Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads
Three-tier high-strength prestressed combination concave dies are designed to manifacture highpower corn combine harvester engine piston heads. This design integrates the advantages of traditional casting or hot die forging and warm extrusion. The following key parameters, viz radial dimensions of e...
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2018 |
|---|---|
| Автори: | , , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2018
|
| Назва видання: | Проблемы прочности |
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173820 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads / L.Q. Yang, Q.Q. Lv, H.M. Zhang, C H. Zhu, W.Z. Wang // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 121-129. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-173820 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1738202025-02-09T14:01:13Z Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads Конструкционная прочность и срок службы экструзионной головки для изготовления днищ поршня двигателя сельскохозяйственного оборудования Yang, L.Q. Lv, Q.Q. Zhang, H.M. Zhu, C H. Wang, W.Z. Научно-технический раздел Three-tier high-strength prestressed combination concave dies are designed to manifacture highpower corn combine harvester engine piston heads. This design integrates the advantages of traditional casting or hot die forging and warm extrusion. The following key parameters, viz radial dimensions of each mating layer, axial bonding and radial contact interaction, are obtained by theoretical calculation. Nonlinear analysis of the contact interaction was carried out, and the die contact condition was studied at no-load and full-load. Based on the Archard wear theory, thermomechanical bonding was studied in operation of the die. Through numerical simulation of the die wear in each operation cycle, the univariate linear regression equation of the die service life was derived, and the reliability of this equation was verified. The results show that the die contact is both stable and reliable if the radial contact interaction of the inner and outer layers is δ₂= 1.9716 mm and δ₃= 1.3870 mm, respectively. With the nitriding layer thickness of 0.24 mm, the extrusion die service life in the production of piston heads corresponds to 6357 pieces. Разработаны трехъярусные высокопрочные предварительно-напряженные многоместные вогнутые головки для изготовления днищ поршня двигателя мощного кукурузоуборочного комбайна. Конструкция соединяет в себе преимущества литья или горячей ковки и горячей экструзии. Радиальные размеры каждого соединяемого слоя, осевое сцепление и радиальное контактное взаимодействие рассчитаны теоретически. Выполнен нелинейный анализ контактного взаимодействия, изучены условия контактирования в головке при нулевой и полной нагрузке. На основании теории износа Арчарда выполнена оценка термомеханического сцепления в процессе эксплуатации головки. Путем численного моделирования износа головки в каждом рабочем цикле получено однопараметрическое уравнение линейной регрессии для срока ее службы; проверена достоверность данного уравнения. Показано, что контакт в головке устойчив и надежен, при радиальном контактном взаимодействии внутреннего и наружного слоев δ₂= 1.9716 мм и δ₃= 1.3870 мм соответственно. При толщине нитридного слоя 0,24 мм срок службы экструзионной головки в производстве днищ поршня соответствует 6357 изделиям. 2018 Article Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads / L.Q. Yang, Q.Q. Lv, H.M. Zhang, C H. Zhu, W.Z. Wang // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 121-129. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173820 539.4 en Проблемы прочности application/pdf Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
| spellingShingle |
Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Yang, L.Q. Lv, Q.Q. Zhang, H.M. Zhu, C H. Wang, W.Z. Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads Проблемы прочности |
| description |
