Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water
This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of electrode erosion, which occurs during the electrical discharge in liquid on formation of long-living luminous objects. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that the electrode material is not only involved in t...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Zitieren: | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water / P.I. Golubnichy, Yu.M. Krutov, E.V. Nikitin // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 4. — С. 210-213. — Бібліогр.: 3 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860133215562366976 |
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| author | Golubnichy, P.I. Krutov, Yu.M. Nikitin, E.V. |
| author_facet | Golubnichy, P.I. Krutov, Yu.M. Nikitin, E.V. |
| citation_txt | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water / P.I. Golubnichy, Yu.M. Krutov, E.V. Nikitin // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 4. — С. 210-213. — Бібліогр.: 3 назв. — англ. |
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| description | This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of electrode erosion, which occurs during the electrical discharge in liquid on formation of long-living luminous objects. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that the electrode material is not only involved in the formation of long-living luminous objects, but also hinders this formation.
Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований влияния эрозии электродов, которая происходит во время электрического разряда в жидкости, на процесс формирования долгоживущих светящихся объектов. На основе полученных данных авторы делают вывод о том, что материал электродов не только не участвует в процессе формирования долгоживущих светящихся объектов, но и препятствует их образованию.
Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень впливу ерозії електродів, яка відбувається під час електричного розряду у рідині, на процес формування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів. На основі отриманих даних автори роблять висновок про те, що матеріал електродів не тільки не бере участі у процесі формування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів, але і перешкоджає їх утворенню.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:45:39Z |
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INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODE EROSION ON FORMATION
OF LONG-LIVING LUMINOUS OBJECTS, FORMED BY ELECTRICAL
DISCHARGE IN WATER
P.I. Golubnichy, Yu.M. Krutov, E.V. Nikitin
Eastukrainian national university named after Vladimir Dahl, Lugansk, Ukraine
E-mail: yukrut@inbox.ru
This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of electrode erosion, which occurs during
the electrical discharge in liquid on formation of long-living luminous objects. On the basis of these results the au-
thors conclude that the electrode material is not only involved in the formation of long-living luminous objects, but
also hinders this formation.
PACS: 52. 50. Lp
1. INTRODUCTION
Long-living luminous objects (LLO) are formed dur-
ing the expansion of low-temperature plasma initiated
by high-voltage discharge in water [1,2]. They are
formed from an amorphous glowing clouds, composed
of unusual metastable compounds of oxygen and (or)
hydrogen, which appear in the process of disintegration
of the expanding plasma [3]. These compounds have a
certain reserve of energy, which, in particular, manifests
itself in the long afterglow.
_______________________________________________________________
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2010. № 4.
Серия: Плазменная электроника и новые методы ускорения (7), с.210-213.
210
In order to observe LLO formation it is necessary to
satisfy certain conditions. In addition to restrictions on
current and temporal characteristics of the discharge, it
is necessary that the energy release occurs in pure (dis-
tilled) water with refractory electrodes. The most con-
venient material used for these purposes is tungsten.
When all the necessary conditions for the formation of
LLO are satisfied the duration of post-discharge glow
exceeds the characteristic time of glow of the discharge
plasma, initiated in the liquid, by more than four orders
of magnitude. Experiments showed that the duration of
the afterglow is inversely proportional to the melting
temperature of the electrode material. Thus, the avail-
able experimental data indicate that the best conditions
for LLO formation are implemented during the disinte-
gration of pure water plasma. One further confirmation
of this is that the emission spectrum of long-living lu-
minous objects does not depend on the electrode mate-
rial (graphite, tungsten, molybdenum) used in the dis-
charge [1,2]. However, the effect of erosion of the elec-
trodes during the discharge processes leading to LLO
formation is not fully understood.
2. AN OUTLINE OF PLASMA FORMATION
IN WATER AND OF RECORDING OF LLO
FORMATION DYNAMICS
This paper presents the results of experiments in which
an attempt was made to get rid of the penetration of the
electrode material in plasma, initiated by an electric dis-
charge in water. The scheme of the discharge gap used for
this purpose is shown in Fig.1. The discharge was pro-
duced by the electrodes − 1, the sharpened ends of which
are located in the air. Between the electrodes a flat water jet
− 2 is passed through, its thickness d = 0.2…0.3 mm. The
velocity of the liquid in it is ≈ 10 m/sec. The distance from
the edge of one electrode to the flat surface of the jet is
D = 3…5 mm. The width of the jet (the size perpendicular
to the plane of the figure) is 60…70 mm.
