Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation
Hot roll bonding of 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy has been performed in the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The bonding process constitutive behavior has been analyzed. The results show that the peak flow stress decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rates....
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| Cite this: | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation / C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, X.F. Guo, Q.P. Xu // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 95-104. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860071916000247808 |
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| author | Tang, C. Zhou, Y. Weng, H. Guo, X.F. Xu, Q.P. |
| author_facet | Tang, C. Zhou, Y. Weng, H. Guo, X.F. Xu, Q.P. |
| citation_txt | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation / C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, X.F. Guo, Q.P. Xu // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 95-104. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Hot roll bonding of 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy has been performed in the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The bonding process constitutive behavior has been analyzed. The results show that the peak flow stress decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rates. An Arrhenius-type constitutive equation is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the hot rolled 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy with the thermal deformation activation energy Q of 118.48 kJ/mol. 4A60 aluminum alloy microstructure is studied using the optical microscope to investigate the dynamic recrystallization. It is revealed that with the temperature between 573 and 623 K the dynamic recovery has an effect on modeling the microstructure evolution of 4A60 aluminum alloy. It has been also concluded that the dynamic recovery is the sole softening mechanism of 4343/4A60 composite.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:10:51Z |
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UDC 539.4
Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot
Deformation
C. T ang , Y. Z hou , H . W eng, X. F . G uo, an d Q . P . X u
Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Hot roll bonding o f 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy has been performed in the Gleeble-3500 thermal
simulator. The bonding process constitutive behavior has been analyzed. The results show that the
peak flow stress decreases with the increase o f the deformation temperature and the decrease o f
strain rates. An Arrhenius-type constitutive equation is used to describe the constitutive behavior o f
the hot rolled 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy with the thermal deformation activation energy Q o f
118.48 kJ/mol. 4A60 aluminum alloy microstructure is studied using the optical microscope to
investigate the dynamic recrystallization. It is revealed that with the temperature between 573 and
623 K the dynamic recovery has an effect on modeling the microstructure evolution o f 4A60
aluminum alloy. It has been also concluded that the dynamic recovery is the sole softening
mechanism o f 4343/4A60 composite.
K eyw ords: hot bonding, flow stress, constitutive behavior, m icrostructural evolution,
dynam ic recovery.
In tro d u c tio n . The com posite plate o f 4343/4A60 alum inum alloy exhibits excellent
corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and therm al conductivity, and it serves as the
transition layer betw een the two com ponent m etal layers in the com posite [1-3]. It is widely
used in a variety o f heat exchangers, such as automotive radiator, car air conditioning
condenser, evaporator and air cooling system o f therm al pow er station, etc [4, 5].
W ith the increased deform ation o f hot roll bonding process the m etal microstructure
varies concurrently under the action o f w ork hardening, dynam ic recovery, and dynamic
recrystallization [6, 7]. Plastic deform ation is responsible for m etal grains elongation and
separation, and it causes residual stresses in metals. Thus, plastic and toughness decrease as
a result o f w ork hardening, w hich is not beneficial for the subsequent processing [8].
D ynam ic recrystallization plays a very im portant role in the therm al deformation, and it
causes the grain refinem ent that im proves the m echanical properties [9]. M any studies have
been conducted on the constitutive m odel for single m etals in the deform ation process.
Chen et al. [10] obtained the constitutive equation o f 7005 alum inum alloy. A lankar and
Wells [11] investigated the constitutive equation o f A A3104, AA5182, and AA6111
alum inum alloys and used the finite elem ent software to sim ulate the deform ation process,
the results were in good agreem ent w ith the actual flow stress-strain curves. Shi [12]
studied the high temperature deformation behavior o f 6005A aluminum alloy and developed
its constitutive model. However, the constitutive behavior o f bi-m etal m ulti-pass rolling has
not been properly studied at different tem peratures and strain rates. Therefore, in this paper,
the flow stress-strain curves o f 4343/4A60 bi-m etal have been obtained by perform ing the
hot roll bonding in the Gleeble-3500 therm al simulator. The constitutive equation o f hot
deform ation o f 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy has been investigated to provide the theoretical
background for the developm ent o f hot roll bonding.
1. E x p e rim e n ta l P rocedu re . A lum inum alloys 4343 and 4A60 are the experim ental
m aterials, w hich have been fully annealed. Their m icrostructure is presented in Fig. 1.