Three-tier high-strength prestressed combination concave dies are designed to manifacture highpower corn combine harvester engine piston heads. This design integrates the advantages of traditional casting or hot die forging and warm extrusion. The following key parameters, viz radial dimensions of each mating layer, axial bonding and radial contact interaction, are obtained by theoretical calculation. Nonlinear analysis of the contact interaction was carried out, and the die contact condition was studied at no-load and full-load. Based on the Archard wear theory, thermomechanical bonding was studied in operation of the die. Through numerical simulation of the die wear in each operation cycle, the univariate linear regression equation of the die service life was derived, and the reliability of this equation was verified. The results show that the die contact is both stable and reliable if the radial contact interaction of the inner and outer layers is δ₂= 1.9716 mm and δ₃= 1.3870 mm, respectively. With the nitriding layer thickness of 0.24 mm, the extrusion die service life in the production of piston heads corresponds to 6357 pieces. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Yang, L.Q. Lv, Q.Q. Zhang, H.M. Zhu, C H. Wang, W.Z. |
| author_facet |
Yang, L.Q. Lv, Q.Q. Zhang, H.M. Zhu, C H. Wang, W.Z. |
| author_sort |
Yang, L.Q. |
| title |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads |
| title_short |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads |
| title_full |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads |
| title_fullStr |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads |
| title_sort |
structural strength and service life of the extrusion forming die for agricultural engine piston heads |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173820 |
| citation_txt |
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads / L.Q. Yang, Q.Q. Lv, H.M. Zhang, C H. Zhu, W.Z. Wang // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 121-129. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Проблемы прочности |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT yanglq structuralstrengthandservicelifeoftheextrusionformingdieforagriculturalenginepistonheads AT lvqq structuralstrengthandservicelifeoftheextrusionformingdieforagriculturalenginepistonheads AT zhanghm structuralstrengthandservicelifeoftheextrusionformingdieforagriculturalenginepistonheads AT zhuch structuralstrengthandservicelifeoftheextrusionformingdieforagriculturalenginepistonheads AT wangwz structuralstrengthandservicelifeoftheextrusionformingdieforagriculturalenginepistonheads AT yanglq konstrukcionnaâpročnostʹisrokslužbyékstruzionnojgolovkidlâizgotovleniâdniŝporšnâdvigatelâselʹskohozâjstvennogooborudovaniâ AT lvqq konstrukcionnaâpročnostʹisrokslužbyékstruzionnojgolovkidlâizgotovleniâdniŝporšnâdvigatelâselʹskohozâjstvennogooborudovaniâ AT zhanghm konstrukcionnaâpročnostʹisrokslužbyékstruzionnojgolovkidlâizgotovleniâdniŝporšnâdvigatelâselʹskohozâjstvennogooborudovaniâ AT zhuch konstrukcionnaâpročnostʹisrokslužbyékstruzionnojgolovkidlâizgotovleniâdniŝporšnâdvigatelâselʹskohozâjstvennogooborudovaniâ AT wangwz konstrukcionnaâpročnostʹisrokslužbyékstruzionnojgolovkidlâizgotovleniâdniŝporšnâdvigatelâselʹskohozâjstvennogooborudovaniâ |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-26T14:43:14Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-26T14:43:14Z |
| _version_ |
1849864446073110528 |
| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for
Agricultural Engine Piston Heads
L. Q. Yang,
a
Q. Q. Lv,
a,b
H. M. Zhang,
a
C. H. Zhu,
a
and W. Z. Wang
a,1
a School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, China
b School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou Technology and Business University,
Zhengzhou, China
1 bbgg2005@sina.com
Three-tier high-strength prestressed combination concave dies are designed to manifacture high-
power corn combine harvester engine piston heads. This design integrates the advantages of
traditional casting or hot die forging and warm extrusion. The following key parameters, viz radial
dimensions of each mating layer, axial bonding and radial contact interaction, are obtained by
theoretical calculation. Nonlinear analysis of the contact interaction was carried out, and the die
contact condition was studied at no-load and full-load. Based on the Archard wear theory,
thermomechanical bonding was studied in operation of the die. Through numerical simulation of the
die wear in each operation cycle, the univariate linear regression equation of the die service life was
derived, and the reliability of this equation was verified. The results show that the die contact is both
stable and reliable if the radial contact interaction of the inner and outer layers is �2 � 1.9716 mm
and �3 � 1.3870 mm, respectively. With the nitriding layer thickness of 0.24 mm, the extrusion die
service life in the production of piston heads corresponds to 6357 pieces.
Keywords: engine piston head, combination concave die, extrusion, structural strength,
wear, service life.
Introduction. With the acceleration of land circulation and industrialization of corn
production, the degree of corn harvest mechanization becomes higher and higher.
