Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology

Introduction. Today, we can use phrase “the world’s first” for many inventions of Ukrainian scientists. Ukraine is a country with a high level of science development. As a proof of this statement, one may take the international recognition of achievements made by Ukrainian scientists in different...

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Date:	2019
Main Authors:	Buyak, B.B., Korsun, I.V., Matsyuk, V.M.
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України 2019
Series:	Наука та інновації
Subjects:	Cвіт інновацій
Online Access:	https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/174116
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Cite this:	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology / B.B. Buyak, I.V. Korsun, V.M. Matsyuk // Наука та інновації. - 2019. — 2019. — Т. 15, № 6. — С. 98-106. — Бібліогр.: 45 назв. — англ.

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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

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spelling	nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1741162025-02-09T11:35:34Z Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology Внесок українських вчених у розвиток техніки Вклад украинских ученых в развитие техники Buyak, B.B. Korsun, I.V. Matsyuk, V.M. Cвіт інновацій Introduction. Today, we can use phrase “the world’s first” for many inventions of Ukrainian scientists. Ukraine is a country with a high level of science development. As a proof of this statement, one may take the international recognition of achievements made by Ukrainian scientists in different areas of technology. Problem Statement. Ukraine aspires to become an equal member of the European Union. It is important that Ukrainians do not lose their national identity in this direction of movement. Disseminating knowledge about Ukrainian scientists is one of the ways to increase Ukraine's recognition in the world. That is why it is necessary to demonstrate to the world community the achievements of Ukrainian scientists and their high scientific level. Purpose. The research is aimed at justifying importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works for the development of technology in the world. Materials and Methods. The analytical review of the works of Ukrainian scientists that have the great importance for the development of technology in the world, was carried out. Results. The importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works in photography, cinematograph, electric welding, computer technology, aviation, astronomy, rocket science and astronautics has been proved. Ukrainian scientists were among the first in the invention of television, electric tram and radio control. Thanks to the work of our compatriots, it became possible to launch the first artificial satellite of the Earth, to make the flight of man to space, the exit of man in open space and landing on the surface of the Moon. Conclusions. Priority of Ukrainian scientists' works in many researches testifies to their significant contribution to the development of world technologies. Coverage of this contribution should by no means ignite interethnic animosity, but it can serve as an incentive to realize the national identity of Ukrainians in the context of world integration. The main principle is that science should unite peoples, and be the foundation of peace in the world. Given that Ukraine has significant achievements in science and technology, further research in this area is appropriate. Вступ. Сьогодні фразу «найперший у світі» можна застосувати для чималої кількості винаходів українських вче них. Україна є країною з високим рівнем розвитку науки, а доказом цього твердження є внесок українських науковців у різні галузі техніки. Проблематика. Україна прагне стати рівноправним членом Європейського Союзу. Важливо, щоб українці не втратили свою національну ідентичність при такому напрямку руху. Одним з шляхів підвищення впізнаваності України у світі є поширення знань про українських вчених через демонстрування світовій спільноті досягнень українських науковців та їх високого наукового рівня. Мета. Висвітлення важливості робіт українських науковців для розвитку техніки у світі. Матеріали й методи. Аналітичний огляд низки наукових робіт в галузі техніки. Результати. Досліджено внесок українських вчених у розвиток техніки у світі та проведено класифікацію відповідно до галузей. Показано важливість робіт українських науковців для розвитку фотографії, кінематографу, електричного зварювання, комп'ютерних технологій, авіації, астрономії, ракетної техніки та космонавтики. Українські вчені були серед перших у винаході телебачення, електричного трамваю та дистанційного керування об'єктами. Завдяки роботам наших співвітчизників став можливим запуск першого штучного супутника Землі, політ людини у космос, вихід людини у відкритий космос та приземлення на поверхню Місяця. Висновки. Пріоритетність робіт українських вчених у ряді досліджень свідчить про вагомий їх внесок у розвиток світових технологій. Висвітлення даного внеску в жодному разі не повинно розпалювати міжнаціональну ворожнечу, проте може слугувати