Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation
The novel type of the converter to transform a high-density electron beam into bremsstrahlung has been developed and investigated. To increase the thermal stability of the converter by means of a growth of the heat-exchange effectiveness in the area of the bremsstrahlung generation a braking media h...
Saved in:
| Date: | 2010 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2010
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/17032 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation / E.Z. Biller, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko, V.F. Zhiglo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 135-139. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859467560576090112 |
|---|---|
| author | Biller, E.Z. Nikiforov, V.I. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. Zhiglo, V.F. |
| author_facet | Biller, E.Z. Nikiforov, V.I. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. Zhiglo, V.F. |
| citation_txt | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation / E.Z. Biller, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko, V.F. Zhiglo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 135-139. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| description | The novel type of the converter to transform a high-density electron beam into bremsstrahlung has been developed and investigated. To increase the thermal stability of the converter by means of a growth of the heat-exchange effectiveness in the area of the bremsstrahlung generation a braking media has been performed as the shot evenly distributed in the cooling water. The results of the computer simulation, thermophysical analysis and experimental study of the converter version on the basis of Pb shot are represented. The possibility of essential increase of the permissible electron beam density as well as reduction of the induced activity and water discharge in comparison with plate- type converter from tantalum is shown.
Разработан и исследован принципиально новый тип конвертера плотного пучка электронов в тормозное излучение. Для повышения тепловой стойкости конвертера путем увеличения эффективности теплообмена в области генерации излучения тормозящая среда выполнена в виде дроби, равномерно распределенной в охлаждающей воде. Приведены результаты компьютерного моделирования, теплофизического анализа и экспериментальных исследований варианта конвертера на основе свинцовой дроби. Показана возможность существенного увеличения допустимой плотности пучка электронов, а также снижения наведенной активности и расхода охлаждающей воды по сравнению с пластинчатым конвертером из тантала.
Розроблено і досліджено принципово новий тип конвертера щільного пучка електронів у гальмівне випромінення. Для підвищення теплової стійкості конвертера шляхом збільшення ефективності теплообміну в області генерації випромінення гальмуюче середовище виконане у вигляді дробу, рівномірно розподіленого у воді, що охолоджує. Приведені результати комп'ютерного моделювання, теплофізичного аналізу і експериментальних досліджень варіанту конвертера на основі свинцевого дробу. Показана можливість істотного збільшення допустимої щільності пучка електронів, а також зниження наведеної активності і витрати води, що охолоджує, в порівнянні з пластинчастим конвертером з танталу.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-11-24T06:42:46Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
DISTRIBUTED CONVERTER
FOR HIGH-BRIGHTNEESS BREMSSTRAHLUNG GENERATION
E.Z. Biller, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko,
I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko, V.F. Zhiglo
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: zhiglo@kipt.kharkov.ua
The novel type of the converter to transform a high-density electron beam into bremsstrahlung has been devel-
oped and investigated. To increase the thermal stability of the converter by means of a growth of the heat-exchange
effectiveness in the area of the bremsstrahlung generation a braking media has been performed as the shot evenly
distributed in the cooling water. The results of the computer simulation, thermophysical analysis and experimental
study of the converter version on the basis of Pb shot are represented. The possibility of essential increase of the
permissible electron beam density as well as reduction of the induced activity and water discharge in comparison
with plate- type converter from tantalum is shown.
PACS: 03.50.-z; 07.05.Tp; 07.85.Fv; 29.20.Ej; 44.05+e
1. INTRODUCTION
The main method of providing high-energy
bremsstrahlung (HEB) (or X-ray) sources of high inten-
sity (>1kW/cm2) for photonuclear technologies lies in
the generation and conversion of an accelerated electron
beam having an energy ≥ 40 MeV and an energy flux
density ≥ 10 kW/cm2. Taking into account a high level
of absorbed radiation power in the converter, it is vital
to keep an adequate heat resistance of the latter. This
can be provided by creating an efficient cooling scheme.