Biological and environmental factors enhance the further development of corn combine
harvesters in the directions of high power, efficiency, low consumption and high
intelligence [1]. On the other hand, heavy-duty operational conditions of harvester engines
deteriorate their performance [1, 2] and results in the failure, in particular, of the engine
piston heads. Given this, the improvement of piston head manufacturing technology is an
urgent problem [3].
Traditionally, piston heads are manufactured by hot die forging or casting. Hot die
forging can obtain the ideal mechanical performance for the piston head, but because of its
strong oxidation [4], dimensional accuracy cannot be guaranteed when the shape of the
piston head is complex and difficult to process. The casting method can produce more
complex shapes of pistons, but it is prone to loosening, shrinkage, segregation and other
defects. The resulting mechanical properties are usually unsuitable for high-performance
engine piston head manufacturing [5]. Pistons produced by the traditional technology
cannot meet the requirements of the high-performance engines of corn combine harvesters.
Thus, the warm extruding technology is put forward.
The three-dimensional model of the engine piston head of the corn grain harvester is
shown in Fig. 1. During the warm extruding technology’s forming process, the tangential
stress of the concave die is as high as 2312 MPa [6]. Generally, high speed steel does not
allow more than 2200 MPa [7], so the concave die and double-layer die have no practical
value. It is estimated that the die structure must adopt the three-layer prestressed combination
die. Benefits of this approach include distribution of the tangential stress of the die,
partial or complete cancellation of the tangential tensile stress acting on the inner wall of
© L. Q. YANG, Q. Q. LV, H. M. ZHANG, C. H. ZHU, W. Z. WANG, 2018
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 121
the die during the extrusion, prevention of concave die cutting to crack, and avoidance of
cross section mutation at the place of stress concentration, which actively protects the
mould.
1. Experiments.
1.1. Combined Concave Structure Design. The three-tier prestressed combination
concave die structure size: d1 114� mm, d2 186� mm, d3 292� mm, and d4 570� mm.
The corresponding available radial interference �2 � 1.9716 mm and �3 � 1.3870 mm.
Each layer adopts a surface taper of � � 1.5�. The inner layer uses tungsten HSS
W18Cr4V, the middle layer uses high toughness die steel 65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi, and the
outer layer uses Cr12MoV. In order to ensure the durability of the mold, the mold cavity
surface is treated with nitriding to a nitrided layer thickness of about 0.24 mm [8]. The
structure diagram is shown in Fig. 2.
1.2. Structure Strength Analysis of Combination Concave Die. According to the
results of the mold design, the three-dimensional assembly model of the combination
concave die was built. For the three-layer prestressed combination concave die, although
the cavity structure is more complex, the principle is still the extrusion cylinder model [9],
the concave mold cavity shape has little to do with this question. Therefore, it can be
simplified into a three straight wall form. This significantly reduces the calculation time of
the three-dimensional model, improving the solving efficiency.
When the relevant control parameters were set up in ANSYS software, the unilateral
interference amount was set at 0.9858 and 0.9858 mm, respectively. In order to facilitate
the comparison, both die no-load and work force of the two states were analyzed. The
analysis considers the working in the extrusion process, the stress field of the die, and the
complexity of the temperature field. Thus, the use of a uniformly distributed load is
adopted instead of the uniformly distributed load applied on the inner wall of the concave
die. Since the edges have sharp corners, the true stress distribution during operation is not
properly accounted for, and the edge effect is disregarded [10].
1.2.1. Contact State Analysis. The contact state is analyzed in order to study the layer
combination of the con-cave die. When a combined concave die is working in a strong
three-way stress state, the mating surface of each layer of mutual contact is uniform and
reliable; this directly determines the reliability and stability of the die. Figures 3 and 4 show
the contact state of the die at no load and during loading.