стимулом для усвідомлення власної національної ідентичності українців в умовах світової інтеграції. При цьому, головним принципом є те, що наука має об'єднувати народи і бути фундаментом миру у світі. Зважаючи на те, що Україна має вагомі досягнення у науці й техніці, доцільними є подальші дослідження у зазначеному напрямку. Введение. Сегодня фразу «первый в мире» можно использовать для многих изобретений украинских ученых. Украина является страной с высоким уровнем развития науки. Доказательством этого утверждения является вклад ук раинских ученых в различные отрасли техники. Проблематика. Украина стремится стать равноправным членом Европейского Союза. Важно, чтобы украинцы не утратили свою национальную идентичность при этом направлении движения. Распространение знаний об украинских ученых является одним из путей повышения узнаваемости Украины в мире. Поэтому необходимо демонстрировать мировому сообществу достижения украинских ученых и их высокий научный уровень. Цель. Oбоснование важности работ украинских ученых для развития техники в мире. Материалы и методы. Аналитический обзор ряда научных работ в области техники. Результаты. Доказана важность работ украинских ученых для развития фотографии, кинематографа, электрической сварки, компьютерных технологий, авиации, астрономии, ракетной техники и космонавтики. Украинские ученые были среди первых в изобретении телевидения, электрического трамвая и дистанционного управления объектами. Благодаря работам наших соотечественников стал возможным запуск первого искусственного спутника Земли, полет человека в космос, выход человека в открытый космос и приземления на поверхность Луны. Выводы. Приоритетность работ украинских ученых в ряде исследований свидетельствует о весомом их вкладе в развитие мировых технологий. Освещение этого вклада ни в коем случае не должно разжигать межнациональную рознь, однако может служить стимулом для осознания собственной национальной идентичности украинцев в условиях мировой интеграции. Главным принципом является то, что наука должна объединять народы и быть фундаментом мира. Украина имеет весомые достижения в науке и технике, а поэтому целесообразно проводить дальнейшие исследования в указанном направлении. The authors of this article are thankful to anonymous reviewer for important comments. 2019 Article Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology / B.B. Buyak, I.V. Korsun, V.M. Matsyuk // Наука та інновації. - 2019. — 2019. — Т. 15, № 6. — С. 98-106. — Бібліогр.: 45 назв. — англ. 1815-2066 DOI: doi.org/10.15407/scin15.06.098 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/174116 en Наука та інновації application/pdf Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України
institution	Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection	DSpace DC
language	English
topic	Cвіт інновацій Cвіт інновацій
spellingShingle	Cвіт інновацій Cвіт інновацій Buyak, B.B. Korsun, I.V. Matsyuk, V.M. Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology Наука та інновації
description	Introduction. Today, we can use phrase “the world’s first” for many inventions of Ukrainian scientists. Ukraine is a country with a high level of science development. As a proof of this statement, one may take the international recognition of achievements made by Ukrainian scientists in different areas of technology. Problem Statement. Ukraine aspires to become an equal member of the European Union. It is important that Ukrainians do not lose their national identity in this direction of movement. Disseminating knowledge about Ukrainian scientists is one of the ways to increase Ukraine's recognition in the world. That is why it is necessary to demonstrate to the world community the achievements of Ukrainian scientists and their high scientific level. Purpose. The research is aimed at justifying importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works for the development of technology in the world. Materials and Methods. The analytical review of the works of Ukrainian scientists that have the great importance for the development of technology in the world, was carried out. Results. The importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works in photography, cinematograph, electric welding, computer technology, aviation, astronomy, rocket science and astronautics has been proved. Ukrainian scientists were among the first in the invention of television, electric tram and radio control. Thanks to the work of our compatriots, it became possible to launch the first artificial satellite of the Earth, to make the flight of man to space, the exit of man in open space and landing on the surface of the Moon. Conclusions. Priority of Ukrainian scientists' works in many researches testifies to their significant contribution to the development of world technologies. Coverage of this contribution should by no means ignite interethnic animosity, but it can serve as an incentive to realize the national identity of Ukrainians in the context of world integration. The main principle is that science should unite peoples, and be the foundation of peace in the world. Given that Ukraine has significant achievements in science and technology, further research in this area is appropriate.