Fig.1. The scheme of the discharge gap with a plane
water jet
The figure shows that the discharge channel is di-
vided into three parts. Two of them are airborne and
adjacent to the electrodes. In the middle there is plasma,
which is formed when the current flows through the flat
water jet. The penetration of the electrode material into
plasma is difficult due to the presence of air zone be-
tween itself and the electrodes. In addition, the erosion
of the electrodes during the discharge in the air is by
some orders of magnitude less than erosion in the water
discharge, ceteris paribus. Thus, in plasma, initiated in a
planar jet of water through the air gaps, the amount of
substance of the electrodes will be much less than at a
discharge in a continuous aqueous medium. This makes
it possible to compare the dynamics of post-discharge
processes accompanying the disintegration of water
plasma with different concentrations of impurities of
chemical composition.
The device, which was used for discharge in a con-
tinuous volume of water, is shown on Fig.2. The figure
shows that the discharge occurs in the jet of water with
round section. The electrodes are arranged so that the
water flow completely covers them during their motion.
Such a scheme of the discharge was chosen to approxi-
mate conditions for the occurrence of LLO with both
methods of initiation. The diameter of water jet, shown
in Fig.2 was 7…8 mm. The velocity of the jet is
≈ 2 m/sec. When reducing the diameter of the jet the
discharge channel can take place not only through the
volume of water, but also through the air.
211
Fig.2. Photography equipment for the implementation of
the discharge in a jet of distilled water: 1 − valve;
2 − flexible hose for water supply; 3 − electrodes;
4 − cable for supplying high-voltage pulse; 5 − water jet
Schematic diagram of the setup for recording the
dynamics of post-discharge processes is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3. Schematic diagram of the installation
for registering post-discharge processes
TThe discharge was carried out using a generator of high
voltage pulses − 1 in the chamber − 2. The integrated light
flux is recorded with photomultiplier (FEU-84) − 4. The
dynamics of post-discharge processes is recorded by an
electron-optical camera (EOC) − 3 collected on the basis of
time-analyzing electron-optical converter PIM-103 and
brightness amplifier PMU-2V. Changing the integral light
flux is fixed by a dual-beam storage oscilloscope − 5, type
C 8-14. The control of the EOC is made using the unit of
synchronization − 6. The signals from the control unit and
the synchronization are fed to an oscilloscope, which al-
lows to control the start time of the shooting and the cap-
ture rate of the EOC. Breakdown voltage − 20 kV, time
of energy release ~ 5 μs.
The device operates as follows. The signal from the
photomultiplier, which records the light flash from the
discharge, enters the input of the synchronization of the
oscilloscope. As a result, in its electron sweep a pulse is
generated which after amplification enters the input of
the control unit and the synchronization of the EOC.
The start of shooting begins after a time interval whose
value can be set between 30 ns to 10 ms depending on
the task. The minimum time delay in the commence-
ment of the camera’s work relative to the time of arrival
of the pulse from the photomultiplier ≤ 60 ns.
During the recording of post-discharge processes
EOC operates in frame-by-frame mode. The maximum
number of frames − 9. Exposure of any of the frames
can be set in the range from 30 ns to 100 μs. The time
interval between each of them, going consistently, can
be set in the range of 50 ns − 200 μs.
3. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
During the experiments, we used electrodes of spec-
trally pure graphite ES 22, the graphite rods from Pana-
sonic batteries, tungsten, steel (nails), and copper wire.
Filming was carried out, without any external illumina-
tion, that is, the EOC recorded only radiation from the
decay products of the discharge plasma.
Figure 4 shows typical results of frame-by-frame
photography of LLO resulting from high-voltage dis-
charge in a cylindrical jet (see Fig.2). The first photo
(Fig.4,a) shows the evolution of LLO formed as a result
of the discharge using the electrode of spectrally pure
graphite. Fig.4,b shows the evolution of long-living
luminous objects formed in the experiments with tung-
sten electrodes.