As can be seen from Figs. 3a and 4a, the mating surfaces of the die are in good and
uniform contact with each other, in the ideal bonding state (sticking), regardless of whether
the die is working or not. Figures 3b and 4b show the contact frictions between the two
layers of the die in two cases, with maximum values of 134.36 MPa and 604.48 MPa,
respectively. Figures 3c and 4c show the normal stress of the contact between the two
layers in the two cases. The maximum values are 390.7 and 2270 MPa, respectively. In
L. Q. Yang, Q. Q. Lv, H. M. Zhang, et al.
122 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
Fig. 1. 3D modeling of piston head. Fig. 2. Sectional female die structure size diagram.
Fig. 4b, at the middle and outer mating surfaces, the critical state of contact friction force
is zero, but this point corresponds to the normal stress of 500–800 MPa in Fig. 4c. The
first priority is to ensure that the concave die is a reliable match capable of stable
operation.
1.2.2. Tangential Stress State Analysis. According to the fourth strength theory, the
maximum principal stress of the concave die is its circumferential stress (tangential stress).
This is also the decisive factor of whether the die will have a tangential cracking tendency.
Figure 5 shows the maximum principal stress distribution in two cases.
As the figure shows, the inner layer and the middle layer bear compressive stress at no
load status. The maximum value is 148.06 MPa, resulting in a two-layer mating surface; the
Structural Strength and Service Life ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 123
a cb
Fig. 3. Interference fit surface contact state with no-load. Here and Fig. 4: (a) contact with the
physical state; (b) contact friction state; (c) contact normal stress state.
a b c
Fig. 4. Interference fit surface contact state with maximum load (pr � 2312 MPa).
a b
Fig. 5. The maximum main stress of sectional female die. Here and Fig. 6: (a) no-load state; (b) loaded
state (pr � 2312 MPa).
outer layer bears tensile stress, and the maximum is 595.71 MPa, resulting in the mating
surface with the middle layer. In the loaded state, the inner layer is subjected to
compressive stress, while the maximum compressive stress 591.34 MPa appears at the
interference fit with the middle layer. The latter has a tensile state under the combined
action of tension and compression, and the maximum value is 1814.2 MPa. The simulations
of the two states are realistic, and the maximum values are less than the yield limit of the
corresponding materials, indicating that the die design is safe.
1.2.3. Radial Stress State Analysis. The radial stress is the intermediate principal
stress; in actuality, that is the se-cond principal stress. The ANSYS numerical simulation
results are shown in Fig. 6. At no load status, the inner layer and the middle layer bear
compressive stress, and the maximum value is 148.13 MPa, resulting in the two-layer
mating surface; the outer layer bear tensile stress and the maximum is 473.61 MPa,
resulting in the two-layer mating surface. In the loaded state, the inner layer is subjected to
compressive stress, and the maximum compressive stress 77.65 MPa appears at the
interference fit with the middle layer. The inner side of the middle layer experiences the
combined effects of the inner layer and outer layer, resulting in the tensile stress (up to
1154.2 MPa). The lateral of the middle layer also bears the compressive stress, and its
value is about 150~350 MPa; while the entire outer layer bears tensile stresses.
Overall, tungsten high speed steel W18Cr4V is used for the inner layer, while this
material can bear high compressive stress, it cannot bear high tensile stress. The middle and
outer layer materials have high toughness and can bear both tensile and compressive stress,
conform to the actual working status of the concave die.
1.3. Die Wear Analysis and Life Prediction.
1.3.1. Finite Element Numerical Simulation of Die Wear Process. The extrusion
process of the piston head causes a strong three-dimensional stress state during which the
high-temperature blanks in the combination concave die cavity undergo drastic plastic
deformation. The flow of the material transfers with the temperature rise, dislocation slip,
hardening, deformation texture and other phenomena. There is strong friction in the mold
cavity, especially in continuous mass production; the wear of the concave die is more
significant than that of the male die. Therefore, the actual die life refers to the concave die
life.
DEFORM software was used for numerical simulation of mold wear as shown in Fig. 7.