format	Article
author	Buyak, B.B. Korsun, I.V. Matsyuk, V.M.
author_facet	Buyak, B.B. Korsun, I.V. Matsyuk, V.M.
author_sort	Buyak, B.B.
title	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology
title_short	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology
title_full	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology
title_fullStr	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology
title_full_unstemmed	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology
title_sort	contribution of ukrainian scientists to the development of technology
publisher	Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України
publishDate	2019
topic_facet	Cвіт інновацій
url	https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/174116
citation_txt	Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology / B.B. Buyak, I.V. Korsun, V.M. Matsyuk // Наука та інновації. - 2019. — 2019. — Т. 15, № 6. — С. 98-106. — Бібліогр.: 45 назв. — англ.
series	Наука та інновації
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fulltext	98 Buyak, B.B., Korsun, I.V., and Matsyuk, V.M. Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 2, M. Kryvonos St., Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine, +380 352 43 5880, info@tnpu.edu.ua CONTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIAN SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY © BUYAK, B.B., KORSUN, I.V., and MATSYUK, V.M., 2019 Introduction. Today, we can use phrase “the world’s first” for many inventions of Ukrainian scientists. Ukraine is a count- ry with a high level of science development. As a proof of this statement, one may take the international recognition of achievements made by Ukrainian scientists in different areas of technology. Problem Statement. Ukraine aspires to become an equal member of the European Union. It is important that Ukrainians do not lose their national identity in this direction of movement. Disseminating knowledge about Ukrainian scientists is one of the ways to increase Ukraine's recognition in the world. That is why it is necessary to demonstrate to the world commu- nity the achievements of Ukrainian scientists and their high scientific level. Purpose. The research is aimed at justifying importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works for the development of techno- logy in the world. Materials and Methods. The analytical review of the works of Ukrainian scientists that have the great importance for the development of technology in the world, was carried out. Results. The importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works in photography, cinematograph, electric welding, computer tech- nology, aviation, astronomy, rocket science and astronautics has been proved. Ukrainian scientists were among the first in the invention of television, electric tram and radio control. Thanks to the work of our compatriots, it became possible to launch the first artificial satellite of the Earth, to make the flight of man to space, the exit of man in open space and landing on the surface of the Moon. Conclusions. Priority of Ukrainian scientists' works in many researches testifies to their significant contribution to the development of world technologies. Coverage of this contribution should by no means ignite interethnic animosity, but it can serve as an incentive to realize the national identity of Ukrainians in the context of world integration. The main principle is that science should unite peoples, and be the foundation of peace in the world. Given that Ukraine has significant achievements in science and technology, further research in this area is appropriate. K e y w o r d s : Ukrainian scientists, technology, and inventions. In 1999, the Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) requested that the Organization should be associated with the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of O.T. Smakula (1900—1983) [1]. There- fore, at its 157th session, the Executive Board of the Organization decided the UNESCO to join the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Ukrainian physicist, on September 9, 2000. It is well known that O. Smakula of Carl Zeiss AG company (Jena) invented and patented the world’s first optical anti-reflective coatings in 1935 [2] without which it is impossible to imagine modern optical technology. “Ale xander Smakula challenged the boundaries of accepted optics and made an invention which has impro- ved the life and work of millions of people”, says Dr. Heinen, Executive Vice President and Gen- eral Manager of The Vision Care Business Group at Carl Zeiss AG [3]. ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15(6), 98—106 https://doi.org/10.15407/scin15.06.099 Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) 99 The contribution of Ukrainian scholars to the de velopment of science in the world was demon- strated in some manuals [4—9], as well as many scien- tific and methodological papers. Today, we can use phrase “the world’s first” for many inventions of Ukrainian scientists. The aim of article is to pro- ve the importance of Ukrainian scientists’ works for the development of technology in the world. PHOTOGRAPHY E.A. Kirillov (1883—1964) is a founder of the Odesa scientific school in scientific photography. In 1930, he discovered the phenomenon of nega- tive photoeffect and showed that this phenome- non associated with the process of latent photo- graphic image formation. The Ukrainian scientist developed the theory of the origin of a photo- graphic image [10, 11] and fulfilled researches of the phenomena that play an important role for the fabrication of photographic materials. In 1937—1945, Ukrainian physicist O.O. Stasiw (1903—1985) worked as the head of a laboratory at the Zeiss Icon firm in Dresden (Germany). At that time, there emerged a problem concerning the enhancement of the photographic film sensitivi- ty, and O. Stasiw worked at that problem. In 1938, R. Gurney and N. Mott developed the theory of la- tent photographic image formation [12]. However, some aspects of this theory (e.g., the structure of capture centers, the types of charge carriers and the mechanisms of their localization, and possible ways to enhance the sensitivity of photographic mate- rials) remained obscure. The corresponding resear- ches were carried out by O. Stasiw and J. Teltow [13]. In this sense, the Stasiw-Teltow model essentially developed and specified the Mott-Gurney theory, which had a considerable value for the perfection of the technology of photographic materials. CINEMATOGRAPH It is generally recognized that French inven- tors Auguste and Louis Lumière invented a cine- matograph. In 1895, the Lumière brothers demon- stated the film which is officially considered the world’s first motion picture [14]. In the Museum of Applied Knowledge (Mos- cow, Russia) there is an exhibit of the first in the world mechanism for the change of images in the photo [15]. The mechanic of the Imperial Novo- rossiysk University (Odesa, Ukraine) Y.A. Tym- chenko (1852—1924) was an author of the pre- sent invention. The first public demonstration of films took place in Odessa on November, 1893. An announcement of Odessa newspaper contai- ned information about the demonstration of films by Y. Tymchenko at the France hotel. On Janua- ry 9, 1894, Y. Tymchenko demonstrated the first prototype of a cinema camera in Moscow [16]. In this way, Y. Tymchenko is a creator of cine- matograph. Yosyf Andriiovych Tymchenko An announcement in the newspaper “Odesskii listok” (7 November, 1893) Buyak, B.B., Korsun, I.V., and Matsyuk, V.M. 100 ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) TELEVISION Many scientists worked on developing the prin- ciples of television. But most scientists used the mechanical method of transmitting impulses. The- refore, the inventors did not get the desired result. For the first time in the world, Ukrainian in ven- tor B.P. Grabovskyi (1901—1966) created an elect- ronic system on wireless transmission of a moving image at distance. In 1921—1923, the scientist de- veloped and constructed an electronic transmit- ting tube, and then worked on the improvement of TV equipment. In 1928, B. Grabovskyi to gether with M. Piskunov and V. Popov received a patent on electronic television [17]. On July 26, 1928, B. Grabovskyi and I. Beliansky carried out a prac- ti cal transfer the moving image for a distance. ELECTRIC WELDING In 1885, Ukrainian scientist М.М. Benardos (1842—1905) received a patent on own method of electric arc welding of metals in a number of European countries (France, Belgium, England, Swe den, and Germany). It was possible to cut me- tal using the Benardos method. M. Benardos no- ted the possibility of using the electric welding un- der the water [18]. For the first time in the world, Ukrainian scientist K.K. Khrenov (1894—1984) experimentally demonstrated the possibility of stable work of the electric arc under the water in 1932. K. Khrenov developed methods of under- water electric welding and cutting metals [19]. In 1934, Ye.O. Paton (1870—1953) founded Elec t- ric Welding Institute that is world famous. Uk- rainian scientists led by Ye. Paton developed a me- t hod of high-speed welding in 1930—1940 [20]. The method of Ukrainian scientists allowed refu- sing manual welding. Such technology appea red in the United States only in 1944. P.I. Sevbo (1900— 2001) developed the equipment for the high-speed automatic submerged arc welding of Т-34 tank armor [21]. Paton Bridge is the world’s first fully welded bridge. The bridge across the Dnipro Ri- ver (Kyiv, Ukraine) has length at 1543 meters and named after its constructor Ye. Paton. Ukrainian scientists continue to study the me- t hods of electric welding under the leadership of B.Ye. Paton. B. Paton is an author and co-author of more than 720 inventions (500 foreign patents) and more than 1200 various published works. For the first time in the world, the Ukrainian scien- tists of the Paton Electric Welding Institute de- veloped special equipment for conducting elect- ric welding in space. ELECTRIC TRAM Ukrainian engineer F.