Besides, the converter gets activated under the action of
a mixed γ,n-radiation generated in it. Therefore, in de-
ciding on a particular material of the converter one must
also take into account the activation reactions (prefera-
bly with production of radionuclides that have the min-
imum half-life period).
A water-cooled tantalum plate converter is one of
the traditional devices for providing powerful HEB
sources (e.g., see [1]). Its major drawback is the produc-
tion of Ta-182 isotope with the half-life period
T1/2=115 days in the radiative capture reaction
181Ta(n,γ)182Ta.
In view of the mentioned things, we propose a radi-
cally new type of the converter in the form of a metallic
shot, which is cooled with pressurized water (referred to
as a distributed converter) [2]. As an example, the paper
presents a detailed study on a variant of a lead shot-
based converter.
2. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF THE DISTRIBUTED Pb CONVERTER
AND THE Ta PLATE CONVERTER
Simulation of bremsstrahlung sources that use con-
verters in the form of a set of tantalum plates and also as
leaden shot was carried out for the electron linac KUT-
30 conditions [3]. The simulation was performed with
the program system PENELOPE/2006 as the basis [4].
2.1. SIMULATION CONDITIONS
In simulation, the energy spectrum of accelerated
electrons and their density distribution in the transverse
plane were most closely approximated to those meas-
ured in experiments. The computations were made for
the electron energy at the maximum of the spectrum
E0=40 MeV. The geometry of output devices for repro-
duction of the simulated HEB source also corresponded
to real conditions of the KUT-30 accelerator (Fig.1).
The exit window of the accelerator consists of the
input 1 and output 2 titanium foils, 50 μm in thickness.
The 4 mm spacing between the foils is filled with cool-
ing water.
e-
1 2 3 4567 8 9
Fig.1. Configuration of accelerator KUT-30 output de-
vices under conditions of HEB radiation
The converter unit includes the input foil 3, four
plates 4, 5, 6, 7 and the output foil 8. The spacings be-
tween the foils and plates are filled with water.
The tantalum-based converter consists of four plates,
each being 1 mm thick. The plates are separated by wa-
ter-filled spacings, 1.75, 1.5, 1.5, 2.75 mm in width (in
the direction from the input foil to the output foil). So,
the distance between the foils is 13 mm.
The lead-based converter consists of four plates,
each being 1.82 mm thick. The water spacings in this
case measure to be 1.363, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.363, respec-
tively. The total thickness of the plate assembly makes
8.26 g/cm2. This corresponds to the use of the leaden
shot with a bulk density of 6.88 g/cm3 at a shot layer
thickness of 1.2 cm.
The test target unit presents a water-cooled cylinder
9, 2 cm in diameter and in height. In the computations,
natural zinc was considered as a target material for pro-
duction of 67Cu isotope by the reaction 68Zn(γ,n)67Cu.
The target is separated from the converter by foil 8. The
distance from the cylinder to the output foil of the con-
verter is 2 mm.
____________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2010. № 3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (54), p.135-139.
135
2.2. DESCRIPTION OF e,X-RADIATION
As the initially “pure” electron beam of energy E0
goes deep into the converter, it gets transformed into a
flux of mixed e,X-radiation. The composition of the flux
along the path of radiation formation depends on the E0
value, the braking medium and the detection plane posi-
tion. The e,X-radiation state can be described by the
characteristics such as the conversion ratio (Ega/Ebeam)
and the secondary emission factor (Ega/Eel), where Ebeam
is the total energy of accelerated electrons; Eel, Ega are,
respectively, the integrated energies of electrons and
photons that cross the detection plane on the radiation
axis. In this case, it is advisable to measure the distance
from the onset of beam slowing down to the plane of
detection in the so-called stopping thickness units. Simi-
larly to the well-known mass thickness unit, which is
determined as a product of the layer thickness by the
layer material density, stopping thickness unit (stu) of
any material layer is determined as a ratio of layer
thickness to the average total range r0 of the electron of
specified energy in the given material in the continuous
slowing-down approximation. In stu terms, the behavior
of radiation characteristics for substances in a wide
atomic number and energy E0 range becomes substan-
tially unified [5].
