Resin", SE "Ukrainian
scientific research and design-prospecting Institute of
industrial technology".
Directly the nuclear-industrial complex, which is
the leading element of the nuclear energy complex of
Ukraine can be considered a complex sector of the na-
tional economy that includes production of uranium,
which forms the basis to meet the needs of nuclear
power plants in natural uranium in the medium and long
term; zirconium production, which includes the estab-
lishment of the production of zirconium, which is the
main structural material for the fabrication of nuclear
fuel, given its unique physical properties of the weak in-
teraction with neutron flux in the reactor core; manufac-
ture of ion-exchange materials and to ensure the full pro-
duction of uranium of Ukraine; production of fuel as-
semblies and components as an integral part in the crea-
tion of our own nuclear-fuel cycle; scientific, project
and informational support of carrying out research and
experimental design works for the improvement of
mining technologies, processing of uranium raw materi-
als, ensuring radiation protection of personnel and po-
pulation, conducting environmental impact assessment,
technical re-equipment of research institutions and de-
sign organizations.
Such elements of the nuclear fuel cycle, like ura-
nium conversion (the translation of the nitrous-oxide of
uranium U3O8 in uranium hexafluoride UF6 gaseous
compound, which is technologically necessary for fur-
ther enrichment), isotopic enrichment of uranium and its
re-conversion (conversion of enriched uranium hexaflu-
oride to uranium oxide), manufacturing fuel pellets of
uranium oxide, and fabricating finished fuel assemblies-
today in Ukraine does not exist. The country does not
have a complete nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) – there is no
stages: obtaining uranium hexafluoride; enrichment,
conversion and production of fuel tablets, obtaining pipe
billets and rolled products; manufacture of components
and fuel assemblies. In general, the available scientific
potential and experimental base are insufficient for sci-
entific and technical support nuclear cycle in Ukraine.
Massive financial problems are a huge obstacle for the
realization of such ambitions. After all, the actual fund-
ing for most of the existing nuclear cycle programs
during the years of independence did not exceed 10 per-
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44
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
cent of the announced level. According to the IAEA,
uranium reserves of Ukraine is about 199.5 thousand
tons. In Ukraine are produced only natural uranium con-
centrate, in fact a low cost raw material, unsuitable for
further enrichment and the production of uranium diox-
ide tablets. It does not allow Ukraine to fully utilize ura-
nium isotopes 235 and 238. Until recently, the required
amount of enriched uranium in nuclear fuel was only
purchased in the Russian Federation.
Despite the fact that the contribution of the nuclear-
industrial complex of Ukraine in the creation of gross
domestic product is not significant, but its role is im-
portant in ensuring economic security and achieving
energy independence. In accordance with the provisions
of the sustainable development Strategy of Ukraine until
2030 and the energy strategy of Ukraine for the period
up to 2035 the development of nuclear energy is one of
the priorities of development of national economic sys-
tem.
The process of controlling the development of nu-
clear-industrial complex is a difficult, multifaceted pro-
cess. Make informed and appropriate management deci-
sions is possible only under the condition that they are
based on the results of the objective assessment, which
enables to identify the type of development and deter-
mine its level, create a basis for identifying determinants
of development. The world's leading companies enter
into contracts for uranium enrichment under IAEA con-
trol with the receipt of a uranium dump -235 is 0.2% or
less. This allows to obtain the isotope uranium-235 not
67%, but 80% or more. Ukraine is working in an imper-
fect legal field. There is no effective state mechanism
for regulating the development of the nuclear-industrial
complex: it has no instruments or state programs. The
following programs exist in Ukraine: State Target Eco-
nomic Program "Nuclear Fuel of Ukraine", approved by
the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from September 23,
2009 No. 1004 for the period 2009-2013, which pro-
vides for an increase in the production of natural ura-
nium concentrate; creation of nuclear fuel production,
zirconium production, production of accessories; scien-
tific, project and information support of nuclear fuel cy-
cle facilities; The State Program “Nuclear Fuel of
Ukraine” was adopted for the period 2009-2013; The
Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of No-
vember 9, 2016 No. 943-p approved the Concept of the
State Target Economic Program for the Development of
the Nuclear Industrial Complex for the Period up to
2020; The concept of the nuclear fuel production and
its components organization in Ukraine is based on na-
tional resources of natural uranium and zirconium to re-
duce the dependence on foreign suppliers of nuclear fuel
for nuclear power plants.
