Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting
Aluminum alloy A356-T6 and automotive steel sheet SAPH440 were joined using friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting. The maximum tensile shear strength values in weld joints were approximately 3.5 kN at a rotation speed of 500 rpm and plunge depth of 1.0 mm. It was confirmed that the i...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1738152025-02-23T19:47:42Z Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting Механические свойства разнородных соединений внахлестку А356/SAPH440, полученных точечной ротационной сваркой трением и самопробивной клепкой Bang, Han Sur Lee, W.R. Hong, S.M. Lee, S.Y. Song, J.H. Kim, J.M. Bang, Hi Seon Научно-технический раздел Aluminum alloy A356-T6 and automotive steel sheet SAPH440 were joined using friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting. The maximum tensile shear strength values in weld joints were approximately 3.5 kN at a rotation speed of 500 rpm and plunge depth of 1.0 mm. It was confirmed that the intermetallic compound layer of weld joints below 9.23 m did not exceed the permissible thickness 10 m of Al–Fe joints. The self-piercing riveting joints exhibited maximum tensile- shear strength of 7.9 kN, which was higher than that of the weld joints. However, during the riveting process, cracking appeared in the joint on the aluminum side, which was caused by lack of ductility of cast aluminum. In addition, it was observed that the cracks on the aluminum side were getting larger, as the radius of the lower mold increased. Алюминиевый сплав А356-Т6 и автомобильную листовую сталь SAPH440 соединяли с помощью точечной ротационной сварки трением и самопробивной клепки. Максимальный предел прочности на сдвиг при растяжении для сварных соединений составлял примерно 3,5 кН при скорости вращения 500 об/мин и глубине проникновения 1,0 мм. Доказано, что слой интерметаллидов сварных соединений толщиной менее 9,23 мкм не превышал допустимый уровень в 10 мкм для соединений Al–Fe. Клепаные соединения имели предел прочности 7,9 кН в отличие от сварных соединений. Однако при клепке на алюминии появлялись трещины ввиду низкой пластичности литого материала, при этом трещины подрастали по мере увеличения радиуса нижней формы. This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOST) (No. 2016R1D1A3B03935978). 2018 Article Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting / Han Sur Bang, W.R. Lee, S.M. Hong, S.Y. Lee, J.H. Song, J.M. Kim, Hi Seon Bang // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 74-83. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173815 539.4 en Проблемы прочности application/pdf Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Bang, Han Sur Lee, W.R. Hong, S.M. Lee, S.Y. Song, J.H. Kim, J.M. Bang, Hi Seon Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting Проблемы прочности |
| description |
Aluminum alloy A356-T6 and automotive steel sheet SAPH440 were joined using friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting. The maximum tensile shear strength values in weld joints were approximately 3.5 kN at a rotation speed of 500 rpm and plunge depth of 1.0 mm. It was confirmed that the intermetallic compound layer of weld joints below 9.23 m did not exceed the permissible thickness 10 m of Al–Fe joints. The self-piercing riveting joints exhibited maximum tensile- shear strength of 7.9 kN, which was higher than that of the weld joints. However, during the riveting process, cracking appeared in the joint on the aluminum side, which was caused by lack of ductility of cast aluminum. In addition, it was observed that the cracks on the aluminum side were getting larger, as the radius of the lower mold increased. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Bang, Han Sur Lee, W.R. Hong, S.M. Lee, S.Y. Song, J.H. Kim, J.M. Bang, Hi Seon |
| author_facet |
Bang, Han Sur Lee, W.R. Hong, S.M. Lee, S.Y. Song, J.H. Kim, J.M. Bang, Hi Seon |
| author_sort |
Bang, Han Sur |
| title |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting |
| title_short |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting |
| title_full |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting |
| title_fullStr |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting |
| title_sort |
mechanical properties of dissimilar a356/saph440 lap joints by the friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173815 |
| citation_txt |
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting / Han Sur Bang, W.R. Lee, S.M. Hong, S.Y. Lee, J.H. Song, J.M. Kim, Hi Seon Bang // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 74-83. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
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Проблемы прочности |
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UDC 539.4
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints by the
Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self-Piercing Riveting
Han Sur Bang,
a,1
W. R. Lee,
b
S. M. Hong,
b
S. Y. Lee,
b
J. H. Song,
c
J. M. Kim,
d
and
Hi Seon Bang
a
a Department of Welding and Joining Science Engineering, Chosun University, Republic of Korea
b Department of Welding and Joining Science Engineering, Graduate School, Chosun University,
Republic of Korea
c Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Republic of Korea
d Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Jeonnam Provincial College, Republic of
Korea
1 banghs@chsoun.ac.kr
Aluminum alloy A356-T6 and automotive steel sheet SAPH440 were joined using friction stir spot
welding and self-piercing riveting. The maximum tensile shear strength values in weld joints were
approximately 3.5 kN at a rotation speed of 500 rpm and plunge depth of 1.0 mm. It was confirmed
that the intermetallic compound layer of weld joints below 9.23 �m did not exceed the permissible
thickness 10 �m of Al–Fe joints. The self-piercing riveting joints exhibited maximum tensile- shear
strength of 7.9 kN, which was higher than that of the weld joints. However, during the riveting
process, cracking appeared in the joint on the aluminum side, which was caused by lack of ductility
of cast aluminum. In addition, it was observed that the cracks on the aluminum side were getting
larger, as the radius of the lower mold increased.