Table 1 lists the m aterials’ com position. The specim en dim ensions are 20X15X 5 mm. The
plane strain compression testing is carried out in the Gleeble-3500 therm al simulator (Fig. 2).
The heating rate is 2°/s, the tem peratures are 573, 623, 673, 723, and 773 K, respectively,
the heat retention is 3 min, and the strain rates are 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 s _1 , respectively.
© C. TANG, Y. ZHOU, H. WENG, X. F. GUO, Q. P. XU, 2017
ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, № 1 95
C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, et al.
T a b l e 1
M aterial Chemical Composition (wt.%)
Material Si Fe Cu Mn Zn Ti
4343 6.8-8.2 0.8 0.25 0.10 0.20 -
4A60 0.8 0.3 - 0.01 0.01 0.02
a b
Fig. 1. Original microstructure of the two aluminum alloys: 4A60 (a) and 4343 (b) aluminum alloys.
Fig. 2. Experimental process flow chart.
Too high local heating tem perature can be reduced by coating the specim ens w ith M oS2 as
well as using the pasted tantalum sheet and lubrication. The therm ocouple is w elded at the
upper end o f the specim en to provide the accurate tem perature m easurem ent. W hen the
total strain o f three passes attains the value o f 0.8, the com pression is stopped, and then the
specim en is quenched and cooled in a vacuum to retain its high tem perature deform ation
m icrostructure. The experim ental process flow chart is shown in Fig. 2.
2. E x p e rim e n ta l R esu lts an d A nalysis.
2.1. True S tress-S tra in Curves. The stress-stra in curves obtained from the multi-pass
com pression at different tem peratures and strain rate are shown in Fig. 3. A s it can be seen,
the flow stress increases rapidly w ith the strain increase at the initial stage o f the first pass,
w hich is caused by the m aterial w ork hardening m echanism . M oreover, the dislocation
density increases w ith the increase o f deform ation, the dislocations accum ulation m akes the
subsequent deform ation m ore difficult, thus the stress is required to produce a greater
deformation. As soon as some am ount o f the deform ation is accum ulated, the flow stress
attains its peak value. The specim en rheological properties are found to be stable. A t this
stage, dynam ic recrystallization is the m ain m echanism having a drastic effect on the
specim en m echanical properties. The dislocations annihilation and m igration are observed
96 ISSN 1716-П1Х Проблемы прочности, 2Ü17, N2 1
Constitutive Behavior o f 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy
w ith the increase o f deformation. The alloy softening is caused by the dynamic
recrystallization ensuring the process hardening w ith no general variation o f the flow stress.
In the following two compressions, the flow stress attained its peak value steeply and
tended to be stabilized. The increase o f deform ation leads to the flow stress peak decrease,
w hich m ight be caused by the dynam ic recrystallization mechanism. The flow stress, w hich
is required to produce the deform ation, decreases, since the recrystallization softening has a
greater effect as com pared w ith the w ork hardening.
' 1 ■ 1 '
Tem perature: 573K
5 s 1
/ 0 .5 s-1 '
/ 0 .05 s-1c 0.005 s-1 J |
M II
.............................................
'
Temperature:623K
n _ '
/ 0 .05 s-1
0 . 0 0 5 j i l _
I
-
0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9
Strain Strain
5 s-1
Temperature: 773K
| / O js -1
-
I I 0.05 s-1 '
| 0 .005s-1 -
.O ..................... ■ i ■ i ■ i ■0
0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0 4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0J.8 -0.9
Stra in
e
Fig. 3. True stress-strain curves obtained from the multi-pass compression under different
temperature and strain rate conditions: (a) 573 K; (b) 623 K; (c) 673 K; (d) 723 K; (e) 773 K.
ISSN 0556-171X. npo6neMbi npouHocmu, 2017, № 1 97
C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, et al.
2.2. E stab lishm ent o f C onstitutive E quation fo r 4343/4A60 A lu m in u m A lloy H o t
Rolling.
2.2.1. Constitutive Behavior o f Single Pass Compression. The constitutive m odel is
used to describe the deform ation behavior and to predict the flow stress in the processing.