The most cavity wear is in the abrupt change of the structure size, the side of the die core
and the starting position of the draft angle. The radial size of the die is reduced in these
positions, the billets are correspondingly reduced in diameter, and the degree of deformation
is relatively large, resulting in more serious friction. Because the dimensions either remain
unchanged or change slowly, the deformation of the material flow transfer is relatively
124 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
L. Q. Yang, Q. Q. Lv, H. M. Zhang, et al.
a b
Fig. 6. The second principal stress of sectional female die (pr � 2312 MPa).
stable and has less friction at the upper and lower parts of the die. The outermost corner is
the extrusion dead-zone position. The friction is relatively minor, but because of poor
fluidity and strong three-way stress, is likely to cause the local stress concentration.
At the upper and lower die, because the dimensions remain unchanged or change
slowly, deformation of the material flow transfer is relatively stable, with less friction. The
outermost corner is the extrusion dead-zone position, with material flow difficulties. There
the friction is relatively minor, but because of poor fluidity and strong three-way stress, is
likely to cause local stress concentration [11].
In the more serious wear and tear area take points P1, P2, and P3, it is seen from
Fig. 7 that the maximal wear occurs in the core position P3 and its value grows very fast
from the beginning of the forming process.
1.3.2. Univariate Linear Regression Equation Analysis. Using the same forming
parameters, a number of successive numerical simulations of the piston head forming were
carried out, and the maximum wear amount of the die was recorded in each forming
simulation, as shown in Table 1. Based on the ten-fold wear of the forming simulation, the
die life was derived via the univariate linear regression equation [6, 12].
The data points in Table 1 were plotted in a planar Cartesian coordinate system, and
exhibit an inversely proportional relationship between wear depth W and forming number
m. Thus, the function is expressed by the following equation:
n xm� ��. (1)
The estimated values �x and �� of the coefficients x and � are solved by using the
least squares method, define the relevant calculation parameters n W� 1 , m2, n W2 21� ,
and mn. The results are shown in Table 2.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 125
Structural Strength and Service Life ...
Fig. 7. The distribution of die wear.
T a b l e 1
Die Use Times and Wear Depth Data Sheet
Use times m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wear depth W
(� 10 5 mm)
3.69 3.58 3.51 3.43 3.36 3.31 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.16
According to the calculation results, order
L m m m
j
m
L
m m i i i
i
j
i
j
i
j
m n
,
,
( ) ,� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
���
��� 2 2
1
2
11
1
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
� �
� �( )( )m m n n m n
j
m ni i i i i
i
j
i
i
j
1
1 1
�
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
�
��
�
i
j
i
j
n n i i i
i
j
L n n n
j
n i
11
2 2
1
2
1
,
( ) ( ,, j
i
j
i
j
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
�
�
�
�
�
� ��
�� 1 2 9 10
11
, , ... , , ).
(2)
The estimated values �x and �� of the coefficients x and � are
� . ,
� �
,
,
x
L
L
n mx
j
n
j
m
m n
m m
i i
i
j
� �
� �
�
�
�
��
�
7279336
1 1
1
� �
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
� � . .x
i
j
25762 8852
1
(3)
Thereby, the univariate linear regression equation is
n xm m� � � �� 7279336 25762 8852. . . (4)
The equation fitting curve is shown in Fig. 8, the constant coefficient R 2 � 0.9633,
the fitting degree is higher.
126 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
L. Q. Yang, Q. Q. Lv, H. M. Zhang, et al.
T a b l e 2
The Least Squares Solutions
m W n W�1/ m2 n W2 21� / mn
1 0.0000369 27100.27 1 734424688.4 27100.271
2 0.0000358 27932.96 4 780250304.3 55865.92179
3 0.0000351 28490.03 9 811681723.4 85470.08547
4 0.0000343 29154.52 16 849985975.2 116618.0758
5 0.0000336 29761.9 25 885770975.1 148809.5238
6 0.0000331 30211.48 36 912733545.7 181268.8822
7 0.0000325 30769.23 49 946745562.1 215384.6154
8 0.0000321 31152.65 64 970487475.9 249221.1838
9 0.0000318 31446.54 81 988884933.3 283018.8679
10 0.0000316 31645.57 100 1001442077 316455.6962
m � ��� W ��
� 0 0003368.
n �� 297665 2. m2 385�� n2 ��
� 88604543731
mn ��
� 1679213.123
1.3.3. Regression Curve Validation. In order to verify the accuracy of the regression
curve, a comparison is made between the regression curve values and the software
simulation values for the first 20 wear values. Wc represents the regression curve values
and Ws represents the software simulation values. The results are shown in Table 3.