Keywords: dissimilar material, friction stir spot welding, self-piercing rivet, intermetallic
compound, tensile-shear strength.
Introduction. As fuel-related regulations are being strengthened in the automobile
industry, the method of reducing the weight of the vehicle has been challenged by applying
a new joining process for conventional steel to a lightweight material such as non-ferrous
metal. However, welding or joining for dissimilar materials of aluminum alloy and steel is
difficult to obtain the adequate joint strength due to the difference of physical and
mechanical properties. Therefore, new welding and mechanical bonding methods into
dissimilar materials of aluminum alloy and steel are required.
One of the solid state welding processes, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is
considered as a promising method to join dissimilar materials using plastic deformation
caused by the low heat input, rotational force and pressure of the tool. This can suppress
formation of weld defects such as blow hole, cracking, and brittle intermetallic compounds
(IMC) resulting from conventional fusion welding, which deteriorate the mechanical
properties of the joints [1–5]. This can suppress formation of weld defects including
cracking, blow hole, and brittle IMC that can degrade the joint mechanical properties in
conventional fusion welding [1–5]. Conspicuously, minimizing the IMC layer is required to
guarantee the joints reliability of the dissimilar materials [6]. Yeon et al. [7] and Kim et al.
[8] reported that adopting FSSW to join dissimilar materials leads acceptable lap joints
which produce decent strength. Self-piercing riveting (SPR) is a mechanical bonding
method using rivets [9], in which drilling or alignment process between the material and the
rivet machine were not required unlike conventional rivets.
Therefore, this study intended to carry out the lap joining of aluminum alloy (A356)
and automotive steel (SAPH440) sheets, using FSSW and SPR methods [10, 11]. Moreover,
© H. S. BANG, W. R. LEE, S. M. HONG, S. Y. LEE, J. H. SONG, J. M. KIM, H. S. BANG, 2018
74 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
joint properties of aluminum alloy (A356) and automotive steel (SAPH440) were analyzed
in the views of mechanical characteristics and of metallurgical characteristics [12–15].
1. Experimental Details. Aluminum alloy (A356) and automotive steel (SAPH440)
sheets, were adopted as dissimilar materials in this study. The chemical composition and
mechanical properties of materials are shown in Table 1. Each size of the dissimilar
material specimen that was adopted in this study was 150 mm (length L)�50 mm (width
W)�3 mm (thickness t) of A356-T6 and 150 mm (L)�50 mm (W)�2 mm (t) of
SAPH440. Aluminum alloy plate was set on the top side of the steel plate. The two plates
were overlapped for 50 mm as shown in Fig. 1.
1.1. FSSW. The friction stir spot welding conditions were as follows: 300–500 rpm of
a tool rotation speed, 0.2–1.2 mm of a tool plunge depth, 1.0 mm/s of a tool insertion
speed, and 15 s of dwell time. The friction stir spot welding was performed under these 15
conditions as shown in Table 2.
The WC–12% Co welding tool with smooth frustum type and tilted 3� forward from
the vertical was used in this study. The welding tool is composed of a shoulder with
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 75
Fig. 1. Configuration of specimen.