Therefore, it is o f im portant value to the industrial production. A m ong several m odels for
studying the constitutive behavior o f m etals, is the Arrhenius equation m odel, is able to
accurately describe the relationship betw een the strain rate, deform ation tem perature, and
flow stress [13]. Based o f this, Sellars and M cTegart [14] derived the hyperbolic sine
(Arrhenius-type) equation for all types o f the stress range, w hich can be expressed as
£ = A F (x )exp | - R T ). (1)
In the equation above, function F (x) equals to
F ( x ) = o n i , a o < 0.8,
F (x ) = ex p (3 o ), a o > 1 2 , (2)
F ( x ) = [s in h (ao )]n , for all o ,
where £ is the strain rate (s- 1 ), o is the flow stress (M Pa), A , 3 , n, and ni are the
constants, Q is the hot deform ation activation energy (kJ/mol), R is the universal gas
constant [8.31 J/(mol "K)], T is the absolute tem perature (K), and a is defined as 3 / n 1.
The effect o f the tem perature and the strain rate on the therm al deform ation behavior can be
expressed using the exponential Z ener-H ollom on param eter (Z) [15]:
Z = £ exp ( R t ) . (3)
A ccording to Eqs. (1) and (3), the Z ener-H ollom an param eter equation can be derived
as
Z = A [s in h (ao )]n . (4)
To determ ine the values o f param eters n, Q, and A , Eqs. (5), (6), and (7) are derived
from Eqs. (1) and (2)
£ = A 1 o n1e x p ( - R T j , a o < 0.8, (5)
£ = A 2 exp (3 ° )exp | - R T ^ a o > 12, (6)
£ = A [s in h (ao )]n e x p |- R T j , for all a , (7)
where A 1 and A 2 are the tem perature-independent constants; w hereas the logarithm
function v ia Eqs. (5) and (6) is derived, respectively,
Q
l n £ = ln A 1 + n l n o - — , (8)
R T
98 ISSN 0556-171X. npo6n.eubi npounocmu, 2017, N2 1
Constitutive Behavior o f 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy
ln £ = ln A 2 + ß o — — .
2 и R T (9)
U sing the true stress-strain results the peak stress and strain rate values can be
obtained provided that the same tem perature values are used in Eqs. (8) and (9). The
relationships ln o — ln £ and o — ln £, as shown in Fig. 4, are approxim ated by the straight
line. The slopes o f two straight lines in Fig. 4 are expressed as n and ß, respectively.
ІПє [ri£
a b
Fig. 4. Dependences ln o — ln £ (a) and o — ln £ (b).
Therefore, the average values o f n 1 and 3 are 5.7571 and 0.1888, respectively,
thereby 3 / n is replaced w ith a that is 0.03278. In order to obtain the value o f activation
energy Q, the logarithm o f Eq. (7) is taken, and the following equations are obtained
—
ln £ = ln A + n ln [sinh (ao )]-------- ,
R T
(10)
Q = R
d ln £ d ln [s in h (ao )]
d ln [sinh (ao )] T 0 (1 /T ) (11)
The curves o f ln £ — ln [sin h (aa )] and ln [s in h (aa)]— 1/ T are illustrated in Fig. 5a and
b, where the slopes o f the straight lines are 4 .34 and 3285.25. Then the activation energy Q
can be o f 118.48 kJ/m ol in Eq. (11), w hich is low er in com parison w ith that one of
alum inum alloy AA4343 A l-alloy (232.73 kJ/m ol) investigated by Guo [16]. N otew orthy is
that alum inum alloy AA4343 was initially used in the form o f cast in the Guo experiment,
w hile here it is in fully recrystallized state, w here the m etal organization is m ore uniform
than the cast one. Therefore, the am ount o f activation energy required for deform ation can
also be decreased. To obtain the values o f A and n, the value o f Z can be obtained
relatively to Q in Eq. (3). Equation (12) is obtained by determining the logarithm o f Eq. (4):
ln Z = n ln [s in h (aa ) ]+ ln A , (12)
w here n is the slope, ln A is the vertical in tercept o f the relationship line o f
o
ln Z — ln [s in h (a a )] in F ig . 5c, therefore, A and N are 1.80887 and 1432-10 , respectively.
The results obtained are substituted into Eq. (7), the constitutive m odel o f 4343/4A60
alum inum alloy com posite under hot deform ation conditions can be expressed as
ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, N2 1 99
C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, et al.