2.3. SIMULATION RESULTS
The computational results for the performance of the
radiation field generated in the converter of each type
are presented in Figs.2 to 5. The range of values, which
refer to the converter, is separated by the dashed line
and is denoted with the “C” letter.
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ta
Pb
E ga
/E
be
am
, %
stu
C
Fig.2. Electron-to-photon energy conversion coefficient
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ta
Pb
E g
a/E
el
stu
C
Fig.3. Secondary emission factor
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Converter Target
Pb
Ta
A
bs
or
be
d
po
w
er
, k
W
/m
A
Fig.4. Absorbed power in the converters
and the test target
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
Pb
Ta
A
ct
iv
ity
C
u-
67
, m
C
i/1
00
μA
⋅h
Fig.5. Test Zn-target activity
As it can be seen from the given data, both types of
the converters show similar values of radiation charac-
teristics, absorbed radiation power and the rate of iso-
tope generation in the test target.
3. THERMOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS
OF THE DISTRIBUTED CONVERTER
The optimization in the geometry of the braking me-
dium of the converter has been aimed at improving the
efficiency of its cooling by increasing the heat exchange
surface. Generally speaking, the converter in the form of
a set of plates can also be related to the category of dis-
tributed ones. However, in this case, the heat exchange
surface can be increased only in two coordinates. The
advantage of a three-dimensional uniform distribution
of spherical pellets consists not only in an additional
surface extend, but also in a substantial enhancement of
heat transfer rate. This effect occurs in the fillings and
in porous media owing to cooling flow turbulization [6].
3.1. HEAT EVOLUTION AND BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
The coordinate system used in the solution of the
heat problem is shown in Fig.6.
w
at
er
beam
Fig.6. Heat model of the leaden converter.
1 – peak density of the electron beam;
2 – effective radius of heating
136
The thermal power density is satisfactorily approxi-
mated by the relationship
2.4 20.0034( , ) 1 exp
0.009 0.0044
R Zf R Z a
⎡ −⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= ⋅ − −⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎢⎣
⎤
⎥
⎥⎦
, (1)
where R2=X2 + Y2 is measured in m. At an average cur-
rent of 220 μA the parameter a1 makes 2.5·109 W/m3.
Taking into account a high thermal conductivity of
filling materials, the thermal conductivity of water can
be neglected, considering that the heat exchange be-
tween the shots occurs only due to heat transfer of water
downstream.
As it follows from (1), f(R,Z) has its maximum at
Z=0.0034 m shown by a dashed line in Fig.6. Neglect-
ing the heat transfer by liquid along the Z-axis, it can be
considered that the maximum temperature distribution
also occurs in this plane.
The heat transfer coefficient on the surface of each
pellet is derived from α=Nu·k/de, where k is the water
thermal conductivity, de is the hydraulic pore diameter.
At the shot diameter d we have
П
Пdde −
⋅⋅=
13
2 , (2)
where Π is the coefficient of porosity. A close packing of
pellets with Π = 0.26 was assumed to be most probable.
For the Nusselt number Nu, we have used the expression,
which is little dependent on the pellet shape [7]
Nu = 4 + K⋅(A1⋅Ree
2 + A2⋅Ree
3)1/4⋅Pr1/3, (3)
where K = 0.17, Pr is the Prandtl number, Ree is the
Reynolds number, Ree=Vede/v, v being the kinematic
viscosity of water, A1 =133, A2 = 2.33. The water flow
velocity in pores Ve is calculated from the filtration rate
Vf as Ve = Vf/Π, Vf = N/s, where N is volumetric water
discharge, s is the cross section of the filling. Using the
thermophysical parameters of water at a temperature of
40°C we find α= 8.63·104 W/(m2·K) at N = 10 l/min. To
attain these heat transfer coefficient values in narrow
straight channels, the water flow rate should be ap-
proximately 6 times greater (see ref. [1]).