а
b
c
Fig.4. The evolution of LLO, which appear after using
electrodes of spectrally pure graphite (a), tungsten (b),
steel (a). The discharge in a cylindrical vertical jet of
water. The sequence of frames from left to right, bottom
to top. The delay in the start of shooting in relation to
the end of the energy release − 400 μs. The exposure of
each frame − 5 μs. The time interval between frames −
200 μs
Fig.4 shows the LLO, which were obtained in 20%
of cases when using steel electrodes. In the remaining
80% of experiments with steel electrodes luminous ob-
jects are not registered. The results of registration of
LLO formed at discharges with electrodes of graphite
rods batteries are similar to that shown in Fig.4,c. Dif-
ferences in the size, brightness, number and form of
long-living luminous objects in the Figs.4,a and 4,c can
be explained by the presence of approximately 10% of
impurities in the graphite rods from the batteries. Above
all, in the composition of these impurities are included
low-melting metals such as aluminum and calcium. In
cases where the discharge was carried out with copper
212
electrodes LLO was not recorded.
a
b
c
Fig.5. The evolution of LLO, which appear after using
electrodes of spectrally pure graphite (a), tungsten (b)
and steel (c). The discharge through a flat jet of water.
The sequence of frames from left to right, bottom to top.
The delay in the start of shooting in relation to the end
of energy release - 400 μs. The exposure of each frame -
5 μs. The time interval between frames - 200 μs
It should be noted that in addition to common long-
living luminous objects in Fig.4,a luminous objects
were registered that resemble a certain expanding shells.
Their presence can not be explained by conventional
LLO illumination, as the similar "shells" are recorded
even without any other luminous objects. The glowing
and expanding shells are registered also as a result of
discharges with tungsten electrodes in a cylindrical wa-
ter jets. Fig.5 shows the results of frame-by-frame
shooting mode of long-living luminous objects typical
for discharge through a flat jet of water (see Fig.1). The
sequence of photos on it is the same as in Fig.4.
It should be noted that at discharges through a flat
stream of water with electrodes made of copper and
graphite rods of batteries LLO are not recorded. At dis-
charges with electrodes of spectrally pure graphite,
structures resembling the expanding shells are not re-
corded (Fig.5,a). The discharge through a flat jet of wa-
ter produced by means of a steel electrodes in the main
leads to the formation of a large number of small, lumi-
nous objects, as illustrated in Fig.5,c.
In about 10% of the events in which the discharge
occurs through a planar jet of water using tungsten and
stainless steel electrodes, a different kind of luminous
objects are observed. The photos of these events are
shown on Fig.6.
a
b
Fig.6. The evolution of LLO, which appear when using
electrodes made from tungsten (a) and steel (b). The
discharge is through a flat jet of water. The sequence of
frames from left to right, bottom to top. The delay of the
start of shooting in respect to the end of the energy
release - 400 μs. The exposure of each frame - 5 μs. The
time interval between frames - 200 μs
From Fig.6,a its clearly seen that in some cases the
discharge through a flat jet of water using tungsten elec-
trodes causes the LLO formation which have a dark
core. The size of such luminous objects during their
registration changed slightly. The semicircular shape of
these formations in the first two frames of Fig.6,a is due
213
to the shading of the jet of water through which a dis-
charge had been made. The slope of the shadow is due
to rotation of the EOC in respect to the horizontal axis.
The luminous objects that are formed during the dis-
charge through a plane jet with steel electrodes some-
times have the form, which is shown on Fig.6,b. On this
picture, starting with the third frame, there are structures
similar to those shown on Fig.4,a.
CONCLUSIONS
Comparing the results of experiments on the initia-
tion of electric discharge in cylindrical and flat jet of
distilled water one can draw the following conclusions:
1. In case of using refractory electrodes (spectrally
pure graphite and tungsten) LLO are formed in both the
events.
2. The use of copper electrodes does not lead to for-
mation of long-living luminous objects.
3. For discharges in a cylindrical jet of distilled wa-
ter, made with steel electrodes, in some cases one ob-
serves objects similar to LLO. However, their bright-
ness and size are much smaller than similar characteris-
tics of long-living luminous objects formed as a result
of a discharge with the use of refractory electrodes.
4. Discharges through a flat stream of water using
steel electrodes lead to a sustainable formation of a mul-
titude of small LLO.
5. The use of graphite electrodes with impurities
(rods from batteries), leads to a noticeable decrease in
the effect of LLO formation in comparison to discharges
in a cylindrical jet of distilled water and to its complete
suppression in the case of discharges through the planar
jets.
6. In these experiments, we’ve found new types of
luminous objects. We’ve registered LLO with a dark
(not glowing) core (Fig.6,a) and objects similar to the
widening luminous shells (Fig.4,a and 6,b).