The next step after approval of the Concept is the
development of the draft programme, but as for today,
the draft program of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
is not approved. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers
of Ukraine of 30 September 2009 No. 1029 was
approved the State target ecological programme to bring
in a safe state of the uranium objects of the production
of "Prydniprovs`kyy chemical plant" Association.
The goal of the program is to eliminate negative
environmental impacts of industrial Association
"Prydniprovs`kyy chemical plant", bringing the danger-
ous uranium objects which are on the balance of the state
enterprise "Barrier" into an environmentally safe condi-
tion and providing protection of the environment and
population from the harmful effects of ionizing radia-
tion. The term of program implementation 2009-2014,
ie the Program requires updating.
The decision of the Dnipropetrovsk regional Coun-
cil from 21.10.2015 No. 680-34/VI approved of the
Dnipropetrovsk regional complex program (strategy) of
environmental security and mitigation of climate change
for 2016-2025. On October, 21, 2015 Dnipropetrovsk
Regional Council Decision approved Dnipropetrovsk
Regional complex program (strategy) for environmental
safety and the climate change prevention for 2016-2025
(decision № 680-34 / VI). This program is not paid
enough attention to the issue of radioactive waste dis-
posal although among the problems include significant
man-made load on the environment of giant tailings and
sludge collectors in the town Zhovti Vody and the state
enterprise "Barrier" (Kamʺyansʹke).
Despite the decline in commodity prices in the
world. Energy security of the country is one of the na-
tional interests of the state.
In Ukraine, on June 21, 2018, Law No. 2469 –VIII
“On National Security” was adopted.The Law defines
the terms "public security – protection of state sover-
eignty, territorial integrity and democratic constitutional
order and other vital national interests of actual and po-
tential non-military threats", "threats to national security
of Ukraine – the phenomenon, trends and factors that
make it impossible or difficult or might prevent or hin-
der the realization of national interests and the preserva-
tion of national values of Ukraine, national security –
protection of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, dem-
ocratic constitutional rights and other national interests
against real and potential threats and national interests –
vital interests of the person, society and state, realization
of which ensures the state sovereignty of Ukraine and its
progressive democratic development, as well as safe liv-
ing conditions and the well-being of its citizens". There-
fore, on this basis, it is possible to generalize the system
of interaction of subjects, objects and components of the
influence of national interests. Scientific research and
development of the nuclear-industrial complex for the
modern developed country is an integral part of the re-
alization and protection of the state national interests, as
well as an element of state and national security. The
concept of "interests in the development of the nuclear-
industrial complex" is formed in the system of national
interests. The definition of "interests in the development
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
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Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
of the nuclear-industrial complex" should take into
account the following factors: set of economic interests;
a set of state energy security goals; set of existing exter-
nal and internal threats.
The second problem with the production is the ne-
cessity of growth of uranium ore production in 2,5-
3 times, to 2.6 million tons per year. One of the scientific
methods of mining uranium, which it is advisable to use
in Ukraine is in-situ leaching (ISL) of uranium on ex-
plored sandstone deposits. This method is used by Ka-
zakhstan and Uzbekistan. In these countries, 100% of
uranium is mined by ISL method. Ukraine needs to
maintain and develop its nuclear energy potential, even
in spite of the trend towards a policy of some states'
abandonment of nuclear energy. Nuclear power is not
just part of the energy industry. It is a reflection of a cer-
tain level of economic development, technology, educa-
tion and even public relations. Nuclear power is an indi-
cator that confirms the technological culture, it demon-
strates membership relatively narrow range of countries,
the level of development which allows safely and effec-
tively use the latest achievements of engineering
thought especially in the conditions of transition to the
6th technological order.
It should be noted that many countries have re-
nounced nuclear energy. But these countries are not
energetically isolated, and their energy market is a com-
ponent and fully integrated part of the EU market, where
nuclear generation is present. Among countries such as
Germany, which shows a move away from nuclear
power, but it is part of a common European energy mar-
ket, together with France, where nuclear power is dom-
inant. One notable example is the state of California,
which decades ago made the decision to decommission
nuclear power units located in its territory, but in 2019
has decided to extend their service life. This is against
the background of the general rise and development of
nuclear power and reactor technology in the United
States. There is no doubt that Ukraine, together with Po-
land, should maintain and develop their own potential in
nuclear energy and related industries. In order to pre-
serve and develop Ukrainian nuclear power, it is neces-
sary to fulfill a number of conditions and implement a
set of measures.