The water temperature in the filling necessary for
determining the boundary conditions on the pellet sur-
face was found from the expression
( )( )1/ 22 2
0
0.026
1( , , ) ,
Y
w
f w w
t X Y Z t f X Y Z dy
V Cρ −
= + +∫ , (4)
where ρw and Cw are, respectively, the density and heat
capacity of water; t0=30°C is the converter inlet tempera-
ture of water. The water heating by radiation was ne-
glected. The temperature distribution (4) under KUT-30
beam parameters is represented by the lower curve in
Fig.7.
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Y, m
t,o C
shot
water
Fig.7. Temperature distribution in the converter
It follows from expression (4) that the water tem-
perature is dependent on Y. This fact as well as the vio-
lation of axial symmetry of the f(R,Z) function for off-
axis pellets calls for a three-dimensional code in solving
the heat problem. If the water temperature and the
power density are taken to be constant within the pellet
volume and equal to their values at the pellet center,
then it becomes possible to use two-dimensional pro-
grams. The error made in this case can be estimated by
making use of the linearity of the heat problem as well
as the data of Fig.7 and expression (4).
Thus, the error associated with neglecting the tem-
perature gradient in water will be equal to the water
temperature difference at the points corresponding to
the center of the pellet and its surface, this being ±1.3ºC
(see Fig.7). If the power density in the field of one pellet
is assumed to be uniform, then the relative error in the
temperature distribution would be ΔT/T<(f(Ys,Z) –
f(Yc,Z))/f(Yc,Z), where Ys, Yc are the ordinates of the
pellet surface and its center, respectively. Using relation
(1) it can be demonstrated that ΔT/T < ± 3.6%. Taking
into consideration the insignificance of the given errors
for estimative calculations, the two-dimensional ap-
proximation was used for solving the heat problem.
3.2. THE CONVERTER TEMPERATURE
The time-averaged temperature of the pellet center, de-
pending on their position on the Y-axis for Z=0.0034 m,
is shown in Fig.7. The shift of the temperature peak
away from the center of filling is the result of heat trans-
fer by the water flow. The maximum temperature makes
65.09ºC.
The spherical symmetry of the calculated tempera-
ture distribution inside the pellet (Fig.8) is a conse-
quence of two-dimensionality of the adopted model.
The calculation was performed for the pellet located at
the point Y = 0.004 m. In this case, the temperature of
this pellet center is maximal in the filling (Fig.7).
The pulsed temperature variation was determined by
solving numerically the nonstationary heat problem for
the electron beam with a pulse length of 3.5 μs and a
pulse repetition rate of 150 Hz. The highest pulsed tem-
perature of the center of the pellet and of its surface was
80.5ºC and 68.8ºC, respectively.
Fig.8. Temperature distribution in the pellet
Using the technique of ref. [7], it can be demon-
strated that the calculated α value is in agreement with
the value of water pressure in the converter inlet fitting
P= 3.76·105 Pa.
137
The pellet surface temperature 68.8°C provides a
sufficient reliability of thermal conditions with regard to
boiling of water initiated by instabilities in the beam
parameters and the water flow. Assuming a stable op-
eration of both the accelerator and the cooling system,
as well as a possible overvaluation of Nu from formula
(3) by δ =25% [6], it appears possible to estimate a
permissible increase in the power of the converted elec-
tron beam. If relation (1) is written down as
f(R,Z) = a1·φ(R,Z), and expression (4) is written as
tw(R,Z)=a1·D(R,Z), then the maximum average thermal
power density al(ts) that corresponds to the pellet sur-
face temperature ts can be found from the expression
1
0
( , ) ( , )1( ) ( ) .
