Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field
Electroless nanocomposite platings were fabricated while the magnetic field strength and ultrasonic parameters were controlled. The effect of the complex field on the composite platings’ deposition process was discussed. The results show that composite coatings fabricated by a complex magnetic field...
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| Cite this: | Influence of Tantalum Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the NiAl-Based Eutectic Alloy / L.Y. Sheng, B.N. Du, C. Lai, J.T. Guo, T.F. Xia // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 122-131. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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Zhou, H.Z. Wang, W.H. Gu, Y.Q. Fang, X.X. Bai, Y.Q. 2020-12-12T14:32:57Z 2020-12-12T14:32:57Z 2017 Influence of Tantalum Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the NiAl-Based Eutectic Alloy / L.Y. Sheng, B.N. Du, C. Lai, J.T. Guo, T.F. Xia // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 122-131. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173589 539.4 Electroless nanocomposite platings were fabricated while the magnetic field strength and ultrasonic parameters were controlled. The effect of the complex field on the composite platings’ deposition process was discussed. The results show that composite coatings fabricated by a complex magnetic field had better density and homogeneity than coatings processed without the influence of external fields. The time-step deposition discussions indicate that the extra magnetic field accelerates the motion of the composite particulates in the bath through the action of the Lorentz force and promotes the nucleation and growth process of composite particulate clusters. The mechanical energy generated by the ultrasonic vibration activates the substrate surface and promotes the deposition of the Ni2+ in the plating solution on the substrate surface. While the complex field is functioning, ultrasonic and magnetic interactions play an important role in the fabrication of the uniform and dense nano-SiC/Ni-P composite coatings, which consist of amorphous spherical Ni-P/SiC particle clusters with 200 nm diameter. The nanoindentation hardness of these composite coatings was approximately 0.15 GPa. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51301088), the innovation practice training projects for the College students of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. 201611276053X), and the innovation practice training projects for the college students of Nanjing Institute of Technology (Grant No. TB20160227). en Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України Проблемы прочности Научно-технический раздел Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field Исследование твердости и микроструктуры покрытий из нанокомпозита SiC/Ni-P методом наноиндентирования Article published earlier |
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Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field |
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Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field Zhou, H.Z. Wang, W.H. Gu, Y.Q. Fang, X.X. Bai, Y.Q. Научно-технический раздел |
| title_short |
Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field |
| title_full |
Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field |
| title_fullStr |
Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field |
| title_sort |
study on the fabrication of nano-sic/ni-p composite coatings with the assistance of electromagnetic-ultrasonic compound field |
| author |
Zhou, H.Z. Wang, W.H. Gu, Y.Q. Fang, X.X. Bai, Y.Q. |
| author_facet |
Zhou, H.Z. Wang, W.H. Gu, Y.Q. Fang, X.X. Bai, Y.Q. |
| topic |
Научно-технический раздел |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Проблемы прочности |
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Исследование твердости и микроструктуры покрытий из нанокомпозита SiC/Ni-P методом наноиндентирования |
| description |
Electroless nanocomposite platings were fabricated while the magnetic field strength and ultrasonic parameters were controlled. The effect of the complex field on the composite platings’ deposition process was discussed. The results show that composite coatings fabricated by a complex magnetic field had better density and homogeneity than coatings processed without the influence of external fields. The time-step deposition discussions indicate that the extra magnetic field accelerates the motion of the composite particulates in the bath through the action of the Lorentz force and promotes the nucleation and growth process of composite particulate clusters. The mechanical energy generated by the ultrasonic vibration activates the substrate surface and promotes the deposition of the Ni2+ in the plating solution on the substrate surface. While the complex field is functioning, ultrasonic and magnetic interactions play an important role in the fabrication of the uniform and dense nano-SiC/Ni-P composite coatings, which consist of amorphous spherical Ni-P/SiC particle clusters with 200 nm diameter. The nanoindentation hardness of these composite coatings was approximately 0.15 GPa.