Nowadays, electricity from Ukrainian nuclear
power plants is generally the cheapest in the world. With
the current rate of about 2 cents per kilowatt/hour, it is
three to four times cheaper than in Europe and 1.5 times
than Russian! However, such cheapness does not make
it possible to accumulate resources not only for the de-
velopment but also for the safe decommissioning of the
NPP units, followed by bringing the sites where they are
located, in a safe condition. To put it bluntly, there is a
decline in the cost of renewal and the shifting of prob-
lems to future generations.
The most obvious (and sad) scenario: nuclear
power plant will modify its resources (most likely, given
the multiple extensions) and will be closed. For uranium
miners, this means that by 2050, the local uranium con-
sumer will also dry up. But this is a distant problem
today. Last year, according to the SE "Eastern Mining
and Processing Plant" (SkhidHZK) report, "1240 tonnes
of uranium concentrate was sold. Total revenue of $ 4.2
billion was received and nearly $ 1 billion was paid in
taxes."
At the same time, it should not be excluded that
part of the purchased on the domestic concentrate is also
purchased on the foreign market. In fact, one of the
shadow schemes, which slowly still came to court [14],
was the purchase of a cheap Kazakh concentrate, fol-
lowed by its sale to the state through the SkhidHZK, but,
of course, at higher prices. According to the contract,
the state-owned national atomic energy generating com-
pany "Energoatom", which operates the NPP in the pe-
riod 2008–2018 purchases the extracted uranium con-
centrate (in the SE "Eastern Mining and Processing
Plant" (SkhidHZK). And at the prices that ensure the
profit of the latter, that is much higher than the current
prices in the market.
In 2014–2015, one of the intermediary firms,
Austrian Steuermann Investitions, bought 400 tonnes of
concentrate in Kazakhstan at $ 95 / kg, then resold it to
SkhidHZK, but at $ 129 / kg, and the mining and pro-
cessing plant resold it; Energoatom; (who is obliged to
buy uranium from it) at the same price. Under the 2014–
2015 contracts, SkhidHZK had to purchase up to 1000
tonnes of uranium concentrate through the Austrian in-
termediary (approximately its annual output). Now all
these schemes will be dismantled in the courts.
And SkhidHZK, meanwhile, has set "an overriding
goal": reducing uranium cost from $ 105 per kilogram
in 2017 to $ 80 during 2018-2019. By the way, the
second figure, is also higher than world prices, which
are expected to grow in 5-7 years. It is not very clear
how everything will work out in practice. Uranium
waste reserves have already been largely selected. There
is no money for digging new horizons. However, it is
possible to close down the Smolins`ka mine. But there
has already been one strike at the the SE "Eastern
Mining and Processing Plant" (SkhidHZK). By the way,
during the court cases, an interesting document was lit
up against the strikers. The Ingul`ska mine was paid
only at 1,000 UAH / kg (less than $ 40).
Development, new technologies and horizons
[13]. While operating existing power units, it is
extremely important for Ukraine to monitor and directly
participate in the development of new technologies and
to implement them. Among the main directions are:
Firstly- modern technologies that allow to mod-
ernize, increase efficiency, replace already existing
power units, including units of small capacity, increase
their safety and extend their service life. It is advisable
to put this on a domestic engineering base with the use
of USA and Canada modern technologies. Such enter-
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Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
prises in Ukraine are currently manufacturing separate
components for fittings and equipment for nuclear reac-
tors.
A certain group of experts associates the main hope
for the increase of Ukrainian uranium production with
the Chinese. For the last two years, Chinese delegations
regularly visited Novokostyantynivsʹka mine and hydro-
metallurgical plant (where they want to participate in the
construction of a sulfuric acid plant). In August 2017 at
the request of the State Development Bank of China;
SkhidHZK has ordered an audit of its financial state-
ments for the past three years.