6(1 )
e
s s
f w w
dd R Z D R Za t t t
kNu V C
ϕλ
δ ρ
−
⎡ ⎤
= − +⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
(5)
Here the parameter λ=0.63 takes into account the
rise in the surface temperature during the pulse and, as
numerical calculations show, depends only slightly on
the pellet diameter in the 0.8 mm ≤ d≤ 2 mm range.
The relationship (5) obtained in the approximation
of heat generation uniformity in the pellet volume is
well confirmed by numerical calculations and shows
that:
1. the rise in the pellet temperature up to water boiling
ts=100°C permits a 1.6 times increase in the a1
value, i.e., bringing the average beam power up to
12 kW;
2. the reduction in the pellet diameter to d=0.82 mm at
ts=100°C enables one to increase the beam power by
a factor of 2.2;
3. a 1.6 times increase in the water flow rate at
d = 2 mm and ts = 100°C permits a 2.4 times in-
crease in the beam power and in the bremsstrahlung
power respectively.
Cases 2 and 3 call for an increase in the water pres-
sure P up to 106 Pa. So, if this pressure value is pre-
sumed attainable, then the average beam power 18.5 kW
can be considered as the maximum power for that con-
verter under the accelerator KUT-30 conditions.
4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE CONVERTER
To perform experimental studies, a prototype dis-
tributed-type converter was manufactured. It includes an
aluminum casing with a rectangular cavity. The narrow
side of the casing has a charge hole to bulk the shot. In
its top and bottom parts there are cooling water inlet and
outlet pipes. The cavity was filled with lead shots, 2 mm
in diameter. The composition of the shot also included
antimony and arsenic as attached foreign materials.
The HEB source based on a new-type converter was
investigated experimentally at the electron accelerator
KUT-30. Directly behind the converter, there were ar-
ranged Ni and Sn foils to determine the HEB flux pro-
file by the photonuclear converter technique [8]. The
electron energy was measured to be 32 MeV.
First, the converter and the foils were activated for 2
hours at a beam current of 8.6 μA. Figure 9 shows the
HEB flux profile reconstructed by scanning the surface
activity of the Sn foil with a gamma-scanner. Then the
accelerator was switched to the mode of operation with
an average current of 260 μA, at which the converter
was irradiated for 10 minutes. This time is sufficient for
the shot to reach the heat equilibrium. Thirty minutes
after the exposure the shot was extracted from the cas-
ing, was examined externally and dosimeter measure-
ments were made over the course of 66 hours.
Fig.9. HEB flux density distribution
For this time the contact dose rate decreased from
2 down to 0.4 mSv/h. The external appearance of the
shot after irradiation remained practically the same.
The undertaken gamma-spectrometry analysis of in-
dividual pellets has revealed that their activity varies
within three orders of magnitude depending on the pel-
let location in relation to the beam. The main contribu-
tion to the activity is given by the Pb-203 isotope, which
is produced in the 204Pb(γ,n)203Pb reaction. This is also
confirmed by the time of radiation “cooling” of the shot,
which has appeared to be close to the half-life period of
Pb-203 (51.8 h). The appearance of Sb and As isotopes
in the spectrum is due to impurities.
On the 9th day after the exposure, the spectrometer
studies have shown that the peak heights of both lead
and impurities became approximately the same. This
encourages us to state that beginning with this period
the shot activity level is determined by the impurities,
which are absent in pure lead.
CONCLUSIONS
Numerical simulation has shown insignificant dif-
ferences between the characteristics of photon beams
produced with the use of a distributed lead shot-based
converter and a traditional Ta-plate converter. At the
same time, compared to the Ta plate-based converter,
the distributed Pb shot-based converter calls for a mod-
erate water discharge, has a low level of induced activ-
ity and provides at least a 1.6 times increase in the
bremsstrahlung intensity through increasing the permis-
sible electron flux density.