T a b l e 1
Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of A356-T6 and SAPH440
Material Chemical composition (wt.%)
A356-T6 Mg Mn Fe Zn Si Cu Ti Al
0.45 0.10 0.20 0.10 7.5 0.20 0.20 Bal.
SAPH440 C Si Mn P S Al
0.074 0.014 1.254 0.012 0.004 0.028
Mechanical properties
UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) EL (%)
A356-T6 230.0 185.0 2
SAPH440 447.2 332.5 37
T a b l e 2
Welding Conditions for FSSW
Case Rotation speed (rpm) Plunge depth (mm)
1–5 300 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2
6–10 400 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2
11–15 500 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2
diameter of 14 mm, and pin with length of 3.0 mm, upper the diameter of 6.0 mm, and the
bottom diameter of 4.0 mm (see Fig. 2).
The influences of rotation tool speed and of tool plunge depth on the FSSW were
investigated through the joint formation, mechanical and metallurgical characteristics
analyses.
1.2. SPR. The self-piercing riveting joining conditions were as follows: a punch speed
of 0.5 mm/s, upper diameter of rivet of 8.5 mm, a depth of 7.0 mm, a lower diameter of
4.8 mm, a lower mold depth of 1.1–1.4 mm, a lower mold radius of 5.0–7.0 mm. The shape
of a rivet was fixed, but depth, diameter of the lower mold was varied. The lower mold
depth and radius were selected from the result of the pre-test. Four conditions for the lower
mold are shown in Table 3.
In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the SPR joints, tensile-shear strength
test and Vickers hardness test were carried out. Following KS B 0851 and ASTM E92-82
standards, the tensile-shear strength test and hardness test were performed respectively.
Along with every 0.5 mm of cross section of workpiece, the Vickers hardness profiles were
measured within the condition of 0.5 kgf load and 10 s dwell time. The metallurgical
characteristics were clarified through the SEM analysis.
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1. FSSW.
2.1.1. Joint Characteristics of the FSSW Joints. The attaining sound joints, FSSW
experiments were performed in 15 cases of welding conditions. In the range of 0.2–1.2 mm
tool plunge depths at 300–500 rpm tool rotation speeds were observed. The characteristics
of the cross section of the joints are investigated, in view of three main factors including
weldability, the size of the hook and the effective sheet thickness, which have influence on
the mechanical characteristics of the joints. Figure 3 shows the bead profiles of the FSSW
joints in various rotation speeds and plunge depths. As shown in Fig. 3a, the lap joints
appeared as sound shape without any defect on the surface, and the burr came out in all
H. S. Bang, W. R. Lee, S. M. Hong, et al.
76 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
Fig. 2. Tool and rivet shape and details.
T a b l e 3
Joining Conditions for SPR
Case Lower mold depth (die depth H ),
mm
Lower mold radius (die radius R),
mm
1 1.2 5.0
2 1.1 6.0
3 1.2 7.0
4 1.4 7.0
conditions except in 0.2 mm plunge depth at rotation speed of 300 rpm. In the plunge
depths of 0.2 and 0.5 mm, there was little smear in the back bead, which was expected to be
unjoined due to the lack of stirring between the upper and lower materials. The deeper
plunge depth resulted more smear in the back bead as shown in Fig. 3b.
The cross sectional view of the joints from Fig. 4, the interface of joints appeared as
sound shapes in all conditions ranging 300–500 rpm at plunge depth of 0.7–1.2 mm.
During the process, however, the formation of hooks occurred in the upper side of A356-T6
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 77
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints ...
a
b
Fig. 3. The bead profiles of the FSSW joints with rotation speed and plunge depth: top (a) and back (b)
bead profiles.
including both advancing and retreating sides, and also it appeared in the left- and
right-hand sides of the pin of the lower joint side. The mechanism of hook formation is as
following: Through a tool down force and plastic flow, the bottom side of SAPH440
permeates into the top side of A356-T6. When rotation speed increased, the hook size did
not become larger considerably, notably, with increasing plunge depth, the hook tended to
increase. When the plunge depths were 0.2–0.5 mm, the lap-joints became imperfect
because of inadequate plastic flow and deformation between A356-T6 in upper side and
SAPH440 in lower side. It was thought that this was because the pin simply touched the
upper direction surface of SAPH440, caused by the lack of stirring effect in the time of the
process. Over than 0.7 mm of plunge depth, perfect lap-joints appeared in the interface of
the joints due to enough plastic flow effect in the upper and lower plates. As shown in
Fig. 4, the decreased thickness of upper surface of A356-T6 was observed with increasing
tool plunge depth. Notably, when the plunge depth became deeper than 1.0 mm, the
effective sheet thickness showed more decrease. These results indicated that the effective
sheet thickness satisfied the allowed value, below 10% of the sheet thickness as are the
requirements of the resistance spot welding.