Incidentally, in 2006-2011, Novokostyantynivsʹka
mine was already a separate legal entity – at that time it
was expected that "Rosatom" would come to it as an in-
vestor; (with an expected investment of $ 500 million).
What is interesting is that "Rosatom"; could not find any
money within his country. Today's expectations are
more modest: local authorities say about $ 160 million,
Chinese themselves does not comment a process as well
as its financial component. SkhidHZK is not a subject to
privatization (still a strategic enterprise), but other indi-
rect and relatively temporary forms are possible – rent,
long-term concession, joint venture creation, pledge of
products and others.
At the same time, there is already a Russian prece-
dent-analogue. In the spring of 2018, the Chinese Na-
tional Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) signed with "Ros-
atom" a contract to finance the renewal of the uranium
mine in Transbaikalia. A joint venture will be set up in
which China's representatives will receive 49% and the
right to export half of the uranium produced (that's 600
tonnes / year). A similar option was offered to Ukraine.
China has 38 operating nuclear reactors and plans to
build another two dozen by 2025. It is actively buying
up uranium mining assets in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Niger and even Canada. It is planned that in the future,
China will produce one third of uranium domestically,
one third – overseas at enterprises with Chinese involve-
ment, the rest will buy the market. A large state reserve
of uranium is also created. So, Beijing has an interest.
While the bidding process is ongoing with China,
it is said in public that at Novokonstantinovska mine, the
the SE "Eastern Mining and Processing Plant"
(SkhidHZK) has been fruitfully cooperating with the
Chinese Development Bank. As stated, "the Chinese
side noted the considerable experience in the develop-
ment of uranium deposits and emphasized the interest in
the implementation of these projects". The Chinese are
rather peculiar and tough partners, especially in this
field. Beijing has plans to extract uranium at the expense
of its investment. Last year China National Nuclear Cor-
poration together with concern "Nuclear fuel" approved
a plan of action for joint production of nuclear fuel for
VVER-1000 reactors in Ukraine.
In general, the history of the nuclear fuel plant cre-
ation is interesting and may reappear. And not only with
the Chinese, but also with ourselves. It seems that soon
we will hear about Oleksander Dubov as a whole and
about the resuscitation of the joint venture structural
subdivision UkrTV, in particular. There are other super-
critical domestic investors. Last year and beyond last
year, the courts of five uranium ore deposits in the My-
kolaiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions benefited the re-
cently established Atomic Energy systems of Ukraine,
LLC (AESU), which has received a permit for them; ge-
ological exploration and development. It concerns the
Safonivs`kа area, Mikhailivs`ka and Sadova plots in the
Mykolaiv region, as well as the Novogur`evs`ka plot
and the Surs`ka square in the Dnipropetrovsk region.
NPP offered to grant them special permits for five years
without auctions, because before that the firm rented
complete property complexes in the contours of these
fields. Uranium is going to be extracted by leaching
(ie pumping it into an acid solution layer). It is interest-
ing that at the end of the zero years all these deposits
were on the list of the most promising, and Safo-
nivs`ke – with 3 thousand tons of reserves and the pro-
spect of extracting 150–300 tons of uranium ore a year –
is still included in the Cabinet uranium concept [14].
The second area concerns new reactor techno-
logies. The country's energy strategy indicates the need
to identify the next generation of nuclear reactors we
plan to operate. Ukraine has a unique opportunity to
work with technology companies in the United States to
gain leadership in the development of small module re-
actor technology. This is a new generation of reactor
units up to 300 MW, with significantly higher efficiency
and security. In addition to using new technologies for
our own needs, we can become a regional engineering
and technological hub with export technological poten-
tial and significant localization of production at domes-
tic machine-building enterprises.
Fuel diversification and expansion of our own base
is the third area of concern. Ukraine needs to maintain a
policy of fuel diversification and reduce the risks of us-
ing fuel supplied by the Russian Federation. At the same
time, the mineral and technological base available in
Ukraine makes it possible to speak about the possibility
and the need to increase the volume of our own uranium
production. We also need to consistently move towards
establishing our own (or jointly with Poland as an EU
Member State) production of nuclear fuel, taking into
account the constraints imposed on us by our interna-
tional obligations. Qualitative development of the nu-
clear industry is not possible without the same develop-
ment of a radioactive waste management system and
spent nuclear fuel. Today, a number of projects are un-
derway, such as the construction of a centralized spent
fuel storage facility, which will allow Ukraine to escape
from its dependency and significant financial losses re-
lated to spent fuel storage in Russia.