REFERENCES
1. V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov, V.Ph. Zhyglo. Thermo-
physical Analysis of High-Power Bremsstrahlung
Converters // Problems of Atomic Science & Tech-
nology. Series «Nuclear Physics Investigations».
2008, №5 (50), p.155-159.
2. V.L. Uvarov. Installation for Isotope Production.
Patent of Ukraine №20879, 2007.
138
139
3. M.I. Ayzatskiy, E.Z. Biller, V.N. Boriskin, et al.
High-Power Electron S-band Linac for Industrial
Purposes // Proc. of the 2003 PAC, Portland, Ore-
gon, USA, May 12-16, 2003, p.2878-2880.
4. F. Salvat, J.M. Fernández-Varea and J. Sempau.
PENELOPE–2006 A Code System for Monte Carlo
Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport:
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Issy-les-
Moulineaux, France, 2006.
5. V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov. Analysis of Mixed e,
X-Radiation along the Extraction Facilities of Elec-
tron Accelerators // Atomic Energy. 2009, v.106,
№4, p.220-224.
6. V.V. Kharitonov, Yu.V. Kiselyova, V.V. Atamanov,
et al. A Generalization of Results of the Heat Ex-
change Intensification in the Channels with Porous
Inserts // Thermophysics of High Temperatures.
1994, v.32, №3, p.433-440.
7. L.S. Kokorev, V.I. Subbotin, V.N. Fedoseyev, et al.
On Interdependence of Hydraulic Resistance and
Heat Emission in the Porous Mediums // Thermo-
physics of High Temperatures. 1994, v.25, №1,
p.92-97.
8. V.I. Nikiforov, R.I. Pomatsalyuk, V.A. Shevchenko,
et al. Measuring System of High-Energy
Bremsstrahlung Profile // Problems of Atomic Sci-
ence & Technology. Series «Nuclear Physics Inves-
tigations». 2008, №3 (49), p.201-205.
Статья поступила в редакцию 07.09.2009 г.
РАСПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ КОНВЕРТЕР ДЛЯ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ ТОРМОЗНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ
С БОЛЬШОЙ ЯРКОСТЬЮ
Е.З. Биллер, В.И. Никифоров, А.Э. Тенишев, А.В. Торговкин, В.Л. Уваров, В.А.Шевченко, И.Н. Шляхов,
Б.И. Шраменко, В.Ф. Жигло
Разработан и исследован принципиально новый тип конвертера плотного пучка электронов в тормозное
излучение. Для повышения тепловой стойкости конвертера путем увеличения эффективности теплообмена в
области генерации излучения тормозящая среда выполнена в виде дроби, равномерно распределенной в ох-
лаждающей воде. Приведены результаты компьютерного моделирования, теплофизического анализа и экс-
периментальных исследований варианта конвертера на основе свинцовой дроби. Показана возможность су-
щественного увеличения допустимой плотности пучка электронов, а также снижения наведенной активно-
сти и расхода охлаждающей воды по сравнению с пластинчатым конвертером из тантала.