£ = 1432•108[sinh(0.0328tf )]L809 exp
1185-10 5 N
R T
(13)
The constitutive equation can be used to predict the rheological stress o f 4343/4A60
alum inum alloy com posite at the corresponding tem perature deformation. It can be referred
to the prediction o f flow stress in the hot roll bonding process o f 4343/4A60 aluminum
alloy.
I r i E
Fig. 5. Dependences ln £ — ln[sinh(ao')] (a), ln[sinh(ao')] — 1/T (b), and ln Z — ln[sinh(ao')] (c).
c
2.2.2. Flow Stress o f M ulti-Pass Compression. It can be seen from the stress-strain
curve that in the process o f m ulti-pass com pression the flow stress peak decreases gradually
w ith deformation, w hich is m ainly due to the dynam ic softening in the multi-pass
compression. The higher the deformation temperature, the more probable is recrystallization,
thus the flow stress peak becam e smaller. Since the degree o f dynam ic recrystallization
directly affects the parameters o f the constitutive equation, the relationships betw een the
values o f the param eters (a , ln A , Q, and n) and strain (see Fig. 6) w ith the stress values
corresponding to some strains at every 0.05 ranging from 0 to 0.8 under 0.05 strain rate and
400 are obtained from the curve. The calculation process yields
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9a = a 0 + a 1 £ + a 2£ + a 3£ + a 4£ + a 5£ + a 6£ + a 7£ + a 8£ + a 9£ ,
Q = a 0 + a 1 £ + a 2 £ 2 + a 3 £ 3 + a 4 £ 4 + a 5 £ 5 + a 6 £ 6 + a 7 £ 7 + a 8 £ 8 + a 9 £ 9 ,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (14)n = a 0 + a 1 £ + a 2 £ + a 3 £ + a 4 £ + a 5 £ + a 6 £ + a 7 £ + a 8 £ + a 9 £ ,
ln A = a 0 + a 1 £ + a 2£2 + a 3£3 + a 4£4 + a 5£5 + a 6£6 + a 7£7 + a 8£8 + a 9£ 9.
100 ISSN 0556-171X. npo6n.eubi npounocmu, 2017, N2 1
Constitutive Behavior o f 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy
T a b l e 2
Coefficients a0-a9 o f Eq. (14)
Parameter a Q l 1000 n ln A
a0 0.04615 149.65373 7.01159 22.5788
aj -0.36482 -1666.498 -110.96959 -221.02811
a2 3.08279 22081.4 1549.194 2732.754
a3 -1.264 -71624.3 -9815.53 -3381.73
a4 -114.739 -342581 30545.62 -102318
a5 681.3043 3.12 -106 -4.11-104 6.65-105
a6 -1825.01 -9 .3 8 -106 -8 .2 2 -103 -1.85 -106
«7 2598.216 1.41-107 9.22-104 2.69-106
a8 -1910.85 -1.08 -107 -1.02-105 -2 .0 1 -106
a9 572.4184 3.3 -106 3.71-104 6.08-105
c d
Fig. 6. Effects of parameters a (a), n (b), ln A (c), and Q (d) on e.
The derived coefficients a 0- a 9 are tabulated in Table 2.
The results obtained from the m odel w ith the experim ental stress-strain curves are
shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the results predicted by the m odel are in good
agreem ent w ith the experim ental ones, especially w hen the strain ranges from 0 to 0.4,
w hich proves that the constitutive m odel o f bi-m etal 4343/4A60 is effective. The hot
deformation stress-strain behavior o f 4343/4A60 can be effectively expressed by this model.
ISSN 0556-171X. npoôëeubi 2017, N2 1 101
C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, et al.
e
Fig. 8. Quenching microstructure after hot deformation at different temperatures: 573 (a), 623 (b).
673 (c), 723 (d) and 773 K (e).
102 ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, N2 1
Constitutive Behavior o f 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy
The only drawback o f this model is that for strain exceeding 0.4, there is a relatively large
deviation between predicted and experimental results: explanation for a large difference
betw een these observed at the strain rates o f 0.05 and 5 requires additional research
efforts.