All of the above are possible if one condition is
met. A very cautious and balanced approach must be ap-
plied to nuclear power when it comes to performing its
social functions in electricity supply. Nuclear energy
cannot be the sole and main load carrier. Tariff policy
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
47
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
should be economically sound and allow for generating
companies maintain the necessary level of security and
develop. It is necessary to derive this type of generation
from the discriminated (in comparison with other types
of generation) situation both in terms of financial and
economic indicators and in terms of loading existing ca-
pacity. The implementation of this set of measures will
allow Ukraine to retain and strengthen the most power-
ful driver of the economy, which will not only have a
favorable impact on the financial and economic and
technological development of the country, but also sti-
mulate the development of a number of related indus-
tries.
Security. There are two aspects to be distinguished
here: operational and production.
The safety of operating nuclear power units has
many components. One of the main is professional and
independent regulation. Independent position of the nu-
clear regulator legally enshrined, its strengthening, ex-
pansion of the material and technical support base of the
regulator will allow to put safety issues at the forefront
and avoid situations in which tactical economic or poli-
tical considerations may prevail over security. The inde-
pendence of the nuclear regulator will also avoid con-
flicts of interest. It is very important at the state level to
resist the temptation to manage the industry and regulate
it manually. Nuclear power requires a systematic ma-
nagement approach and independent regulation.
The safety of the production of nuclear reactors,
equipment and other components of nuclear techno-
logy are associated with high risks of information leak-
age and others, and therefore require special protection
systems that domestic engineering companies are not
able to provide at the current level. A possible solution
is to organize cooperation on the basis of international-
public-private partnerships in order to diversify risks.
The foreign partner provides the technologies, the SBU
provides protection against the leakage of classified in-
formation, the domestic enterprises provide technical
and technological support for the production of modern
equipment.
Education and human resources. The request for
training, as the policy of preserving existing human re-
sources, including its reserve component, directly re-
lated to the following factors: the current economic and
financial situation in the industry and the development
prospects of the industry in terms of new capacities con-
struction and commissioning. In the matter of training,
it may make sense to focus educational methodological
base. This will improve the quality of education and to
create a healthy competition for educational places is
"smearing a thin layer of "available resource. It is nec-
essary to avoid the situation that exists now, when the
fullness of the student in the relevant specialty is only
about 30%. Backed by powerful industry, our educa-
tional institutions, in particular the Dnipro state Univer-
sity of chemistry and technology, in addition to imple-
menting internal problems, would systematically ex-
pand the export capacity of the domestic higher educa-
tion system in the field of nuclear energy. It is advisable
to develop modular units for the provision of profes-
sional knowledge and experience as a product of in-
dustry, rather than passively observing how the
knowledge and experience flowing out of the country
with specialists.
For the development of nuclear-industrial com-
plex, it is advisable to use an innovative approach. This
approach is represented as a set of three interconnected
units, namely:
– methodical and informational block involves the
development of methods for the assessment of the de-
velopment of the nuclear industrial complex to improve
the validity of decisions on the formation conditions of
its reorientation on the basis of innovation, and the col-
lection and primary processing of information for its
further use in the evaluation process of the development
of nuclear-industrial complex;
– diagnostic and indicative unit provides for imple-
mentation through the established information database
according to the developed method of identification of
the development type of Ukrainian nuclear-industrial
complex and determination of its level and the develop-
ment of recommendations on formation of conditions
for innovation-oriented nuclear-industrial complex de-
velopment;
– assessment-procedure – involves the assessment
factors as the basis to further define the strategic deter-
minants of innovation-oriented development, which
needs to be developed actions to build conditions for in-
novation-oriented nuclear-industrial complex develop-
ment, and forecasting expected results, and implemen-
tation that must be accompanied by the permanent con-
trol on the basis of comparison of the obtained results
with the predicted.