|
| issn |
0556-171X |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173589 |
| citation_txt |
Influence of Tantalum Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the NiAl-Based Eutectic Alloy / L.Y. Sheng, B.N. Du, C. Lai, J.T. Guo, T.F. Xia // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 122-131. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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UDC 539.4
Study on the Fabrication of Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings with the
Assistance of Electromagnetic-Ultrasonic Compound Field
H . Z . Z h o u ,ab1 W . H . W an g ,b Y. Q. G u ,b X. X . F an g ,ab an d Y. Q. B aiab
a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing,
Jiangsu, China
b Department of Material Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
1 zhzmsc@njit.edu.cn
Electroless nanocomposite platings were fabricated while the magnetic fie ld strength and ultrasonic
parameters were controlled. The effect o f the complex field on the composite platings’ deposition
process was discussed. The results show that composite coatings fabricated by a complex magnetic
fie ld had better density and homogeneity than coatings processed without the influence o f external
fields. The time-step deposition discussions indicate that the extra magnetic fie ld accelerates the
motion o f the composite particulates in the bath through the action o f the Lorentz force and promotes
the nucleation and growth process o f composite particulate clusters. The mechanical energy
generated by the ultrasonic vibration activates the substrate surface and promotes the deposition o f
the Ni2+ in the plating solution on the substrate surface. While the complex field is functioning,
ultrasonic and magnetic interactions play an important role in the fabrication o f the uniform and
dense nano-SiC/Ni-P composite coatings, which consist o f amorphous spherical Ni-P/SiC particle
clusters with 200 nm diameter. The nanoindentation hardness o f these composite coatings was
approximately 0.15 GPa.
K eyw ords: electroless com posite plating, m agnetic field, ultrasonic wave.
In tro d u c tio n . Nanocom posite coatings have excellent properties such as high
hardeness and toughness, good w ear resistance and corrosion resistance by incorporating
nanoparticles like A 12O3 [1, 2], M oS2 [3], and SiC [4]. These coatings have broad
application prospects in m any fields, such as m echanical, aerospace, and transportation [5].
However, the traditional process of plating electroless com posites often results in unstable
solutions, inefficient deposition, and higher processing temperatures. In order to improve
the traditional process, new preparation technologies have been invented. N iksefat and
Ghorbani [6] used an ultrasonic assisted electroless plating m ethod to prepare N i-B-TiO 2
com posite coatings w ith excellent perform ance. The same m ethod was im proved by Luo et
al. [7] and Lu [8]. Zhong [9] applied the laser induced m ethod to fabricate N i-P/nano C60
on the surface of a sm ooth com ponent. The com posite coatings possessed small friction
coefficients and high w ear resistance. W ang et al. [10] found that the deposition efficiency
o f the com posite coating w as significantly increased in a 10 T parallel strong m agnetic
field. Zhao et al. [2] successfully adopted the m echanical vibration assisted electroless
com posite plating m ethod to obtain m ulti w alled carbon nanotubes reinforced w ith N i-P
m atrix com posites coatings on the carbon steel surface, while M ehto and Pandey [11]
prepared copper based nanocom posite films w ith the same method.
In the electroless com posite plating process, the introduced ultrasonic w ave fields
have the effect o f dispersing the solution system and increasing the reaction rate. In
addition, the presence o f an electrom agnetic field im proves the deposition, nucleation,
growth velocity and com pactness o f the coating. A t present, there are only a few reports
globally about the study o f chem ical com posite plating technology w ith the help o f an
ultrasound w ave and m agnetic field. Therefore, this w ork intends to explore the effect o f an
electrom agnetic-ultrasonic com plex field on the plating o f electroless nanocom posite
© H. Z. ZHOU, W. H. WANG, Y. Q. GU, X. X. FANG, Y. Q. BAI, 2017
ISSN 0556-Î7ÎX. Проблемы прочности, 2017, № 1 113
mailto:zhzmsc@njit.edu.cn
H. Z. Zhou, W. H. Wang, Y. Q. Gu, et al.
coatings. W ithin this paper, the morphology, com position and structure o f the composite
coatings are analyzed, and the effect o f the com pound field is summarized.