3. M ic ro s tru c tu re E vo lu tion o f T h e rm a l D efo rm ation a t D ifferen t T em peratu res .
The m icrostructure o f the quenched specim en at different deform ation tem peratures is
shown in Fig. 8. Since silicon in 4343 alum inum alloy is 6.8~8.2% , w hich exceeds the
solubility (1.65 wt.% ) o f silicon in alum inum at the eutectic tem perature 850 K [17], a large
num ber o f precipitated Si particles at the grain boundaries under the m icroscope [18] is
observed, w hich affects the deform ation structure. A fter therm al deformation, the equi-axed
grains o f 4A60 w ere deform ed into elongated fibrous processing structure, w hich was
intrinsic for the observed m icrostructure o f 4A60 Al-alloy. W ithin the tem perature range
573-673 K, the deform ation o f grains increased w ith tem perature, the recrystallization
corresponds to the stage o f dynam ic recovery. W ith the tem perature increase to 723 K, the
grain size is significantly increased, and some isom etric grains appear, whose num ber and
size grow at tem peratures above 723 K. Insofar as 4A60 alum inum alloy exhibits a
significant dynam ic recrystallization, w hich enhances its softening, the flow stress required
for therm al deform ation is reduced. Therefore, the dynam ic recrystallization is proved to be
the m ain m echanism for high-tem perature stress reduction.
C o n c l u s i o n s
1. In the hot roll bonding process o f 4343/4A60 in the therm al simulator, the flow
stress m anifests an initial rapid increase due to w ork hardening m echanism w ith the
following deform ation rise, the stress reaches its peak value and then rem ains constant,
w hile the m ain deform ation m echanism o f this stage is dynam ic recrystallization. The flow
stress decreases w ith tem perature and increases w ith deform ation rate.
2. The constitutive m odel o f 4343/4A60 com posite in the Gleeble therm al simulator
w as elaborated by using the Arrhenius-type constitutive equation w ith the respective
Z ener-H ollom on parameter. Based on this, the strain-dependent constitutive m odel o f
m ulti-pass com pression was developed. The predicted results are in a good agreem ent w ith
the experim ental stress-strain curves.
3. A ccording to the m icrostructural investigations, dynam ic recovery and dynam ic
recrystallization occurred in the process o f deformation. W ithin the tem perature range o f
573-623K, the deform ation m icrostructure evolution o f 4343/4A60 m ainly corresponds to
the dynam ic recovery, while at higher tem peratures the dynam ic recrystallization is m anly
observed.
A cknow ledgm ents. This research was supported by the International Science and
Technology Cooperation Project (2013DFB50170) and the N ational 863 Project
(2013AA031301).
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Received 30. 08. 2016
104 ISSN 0556-171X. npoôëeubi 2017, N2 1
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-173587 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0556-171X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:10:51Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Tang, C. Zhou, Y. Weng, H. Guo, X.F. Xu, Q.P. 2020-12-12T14:09:26Z 2020-12-12T14:09:26Z 2017 Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation / C. Tang, Y. Zhou, H. Weng, X.F. Guo, Q.P. Xu // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 95-104. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173587 539.4 Hot roll bonding of 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy has been performed in the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The bonding process constitutive behavior has been analyzed. The results show that the peak flow stress decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rates. An Arrhenius-type constitutive equation is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the hot rolled 4343/4A60 aluminum alloy with the thermal deformation activation energy Q of 118.48 kJ/mol. 4A60 aluminum alloy microstructure is studied using the optical microscope to investigate the dynamic recrystallization. It is revealed that with the temperature between 573 and 623 K the dynamic recovery has an effect on modeling the microstructure evolution of 4A60 aluminum alloy. It has been also concluded that the dynamic recovery is the sole softening mechanism of 4343/4A60 composite. This research was supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project (2013DFB50170) and the National 863 Project (2013AA031301). en Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України Проблемы прочности Научно-технический раздел Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation Разупрочнение и механические свойства алюминиевого сплава 4343/4А60 при многопрохдной горячей прокатке Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation Tang, C. Zhou, Y. Weng, H. Guo, X.F. Xu, Q.P. Научно-технический раздел |
| title | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation |
| title_alt | Разупрочнение и механические свойства алюминиевого сплава 4343/4А60 при многопрохдной горячей прокатке |
| title_full | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation |
| title_fullStr | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation |
| title_short | Constitutive Behavior of 4343/4A60 Aluminum Alloy at Multi-Pass Hot Deformation |
| title_sort | constitutive behavior of 4343/4a60 aluminum alloy at multi-pass hot deformation |
| topic | Научно-технический раздел |
| topic_facet | Научно-технический раздел |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173587 |
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