These 20 discrete points are compared with the regression curve once more. Figure 9
gives the results of this verification. The constant coefficient R 2 � 0.9936, which can also
be used to predict die life.
1.3.4. Die Life Prediction Calculation. When the mold is operated normally k times,
and the cumulative wear depth is W k1 , the application limit principle:
W
m
k k
k
i
1
1
7279336 257628852 7279336 257628852
�
�
�
�
�
. . . . 264908788
1
.
.
i
k
�
�
The mold cavity surface is treated with nitriding [13]. The thickness of the nitrided
layer is 0.24 mm, and the wear of the nitrided layer was taken as the standard for the die
life [8], so order:
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 127
Structural Strength and Service Life ...
T a b l e 3
Regression Curve Accuracy Verification Data Table
Working times m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Simulation values
Ws (� 10 5 mm)
3.69 3.58 3.51 3.43 3.36 3.31 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.16
Regression curve
values Wc
(� 10 5 mm)
3.77 3.67 3.57 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.17 3.09 3.03
Working times m 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Simulation values
Ws (� 10 5 mm)
3.11 2.93 2.87 2.78 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.46
Regression curve
values Wc
(� 10 5 mm)
2.96 2.90 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.48
Fig. 8. The univariate linear regression fitting curve.
W
k
k1
264908788
024 � �
.
. .
It was determined that k � 6357.8. That is, the piston head can manufacture 6357 pieces by
the die.
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1. Research results. Based on the study of the warm extrusion process as applied to
the engine piston head of the corn combine harvester, a three-layer pre-stressed combination
concave die was designed. The contact state and structural strength of the reliability for this
combination concave die has been verified by ANSYS software. Based on DEFORM
software, the Archard wear theory model was adopted. The maximum wear quantity of the
die for multiple service was reported, the least square method was used to estimate these
discrete points, and the linear regression equation of these discrete points was successfully
obtained. The wear quantity service times of the mold were was obtained, and the fitting
curve is validated and analyzed. It was determined that the linear regression equation was
reliable. Finally, it was found that the design life of the die is about 6357 pieces.
2.2. Limitation Analysis of Die Life Prediction. Die failure contains many uncertain
factors, including high temperature and high pressure, friction, alternating heat and cold
stress, stress concentration, and additional loading in the extrusion forming process.
Therefore, the prediction calculation of the mold life is very complex, and it is difficult to
express all of these factors with a simple theoretical model. Thus far, there has been no
effective means to accurately predict the mold life. The current finite element analysis is
also based on the main impact factors to make it more accurate to the true state of the
forecast [14].
C o n c l u s i o n s
1. The theoretical calculation values of the unilateral interference of the three-layer
prestressed combination concave die are 0.9858 and 0.6953 mm, respectively. ANSYS
finite element analysis showed that the combination die showed a good contact state in both
no-load and full load conditions. The inner die was subjected to compressive stress
regardless of load in order to ensure the reliability of the match.
2. The middle and outer layers of the die are subjected to alternating stress along the
radial displacement during both no-load and load working cycles, which may cause fatigue
128 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
L. Q. Yang, Q. Q. Lv, H. M. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 9. Curve value and software value verification.
during long-term use. Tangential stress always dominates between the middle and the outer
layers of the combination die, which is the root cause of tangential cracking of the die.
Therefore, the die life can be effectively extended if the tangential stress is reduced.