Conclusions. It is advisable to include in the ge-
neral results of the implementation of the program of de-
velopment of the nuclear-industrial complex the follow-
ing: increase of competitiveness of the enterprises of key
strategic industries: nuclear, mining, metallurgy, che-
mical and mechanical engineering; increase of innova-
tiveness of production through development of scien-
tific potential of the region, commercialization of scien-
tific process; enterprise development based on the latest
industrial waste processing technologies, including for
the development of the region's infrastructure; man-
made load on the environment; creating more attractive
and diverse jobs; ensuring the stabilization of the social
processes of the mining regions. It is necessary to in-
crease the volume of uranium production, to increase its
level of enrichment and at the same time to solve envi-
ronmental issues regarding waste disposal.
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
48
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
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Ляшенко В. І., Шевченко В. Г., Осадча Н. В.,
Коломійцев О. А., Котко О. К. Тенденції та пер-
спективи розвитку атомно-промислового компле-
ксу України
У статті проаналізовано тренди розвитку атомно-
промислового комплексу. Серед основних проблем
розвитку атомно-промислового комплексу визначені
недосконалість законодавчої бази, відсутність інвести-
цій. Необхідна кількість, збагаченого урану в ядерному
паливі закуповується Україною тільки в РФ. Росія по-
стачає відвал урану-235 після збагачення не менше
0,3%.
Обґрунтовано необхідність розроблення послі-
довності етапів інноваційно-орієнтованого розвитку
атомно-промислового комплексу Україні на основі
стратегічних детермінант. Безпосередньо атомно-про-
мисловий комплекс, який є провідною ланкою ядерно-
енергетичного комплексу України, можна вважати
комплексною галуззю національної економіки, що
включає: уранове виробництво, що створює основу для
задоволення потреби атомних електростанцій у при-
родному урані на середньо- та довгострокову перспек-
тиву; цирконієве виробництво, яке передбачає нала-
годження випуску цирконію, що є основним конструк-
ційним матеріалом для виготовлення ядерного палива
з огляду на його унікальні фізичні властивості слабкої
взаємодії з нейтронним потоком в активній зоні реак-
тора; виробництво іонообмінних матеріалів та забезпе-
чення ними в повному обсязі уранове виробництво Ук-
раїни; виробництво тепловидільних збірок та комп-
лектувальних виробів як невід’ємної ланки створення
власного ядерно-паливного циклу; наукове, проектне
та інформаційне супроводження проведення науково-
дослідних робіт. В Україні відсутній профільний інсти-
тут, який би займався координацією науково-дослід-
них питань щодо розвитку атомно-промислового ком-
плексу.
Внесок атомно-промислового комплексу України
у створення валового внутрішнього продукту не є
значним, але його роль важлива щодо забезпечення
економічної безпеки та досягнення енергетичної неза-
лежності країни. Основні засади розвитку атомно-про-
мислового комплексу доцільно відобразити у держав-
ній Програмі розвитку галузі та в Стратегії розвитку
регіону. Для розвитку атомно-промислового комп-
лексу доцільно використовувати інноваційний підхід.
Даний підхід представлено як сукупність трьох взає-
мопов’язаних блоків, а саме: методико-інформацій-
ний; діагностично-орієнтувальний; оціночно-процесу-
альний.
Обґрунтовано необхідність збільшення обсягу ви-
добутку урану, рівня його збагачення та одночасно рі-
шень екологічних питань щодо утилізації відходів
Ключові слова: атомно-промисловий комплекс,
промисловість, енергетика, енергетична безпека.
Liashenko V., Shevchenko V., Osadcha N., Ko-
lomiytsev O., Кotko O. Tendencies and Prospects of the
Ukrainian Nuclear Industrial Complex Development
The article analyzes development trends of the nu-
clear-industrial complex. Among the main problems of de-
velopment of nuclear-industrial complex determined
inadequate legal framework, lack of investment. the re-
quired amount of enriched uranium in nuclear fuel pur-
chased by Ukraine only in the Russian Federation. Russia
supplies the stockpile of uranium-235 after enrichment not
less than 0.3%.
The necessity of development sequence the stages of
the innovation-oriented development of nuclear-industrial
complex of Ukraine on the basis of strategic determinants.