1. E x p e rim e n ta l P rocess an d C h a ra c te riz a tio n M ethods.
1.1. E xperim ental. The m atrix sample is a single side frosted glass w ith a size of
10x10 mm. The sample w as sensitized for 10 m in in a solution (30 m l/l HCl and 30 g/l
SnCl2) at 50°C, and then the sample was activated for 10 m in in 40 m l distilled w ater (0.1 g
PdCl2 and 2 m l HCl) at 30°C. The plating solutions w ere created according to the formula
in Table 1. A fter that the solutions w ere stirred for 5 m in by an FS-1500 ultrasonic
generator. Finally, the pretreated samples were im m ersed in the plating solution. Table 2
shows the param eters o f the SB-175 type m agnetic field generator and the FS-1500 type
ultrasonic generator that were used during the experiment.
1.2. Characterization M ethods. The coating sam ples’ m icrom orphology was observed
by JSM -6360LV SEM, and the com position was analyzed by G ENESIS2000XM S60 EDS.
The phase analysis o f the coatings was carried out on a Bruker AXS D8-Advance X -ray
diffraction instrum ent using Cu (Ka) target w ith an X -ray wavelength o f 0.15418 nm. The
acceleration voltage was 30 kV, the step size w as 0.02 degrees, and the scanning speed was
1.2 °/min. The hardness o f the samples w as tested w ith a nanoindentation tester (Agilent
G200). The indentation depth was 100 nm, and the loading tim e was 30 s.
T a b l e 1
Solution Composition and Process Conditions of Electroless Nanocomposite Plating
Component Parameter
N1SO4 • 6 H2O 30 g/l
NaH2PO2 H2O 30 g/l
Na2C6H5Oy2H2O 30 g/l
CHsCOONa 20 g/l
C3H6O3 15 ml/l
SiC (d = 20 nm) 1 g/l
pH 4.8
T a b l e 2
Fabrication Process of Different Samples
Sample
No.
Ultrasonic wave
frequency
(kHz)
Ultrasonic power
(W)
Magnetic field
intensity
(T)
Process time
(min)
1 0 0 0 50
2 0 0 0.14 50
3 20 300 0 50
4 20 300 0.14 50
5 20 300 0.21 50
6 20 300 0.39 50
7 20 300 0.58 50
8 20 300 0.70 50
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Study on the Fabrication o f Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings
2. C om posite C oatings P rocessed u n d e r C o m pound Fields. Figure 1 shows an
SEM image o f the frosted glass surface, from w hich we can see that the glass surface
appears to be an irregular undulating structure after the grinding process. This undulating
m orphology is beneficial to the deposition o f the com posite coating on the substrates.
Fig. 1. SEM image of the frosted glass surface.
2.1. N anocom posite Coatings Prepared under D iffe ren t A dd itiona l F ields. Figure 2
shows SEM images o f the nanocom posite coating samples. As Fig. 2a shows, the surface o f
sample No. 1 is undulating, the gaps betw een particles are large, and the aggregation
phenom enon is obvious. In the sample shown in Fig. 2b, w hich was prepared under the
action o f a m agnetic field during the plating process, the coating is tiny and compact. This
can be attributed to the tendency o f N i particles to nucleate more effectively w ithin a
m agnetic field. In Fig. 2c, the aggregation o f the deposited particles is not obvious, but
there are still gaps. In Fig. 2d, the bottom layer o f No. 4 samples is com pact, and its surface
consists o f m any spherical sediments.
Fig. 2. SEM morphology of samples: (a) No. 1; (b) No. 2; (c) No. 3; (d) No. 4.
ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, N2 1 115
H. Z. Zhou, W. H. Wang, Y. Q. Gu, et al.
In general, it is difficult to create a uniform nanocom posite coating because
agglom eration o f nanoceram ic particles [12] and aggregation o f the m etal nanograins
[13-15] tend to occur. The experim entation in this w ork suggested that the aggregation
phenom enon is nearly elim inated by inducing an electrom agnetic-ultrasonic field, w hich
has m any im plications for the applications o f nanocom posite coatings.
Figure 3a and 3b contain the energy spectra analyses o f the cross area on Fig. 2a and
2d. From Fig. 3a, it can be clearly seen that there are m ostly Ni, P, Si, and C elem ents in the
coating, w hich indicates that the com posite coating is form ed on the glass substrate. Na,
M g, Al, and other elem ents com e from the glass substrate, w hich indicates that the
com posite coating is very thin. O n the other hand, the m ass fraction o f N i reached 63.96%,
and the mass fraction o f Si decreased obviously in Fig. 3b, w hich states clearly that the
com posite coating thickness is thicker. This phenom enon can be m ainly attributed to
increased reaction rates and acceleration o f the particle g roups’ deposition on the glass
substrate by the com pound field.