3. In the extrusion process of thermomechanical coupling and three-dimensional
stress, the core wear of the composite die is the largest, and it should be adopted as the
failure criterion. Based on the Archard wear theory model and the least square method, the
linear regression equation was established and the reliability of the equation was validated.
Finally, the design life of the die was estimated to be 6357 pieces.
1. P. Miu, Combine Harvesters: Theory, Modeling, and Design, CRC Press of Taylor &
Francis Group, Boca Raton (2016).
2. M. R. M. Aliha, A. Bahmani, and S. Akhondi, “Fracture and fatigue analysis for a
cracked carabiner using 3D finite element simulations,” Strength Mater., 47, No. 6,
890–902 (2015).
3. C. J. Chen, Q. D. Wang, D. D. Yin, and W. J. Dong, “Research process in piston
materials of combustion engine,” Mater. Rev., 23, No. 8, 62–65 (2009).
4. R. Matsumoto, Y. Osumi, and H. Utsunomiya, “Reduction of friction of steel covered
with oxide scale in hot forging,” J. Mater. Process. Tech., 214, No. 3, 651–659
(2014).
5. Q. Q. Lv, Q. M. Guan, L. Q. Yang, and X. K. Wang, “The optimization design study
of warm extrusion forming technology for piston head of semi-processed,” Adv.
Mater. Res., 803, 375–378 (2013).
6. L. Q. Yang, Key Technology Research of Warm Extrusion Forming for Engine Piston
Head [in Chinese], Guizhou University, Guiyang (2013).
7. S. Z. Zhang, Extrusion Technology and Mold Design [in Chinese], Chemical Industry
Press, Beijing (2009).
8. G. Y. Lin, D. Feng, X. Y. Zheng, et al., “Analysis of influence of extrusion times on
total die wear based on Archard theory,” J. Centr. South Univ. (Sci. and Tech.), 40,
No. 5, 1245–251 (2009).
9. D. Landgrebe, A. Sterzing, N. Schubert, and M. Bergmann, “Influence of die
geometry on performance in gradation extrusion using numerical simulation and
analytical calculation,” CIRP Annals, 65, No. 1, 269–272 (2016).
10. X. Bai, X. T. Wang, L. P. Sun, et al., “Edge effect analysis for sphere-cylinder
combined shell of mono-shell submarine,” J. Harbin Eng. Univ., 34, No. 4, 409–414
(2013).
11. L. Zou, J. C. Xia, X. Y. Wang, and G. Hu, “Optimization of die profile for improving
die life in the hot extrusion process,” J. Mater. Process. Tech., 142, No. 3, 659–664
(2003).
12. Z. M. Sun, Research on Warm Extrusion of Gear Based on FEM [in Chinese], Hefei
University of Technology, Hefei (2006).
13. Y. Birol and B. Yuksel, “Performance of gas nitrided and AlTiN coated AISI H13 hot
work tool steel in aluminium extrusion,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 207, 461–466 (2012).
14. D. H. Kim, H. C. Lee, B. M. Kim, and K. H. Kim, “Estimation of die service life
against plastic deformation and wear during hot forging processes,” J. Mater. Process.
Tech., 166, 372–380 (2005).
Received 15. 09. 2017
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 129
Structural Strength and Service Life ...
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
/AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true
/AutoRotatePages /None
/Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Tags
/CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true
/PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/DetectCurves 0.0000
/ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false
/ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveFlatness true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments false
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 1200
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages false
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 1200
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages false
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages false
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None)
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false
/Description <<
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
/BGR <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>
/CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
/CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
/CZE <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>
/DAN <FEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002e>
/DEU <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>
/ESP <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>
/ETI <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>
/FRA <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>
/GRE <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>
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
/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
/HUN <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>
/ITA <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>
/JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
/KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
/LTH <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>
/LVI <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>
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
/NOR <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>
/POL <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>
/PTB <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>
/RUM <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>
/RUS <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>
/SKY <FEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002e>
/SLV <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>
/SUO <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>
/SVE <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>
/TUR <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>
/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|