Directly the nuclear-industrial complex, which is the lead-
ing element of the nuclear energy complex of Ukraine can
be considered a complex sector of the national economy
that includes production of uranium, which forms the basis
to meet the needs of nuclear power plants in natural ura-
nium in the medium and long term; Zirconia production,
which includes the establishment of the production of zir-
conium, which is the main structural material for the fabri-
cation of nuclear fuel, given its unique physical properties
of the weak interaction with neutron flux in the reactor
core; manufacture of ion-exchange materials and to ensure
the full production of uranium of Ukraine; production of
fuel assemblies and components as a key link in the crea-
tion of our own nuclear-fuel cycle; research, design and in-
formation support of scientific research. In Ukraine there
is no specialized institution that would deal with the coor-
dination of the research questions regarding the develop-
ment of nuclear-industrial complex.
The contribution of the nuclear-industrial complex of
Ukraine in the creation of gross domestic product is not
significant, but its role is important in ensuring economic
security and achieving energy independence. The basic
principles for the development of nuclear-industrial com-
plex should be reflected in the state Program of develop-
ment of the industry and development strategy of the re-
gion. For the development of nuclear-industrial complex,
it is advisable to use an innovative approach. This approach
is represented as a set of three interconnected units,
namely: methodical-information unit; diagnostic-esti-
mated; estimating procedure.
Reasonably necessary to increase the volume of ura-
nium production, increase the level of its enrichment and
at the same time to solve environmental issues on waste
management
Keywords: nuclear-industrial complex, industry, en-
ergy sector, energy security.
Ляшенко В. И., Шевченко В. Г., Осадчая Н. В.,
Коломийцев О. А., Котко О. К. Тенденции и пер-
спективы развития атомно-промышленного ком-
плекса Украины
В статье проанализированы тенденции развития
атомно-промышленного комплекса. Основными проб-
лемами развития атомно-промышленного комплекса
являются несовершенство законодательной базы, от-
V. Liashenko, V. Shevchenko, N. Osadcha, O. Kolomiytsev, O. Kotko
50
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(58), 2019
сутствие инвестиций. Необходимое количество обога-
щенного урана в ядерном топливе закупается Украи-
ной только в РФ. Россия поставляет отвал урана-235
после обогащения до 0,3%. В статье обоснована необ-
ходимость разработки последовательности этапов ин-
новационно-ориентированного развития атомно-про-
мышленного комплекса Украины на основе стратеги-
ческих детерминант.
Непосредственно атомно-промышленный ком-
плекс, который является ведущим звеном ядерно-энер-
гетического комплекса Украины, можно считать ком-
плексной отраслью национальной экономики, которая
включает: урановое производство, создающее основу
для удовлетворения потребности атомных электро-
станций в природном уране на средне- и долгосрочную
перспективу; циркониевое производство, которое
предусматривает налаживание выпуска циркония, что
является основным конструкционным материалом для
изготовления ядерного топлива, учитывая его уникаль-
ные физические свойства слабого взаимодействия с
нейтронным потоком в активной зоне реактора; произ-
водство ионообменных материалов и обеспечение ими
в полном объеме урановое производство Украины;
производство тепловыделяющих сборок и комплекту-
ющих изделий как неотъемлемого звена создания соб-
ственного ядерно-топливного цикла; научное, проект-
ное и информационное сопровождение, проведение
научно-исследовательских работ. В Украине отсут-
ствует профильный институт, который бы занимался
координацией научно-исследовательских работ по раз-
витию атомно-промышленного комплекса.
Значение и вес атомно-промышленного ком-
плекса Украины в создании валового внутреннего про-
дукта не является значительным, но его роль важна по
обеспечению экономической безопасности и достиже-
нию энергетической независимости страны. Основные
принципы развития атомно-промышленного ком-
плекса целесообразно отразить в государственной
Программе развития отрасли и Стратегии развития ре-
гиона. Для развития атомно-промышленного ком-
плекса целесообразно использовать инновационный
подход. Данный подход представлен как совокупность
трех взаимосвязанных блоков, а именно: методико-ин-
формационный; диагностико-ориентировочный; оце-
ночно-процессуальный.
Обоснована необходимость увеличения объемов
добычи урана, уровня его обогащения и одновременно
решений экологических вопросов по утилизации отхо-
дов
Ключевые слова: атомно-промышленный ком-
плекс, промышленность, энергетика, энергетическая
безопасность.
Received by the editors: 16.12.2019
and final form 19.12.2019
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