Energy / keV
b
Fig. 3. EDS of samples fabricated under different additional fields: (a) No. 1; (b) No. 4.
Figure 4 gives the XRD spectra o f Nos. 1 -4 com posite coating samples. Figure 4a and
4c show that the No. 1 and No. 3 coatings are obviously amorphous. However, the 2 theta
angle o f N i at about 45 degrees m anifested a w eak diffraction peak in Fig. 4b and 4d,
w hich indicates that the presence o f a m agnetic field in the com posite plating process had
an obvious effect on the nucleation and deposition o f the coatings.
N i(lll)
Fig. 4. XRD of composite coating samples: (a) No. 1; (b) No. 2; (c) No. 3; (d) No. 4.
116 ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, № 1
Study on the Fabrication o f Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings
2.2. N anocom posite Coatings P repared u nder C om pound Fields. Figure 5 shows the
SEM im ages o f Nos. 5 -8 coating samples. Figure 5 a -d shows that the surface o f each layer
is denser than that o f No. 1, and the deposition o f particles is obvious. As the intensity o f
the m agnetic field increased, the coatings becam e m ore com pact, and the globular trend o f
the deposition products becam e m ore obvious. Thus, it can be concluded that the
com pound field not only affected the spheroidizing o f deposition products, but also
prom oted the densification o f the com posite coatings. Figure 5e gives the EDS results for
the No. 8 sample. The m ain com ponents o f the m icrospherical particles in the coating are
N i, P, Si, and C. Thus, the m icrosphere consists o f the co-deposition o f N i-P alloy and
nano-SiC particles. A ccording to the uniform ity o f the m icrosphere morphology, the
distribution o f SiC in the coating is also judged to be m ore uniform , and the SiC particles
w ere seem ingly co-deposited w ith Ni-P.
Fig. 5. SEM morphology and EDS results: (a) No. 5; (b) No. 6; (c) No. 7; (d) No. 8; (e) EDS of the
No. 8.
e
ISSN 0556-171X. npoôneMbi 2017, № 1 117
H. Z. Zhou, W. H. Wang, Y. Q. Gu, et al.
Figure 6 gives the section SEM image o f sample No. 8. This image, along w ith Figs. 5c
and 6, indicates that the coating on this sample is m ore uniform and compact. The coating
also is made up o f m icrospheres that averaged 200 nm in size. The coating thickness was
approxim ately 7.1 fim . Furtherm ore, the com bination betw een the com posite coating and
glass substrate was good, and the coating’s m orphology w as independent o f the m atrix
surface’s morphology.
Fig. 6. Cross section SEM morphology of No. 8 sample.
Figure 7 gives X RD results o f Nos. 5 -8 com posite coating samples. The diffraction
peak in Fig. 7 leads to the conclusion that as the intensity o f the m agnetic field increased in
the com pound field, the diffraction peak becam e increasingly sharp in the spectrum. This
indicates that the crystal characteristic state o f the com posite coatings was increasingly
evident. The related w ork o f X uan et al. [16] also reached a sim ilar conclusion.
20 40 BO 80
29 /deg
Fig. 7. XRD of composite coating samples: (a) No. 5; (b) No. 6; (c) No. 7; (d) No. 8.