РОЗПОДІЛЕНИЙ КОНВЕРТЕР ДЛЯ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ ГАЛЬМІВНОГО ВИПРОМІНЕННЯ
З ВЕЛИКОЮ ЯСКРАВІСТЮ
Є.З. Біллер, В.І. Нікіфоров, А.Е. Тєнішев, О.В. Торговкін, В.Л. Уваров, В.А.Шевченко, І.М. Шляхов,
Б.І. Шраменко, В.Ф. Жигло
Розроблено і досліджено принципово новий тип конвертера щільного пучка електронів у гальмівне ви-
промінення. Для підвищення теплової стійкості конвертера шляхом збільшення ефективності теплообміну в
області генерації випромінення гальмуюче середовище виконане у вигляді дробу, рівномірно розподіленого
у воді, що охолоджує. Приведені результати комп'ютерного моделювання, теплофізичного аналізу і експе-
риментальних досліджень варіанту конвертера на основі свинцевого дробу. Показана можливість істотного
збільшення допустимої щільності пучка електронів, а також зниження наведеної активності і витрати води,
що охолоджує, в порівнянні з пластинчастим конвертером з танталу.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-17032 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-24T06:42:46Z |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Biller, E.Z. Nikiforov, V.I. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. Zhiglo, V.F. 2011-02-18T12:02:09Z 2011-02-18T12:02:09Z 2010 Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation / E.Z. Biller, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko, V.F. Zhiglo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 135-139. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/17032 The novel type of the converter to transform a high-density electron beam into bremsstrahlung has been developed and investigated. To increase the thermal stability of the converter by means of a growth of the heat-exchange effectiveness in the area of the bremsstrahlung generation a braking media has been performed as the shot evenly distributed in the cooling water. The results of the computer simulation, thermophysical analysis and experimental study of the converter version on the basis of Pb shot are represented. The possibility of essential increase of the permissible electron beam density as well as reduction of the induced activity and water discharge in comparison with plate- type converter from tantalum is shown. Разработан и исследован принципиально новый тип конвертера плотного пучка электронов в тормозное излучение. Для повышения тепловой стойкости конвертера путем увеличения эффективности теплообмена в области генерации излучения тормозящая среда выполнена в виде дроби, равномерно распределенной в охлаждающей воде. Приведены результаты компьютерного моделирования, теплофизического анализа и экспериментальных исследований варианта конвертера на основе свинцовой дроби. Показана возможность существенного увеличения допустимой плотности пучка электронов, а также снижения наведенной активности и расхода охлаждающей воды по сравнению с пластинчатым конвертером из тантала. Розроблено і досліджено принципово новий тип конвертера щільного пучка електронів у гальмівне випромінення. Для підвищення теплової стійкості конвертера шляхом збільшення ефективності теплообміну в області генерації випромінення гальмуюче середовище виконане у вигляді дробу, рівномірно розподіленого у воді, що охолоджує. Приведені результати комп'ютерного моделювання, теплофізичного аналізу і експериментальних досліджень варіанту конвертера на основі свинцевого дробу. Показана можливість істотного збільшення допустимої щільності пучка електронів, а також зниження наведеної активності і витрати води, що охолоджує, в порівнянні з пластинчастим конвертером з танталу. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Применение ускорителей Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation Распределенный конвертер для генерации тормозного излучения с большой яркостью Розподілений конвертер для генерації гальмівного випромінення з великою яскравістю Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation Biller, E.Z. Nikiforov, V.I. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. Zhiglo, V.F. Применение ускорителей |
| title | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| title_alt | Распределенный конвертер для генерации тормозного излучения с большой яркостью Розподілений конвертер для генерації гальмівного випромінення з великою яскравістю |
| title_full | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| title_fullStr | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| title_short | Distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| title_sort | distributed converter for high-brightneess bremsstrahlung generation |
| topic | Применение ускорителей |
| topic_facet | Применение ускорителей |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/17032 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT billerez distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT nikiforovvi distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT tenishevaeh distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT torgovkinav distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT uvarovvl distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT shevchenkova distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT shlyakhovin distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT shramenkobi distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT zhiglovf distributedconverterforhighbrightneessbremsstrahlunggeneration AT billerez raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT nikiforovvi raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT tenishevaeh raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT torgovkinav raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT uvarovvl raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT shevchenkova raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT shlyakhovin raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT shramenkobi raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT zhiglovf raspredelennyikonverterdlâgeneraciitormoznogoizlučeniâsbolʹšoiârkostʹû AT billerez rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT nikiforovvi rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT tenishevaeh rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT torgovkinav rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT uvarovvl rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT shevchenkova rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT shlyakhovin rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT shramenkobi rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû AT zhiglovf rozpodíleniikonverterdlâgeneracíígalʹmívnogovipromínennâzvelikoûâskravístû |