2.1.2. The Tensile-Shear Strength of FSSW Joints. Figure 5 represents the tensile-shear
strength of the of the joints based on the welding condition of 0.2–1.2 mm tool plunge
depths with 300–500 rpm tool rotation speed; the correlations between the tensile-shear
strength of FSSW joints and rotation speed is shown at (a), and it between the tensile-shear
strength of joints and plunge depth is at (b). To estimate the tensile-shear strength of the
joints, the joint formation, the fracture pattern and the reduction of the effective thickness
of the upper side of the A356-T6 were considered as a main view. Within 300–500 rpm of
rotation speed, the strength tended to reach higher point when the rotation speed increase.
The approximate maximum tensile-shear strength of joints was 3.5 kN at 500 rpm of
rotation speed. While the strength was higher in the plunge depth range of 0.2 to 0.7 mm,
the strength started to be decreased when the plunge depth was deeper than 1.0 mm. When
the tool plunge depth was 1.0 mm, 3.5 kN of the maximum tensile-shear strength of joints
was acquired. In terms of the fracture patterns from the tensile-shear strength test, interface
fracture was generated in joints when the plunge depth was shallower than 0.7 mm. This
78 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
H. S. Bang, W. R. Lee, S. M. Hong, et al.
Fig. 4. The cross section view of the FSSW joints with plunge depth and rotation speed.
was attributed to interface of the joints with a non-welded zone caused by insufficient
stirring effect. However, over 1.0 mm of tool plunge depth, happened with the interface of
the joints without any non-welded zone on account of ample plastic flow effect from the
materials in upper and lower side.
At a tool plunge depth of 1.0 mm, interface of the lap-joint showed not only fully
welded state but also slightly reduced effective sheet thickness of the joints and the
maximum tensile-shear strength. The tests for tensile-shear strength and hardness were
performed respectively according to KS B 0851 and ASTM E92-82 standards. All
conditions except for the plunge depth of 0.5 mm, it is satisfied KS B 0850 standard which
is tensile-shear strength of over 1.8 kN of 3 mm thickness aluminum joints.
2.1.3. The Hardness Distribution of FSSW Joints. Figure 6 shows the hardness
distribution of the FSSW joints; (a) is the upper – A356-T6 side, (b) is the bottom –
SAPH440 side. The hardness tests were measured at different plunge depths and the
rotation speed of 500 rpm. As a result of the test, the maximum hardness value of 228 HV
was observed at the plunge depth of 1.2 mm. This was the higher value compared to
A356-T6 hardness value of 50 HV; on the other hand, maximum hardness value of 275 HV
on SAPH440 steel side was observed. This was 115 HV higher than the SAPH440 base
metal. It was considered that the hardness value was increased in both aluminum and steel
due to dynamic re-crystallization originated from the heat and the mechanical force as the
plunge depth and tool rotation speed increased.
2.1.4. Microstructural Characteristics of FSSW Joints. The microstructures of the
specimens under the welding condition of 500 rpm with 1.0 mm of plunge depth indicated
the highest tensile-shear strength among the specimens. Figure 7 presents the micro-
structure of the stir zone (SZ), thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat-affected
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 79
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints ...
a
b
Fig. 5. The tensile-shear strength of FSSW joints with rotation speed (a) and plunge depth (b).
zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM) of a joint individually, and the plunge depth for the
FSSW joint is 1.0 mm with 500 rpm of rotation speed; (a)–(c) gives the microstructure of
A356-T6 top side, and (d)–(f) shows the bottom side of SAPH440. Microstructures of (b)
and (c) which is the SZ and TMAZ of A356-T6, were finer because of the dynamic
re-crystallization from the heat and mechanical force. Although the HAZ has the slightly
coarser microstructure, its structure is practically akin to the microstructure of base metal.