These data suggest that the electrode material that
gets caught in water plasma during the discharge does
not only participate in the formation of long-living lu-
minous objects, but even hinders this formation.
REFERENCES
1. P.I. Golubnichiy, V.M. Gromenko, Y.M. Krutov.
Long-living luminous objects within a pulsing cav-
ern, initiated by a powerful energy release in water //
Reports of AS of USSR. 1990, v.311, №2, p.356-360.
2. P.I. Golubnichiy, V.M. Gromenko, Y.M. Krutov.
Formation of long-living luminous objects at de-
composition of dense water plasma // Journal of
Tech. Phys. 1990, v.60, Is.1, p.183-186.
3. P. Golubnichy, Yu. Krutov, E. Nikitin, S. Kamenev,
A. Tsimbaluk, A. Alborov. Experimental studies of
the dynamics of long-living luminous objects formed
at conditions similar to the ones usual for observation
of ball lighting in nature // TEKA Kom. Mot. i Energ.
Roln. OL PAN. 2010, v.10A, p.180-187.
Статья поступила в редакцию 31.05.2010 г.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭРОЗИИ ЭЛЕКТРОДОВ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ДОЛГОЖИВУЩИХ СВЕТЯЩИХСЯ
ОБЪЕКТОВ, КОТОРЫЕ ОБРАЗУЮТСЯ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО РАЗРЯДА В ВОДЕ
П.И. Голубничий, Ю.М. Крутов, Е.В. Никитин
Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований влияния эрозии электродов, которая происхо-
дит во время электрического разряда в жидкости, на процесс формирования долгоживущих светящихся объек-
тов. На основе полученных данных авторы делают вывод о том, что материал электродов не только не участ-
вует в процессе формирования долгоживущих светящихся объектов, но и препятствует их образованию.
ВПЛИВ ЕРОЗІЇ ЕЛЕКТРОДІВ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОВГОІСНУЮЧИХ СВІТНИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ,
ЩО УТВОРЮЮТЬСЯ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТІ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО РОЗРЯДУ У ВОДІ
П.І. Голубничий, Ю.М. Крутов, Є.В. Нікітін
Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень впливу ерозії електродів, яка відбувається під
час електричного розряду у рідині, на процес формування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів. На основі отри-
маних даних автори роблять висновок про те, що матеріал електродів не тільки не бере участі у процесі фо-
рмування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів, але і перешкоджає їх утворенню.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AN OUTLINE OF PLASMA FORMATION IN WATER AND OF RECORDING OF LLO FORMATION DYNAMICS
3. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-17332 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:45:39Z |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Golubnichy, P.I. Krutov, Yu.M. Nikitin, E.V. 2011-02-25T13:31:35Z 2011-02-25T13:31:35Z 2010 Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water / P.I. Golubnichy, Yu.M. Krutov, E.V. Nikitin // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 4. — С. 210-213. — Бібліогр.: 3 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/17332 This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of electrode erosion, which occurs during the electrical discharge in liquid on formation of long-living luminous objects. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that the electrode material is not only involved in the formation of long-living luminous objects, but also hinders this formation. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований влияния эрозии электродов, которая происходит во время электрического разряда в жидкости, на процесс формирования долгоживущих светящихся объектов. На основе полученных данных авторы делают вывод о том, что материал электродов не только не участвует в процессе формирования долгоживущих светящихся объектов, но и препятствует их образованию. Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень впливу ерозії електродів, яка відбувається під час електричного розряду у рідині, на процес формування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів. На основі отриманих даних автори роблять висновок про те, що матеріал електродів не тільки не бере участі у процесі формування довгоіснуючих світних об'єктів, але і перешкоджає їх утворенню. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water Влияние эрозии электродов на формирование долгоживущих светящихся объектов, которые образуются в результате электрического разряда в воде Вплив ерозії електродів на формування довгоіснуючих світних об’єктів, що утворюються в результаті електричного розряду у воді Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water Golubnichy, P.I. Krutov, Yu.M. Nikitin, E.V. Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| title | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| title_alt | Влияние эрозии электродов на формирование долгоживущих светящихся объектов, которые образуются в результате электрического разряда в воде Вплив ерозії електродів на формування довгоіснуючих світних об’єктів, що утворюються в результаті електричного розряду у воді |
| title_full | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| title_fullStr | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| title_short | Influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| title_sort | influence of electrode erosion on formation of long-living luminous objects, formed by electrical discharge in water |
| topic | Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| topic_facet | Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/17332 |
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