The above analysis shows that w hen a com pound field w ith a certain intensity was
introduced to the plating, a positive effect on the deposition process, structure and
m orphology o f the deposited products w as achieved. The added ultrasound had two m ain
effects. O n the one hand, a large num ber o f reactive free radicals could be generated in the
reaction system, w hich could accelerate the rate o f the chem ical reaction [17, 18]. O n the
other hand, the collision probability o f the N i ions in the plating solution is increased by the
ultrasonic field, w hich m eans that the N i ions deposited on both the surface and the internal
surface w ith catalytic activity. This helps to form uniform , com pact and im porosity
118 ISSN 0556-171X. npo6n.eubi 2017, N2 1
Study on the Fabrication o f Nano-SiC/Ni-P Composite Coatings
com posite coatings. The energy provided by the additional electrom agnetic field accelerates
the m ovem ent o f the N i particles in the plating solution. The N i ions are arranged according
the direction o f the m agnetic field lines, and the ions can be deposited directly on the
substrate in this direction [19]. The added m agnetic field not only prom otes the
codeposition o f N i and SiC, but also m akes the m etastable phase o f the N i-P solid solution
to grow in the preferred orientation. These results agree w ith the results o f the XRD
analysis o f the coating in Figs. 4 and 7.
3. A nalysis o f N an o in d en ta tio n H ard n ess of th e C oatings. Figure 8 shows the
relationship betw een the nanoindentation hardness and indentation depth o f different
com posite coating samples. As can be seen from Fig. 8, the hardness values o f all samples
decreased as the depth increased. The hardness values stabilized w hen the depth exceeded
20 nm. The hardness values o f samples Nos. 1 and 3 are nearly 0.50 GPa, while the
hardness o f samples Nos. 4, 6, and 8 is relatively low (approxim ately 0.15 GPa). The extra
ultrasonic fields had little influence on the m orphology and structure o f the deposited
products during the deposition process, although they could prom ote deposition rates.
Thus, the nanoindentation hardness values o f samples Nos. 1 and 3 are relatively close. On
the other side, the extra electrom agnetic fields prom oted the form ation o f the orientation
growing N i-P m etastable phase, w hich effectively reduced the average residual stress in the
com posite coatings. However, the N i-P alloy coatings w ere not com pletely crystallized.
Because the N i-P m etastable phase is different from that o f the stable phases, such as
crystal N i3P form ed by the heat treatm ent, the hardness values o f samples Nos. 4, 6, and 8
are low er than those o f Nos. 1 and 3 samples.
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
-0.5-1------- 1------- ,------- 1------- ,------- 1------- ,-------1------- ,-------
0 5 0 1 0 0 160 2 0 0
Indentation depth / nm
Fig. 8. Relationship between hardness and indentation depth: (/) No. 1, (2) No. 3, (3) No. 4, (4) No. 6,
and (5) No. 8.
C onclusions. The com bined fields o f eletrom agnetic and ultrasound waves have a
significant effect on the deposition process, m icrostructure and the structural characteristics
o f electroless N i-P based nanocom posite coatings. The N i ions in the plating solution are
arranged according to the direction o f the m agnetic field lines, and the ions can be
deposited directly on the substrate in this direction. Thus, the added m agnetic fields can
m ake the m etastable phase o f the N i-P solid solution to grow in a preferred orientation in
addition to im proving the deposition efficiency. The m echanical energy produced by the
ultrasonic waves has a catalytic action and can accelerate the chem ical reaction. As the
intensity o f the m agnetic field increases, the density o f the com posite coatings also
gradually increases, and the spherical deposition trend o f the products and the preferred
orientation growth becom e m ore obvious. Furtherm ore, the coatings’ nanoindentation
hardness values are low er than those o f the coatings that w ere fabricated w ithout any
external fields.
ISSN 0556-171X. npoôneMbi 2017, № 1 119
H. Z. Zhou, W. H. Wang, Y. Q. Gu, et al.
Under the process conditions o f nano SiC content 1 g/l, bath pH value 4.8, plating
tem perature 50oC, ultrasonic frequency 20 kH z and pow er 300 W, m agnetic field strength
0.7 T, and plating tim e 50 min, the com posite coatings are m ainly com posed o f am orphous
spherical N i-P/SiC particles w ith an average size o f about 200 nm. The distribution of
spherical N i-P/SiC particles is com pact and uniform. Finally, the interface bonding between
the coating and the glass substrate is successful.
A cknow ledgm ents. This w ork is supported by the N ational N atural Science
Foundation o f China (Grant No. 51301088), the innovation practice training projects for
the College students o f Jiangsu Province (Grant No. 201611276053X), and the innovation
practice training projects for the college students o f Nanjing Institute o f Technology (Grant
No. TB20160227).
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