In addition, the IMC layer was observed in the condition of 0.7–1.2 mm plunge depth. As
shown in Fig. 8, when the plunge depth is 0.7, 1.0, and 1.2 mm, the IMC thickness is
maximum 5.93, 8.59, and 9.23 �m, respectively. It was observed that the IMC thickness
increased as the plunge depth increased. This was caused by increase of the mechanical
force and frictional heat as the plunge depth increases. The plunge depth of 0.7 to 1.2 mm
satisfied the IMC thickness within 10 �m, required for the dissimilar material welding.
From 0.7 to 1.2 mm of plunge depth condition, in addition, the IMC layer was
observed. As shown in Fig. 7, when the plunge depth is 0.7, 1.0, and 1.2 mm, the IMC
thickness is maximum 5.93, 8.59, and 9.23 �m, each. It was observed that the IMC
thickness increased when the plunge depth became deeper. This was caused by pressing
force and frictional heat as the plunge depth increases. The plunge depth of 0.7 to 1.2 mm
satisfied the IMC thickness within 10 �m, required for the dissimilar material welding.
80 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
H. S. Bang, W. R. Lee, S. M. Hong, et al.
Fig. 6. The hardness distributions of FSSW joints with plunge depth.
a
b
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 81
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints ...
Fig. 7. Microstructure of the FSSW joints.
Fig. 8. Thickness of IMC in FSSW joints with plunge depth.
Fig. 9. Configuration of specimen of SPR joints.
2.2. SPR Joints.
2.2.1. Joint Characteristic of SPR Joints. For obtaining sound joints, SPR experiments
were performed in 4 cases of joining conditions. The lower mold depth of of 1.1–1.4 mm
and radius of of 5.0–7.0 mm were observed. With the view of defects, the characteristics of
the cross sections in SPR joints were investigated. Figures 9 and 10 show that the highest
strain distance ratio of rivet was in cases 1 and 3 and the cross section of SPR joints,
respectively.
As shown in Fig. 10, at both sides, cracks were observed inside dark/red circles. This
was attributed to crack resulted from the lack of ductility of A356-T6. In addition, the
light/yellow circle in Fig. 10 corresponds to the geometrical constraint of SPR.
2.2.2. The Tensile-Shear Strength of SPR Joints. As shown in Fig. 11, tensile-shear
strength was 7.9 kN for case 1 and 6.4 kN for case 3. The case 3 exhibited the lower
tensile-shear strength than that of case 1. The height of lower mold was the same for both
cases 1 and 3 but radiuses were 5 and 7 mm, respectively. The tensile-shear strength of the
SPR joints was approximately 2 times higher than that of the FSSW joints.
Conclusions. In this study, joining properties of dissimilar A356/SAPH440 lap joints
by the FSSW and SPR were analyzed. The following conclusions were obtained:
1. Under all conditions of 300–500 rpm with 0.7–1.2 mm plunge depths, the interface
of the FSSW joints was joined thoroughly. Notably, due to the fact that satisfactory plastic
flow effect from the upper and lower materials, deeper than 0.7 mm of plunge depth led
perfect lap-joints. However, when the tool plunge depth exceeds 1.0 mm, the effective sheet
thickness decreased and satisfied the required value of the resistance spot welding.
82 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
H. S. Bang, W. R. Lee, S. M. Hong, et al.
Fig. 10. Cross section of SPR joints.
Fig. 11. Tensile-shear strength of SPR joints.
2. The maximum tensile-shear strengths in the FSSW joints were approximately 3.5 kN
achieved at a rotation speed of 500 rpm and plunge depth of 1.0 mm. It was confirmed that
the IMC layer of FSSW joints with 9.23 �m was within permissible thickness 10 �m of
Al–Fe joints.
3. In the case of the SPR, the maximum tensile-shear strengths in the SPR joints
exhibited 7.9 kN and was higher than that of the FSSW joints. However, crack formation
happened in the joint at aluminum side due to the lack of ductility as characteristics of
casting aluminum during the SPR process.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering
Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOST) (No.
2016R1D1A3B03935978).
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Fabricated by Cooling Plate, Master Thesis, Gyeongsang National University (2000).
Received 15. 09. 2017
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 83
Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar A356/SAPH440 Lap Joints ...
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
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/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|