А. Pirotskyi (1845—1898) is an inventor of the world’s first electric tram [22]. In 1874, F.А. Pirotskyi conducted a series of experiments, which demonstrated the possibi- lity of transmitting electricity at a distance. The Ukrainian researcher came to the idea of using the existing railways for electricity transmission. Fedir Apollonovych Pirotskyi B. P. Grabovskyi with a device for transmitting moving images to a distance (poster on public lection, 1926) Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) 101 In 1880, Pirotskyi demonstrated the transmis- sion of electric current along the railways in St. Pe tersburg (Russian Empire) [23]. The car- riage mo ved along the rails at a voltage of 100 V. F. Pirotskyi did not have money to continue his experiments, and the government of the Russian Empire was not interested in the invention. But the works of Pirotskyi stirred interest around the world. In 1881, the world’s first electric tram line was opened in Berlin (Germany). Only in 1892, the first permanent tram line was opened in the Russian Empire (Kyiv). RADIO CONTROL It is known that M.D. Pylchykov (1857—1908) gave a lecture at the Imperial Novorossiysk Uni- versity (Odessa, Ukraine) on March 23, 1898 [24]. During lecture the Ukrainian scientist demon- strated the work of the clock, semaphore and lighthouse, which were guided by radio waves. For the first time, Serbian inventor N. Tesla pub- licly demonstrated his radio system only in Sep- tember 1898, during the First Annual Electrical Exhibition [25]. It was a boat, which sailed in a pool in the great hall of Madison Square Garden (USA). In this way, M. Pylchykov is the first in the world who demonstrated radio control. The Ukrainian inventor also constructed a radiopro- tector for protect radio transmissions from inter- ception. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY J.V. Atanasoff, professor of mathematics and physics at Iowa State College (USA), with C.E. Ber- ry, his graduate assistant, completed a successful model of the first electronic digital computer on May, 1942 [26]. The Atanasoff-Berry computer was the world’s first electronic computer, named for its inventors. J. Atanasoff used works of Ukrai- nian mathematician M.P. Kravchuk (1892—1942) when he created the first electronic computer [27]. M. Kravchuk is an author of more than 180 works on mathematics and applied mathematics. In 1937, Atanasoff wrote to the Ukrainian ma t he- matician and Ukrainian Association for Cultural Relations and asked to send him works of M. Krav- chuk [28]. J. Atanasoff translated several works of Kravchuk on English, but the translations re- mained unpublished. The first computer in continental Europe was created in Ukraine at the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the UkSSR under the direction of S.O. Lebedev on De- cember 25, 1951. Ukrainian scientists were the third in the world after scientists of USA and Great Britain in creation of electronic computer. AVIATION On September 14, 1939, the Ukrainian const- ructor I.I. Sikorsky (1889—1972) made the first ex- A part of the railway (St. Petersburg) was used as a line of electricity transmission The first flight of I. Sikorsky on the prototype VS-300 heli- copter (Sikorsky Historical Archives) Buyak, B.B., Korsun, I.V., and Matsyuk, V.M. 102 ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) perimental flight on helicopter [29]. The success- ful flight happened at Stratford, Connecticut (USA), and its duration was 10 seconds. I. Sikorsky de- monstrated that the helicopter could be control- led. The prototype VS-300 helicopter had single main rotor and single tail rotor. According to Fox (2005), “no real helicopter production run occur- red until Sikorsky started building R-4 helicop- ters for the US Army Air Corp with first delivery in 1944” [30]. In this way, the helicopter of Sikor- sky was the first helicopter, which was made in full-scale production. I. Sikorsky is also an author of the first aircrafts with multiple motors, turbine helicopter, and amphibious helicopter. Russian aircraft designer O.K. Antonov (1906— 1984) worked in Ukraine during many years. He created about 30 models of gliders. The designer was a known popularizer of aviation [31]. O. An- tonov was the first chief of an aircraft company in Ukraine, later named in his honour. Today Anto- nov State Company is a famous aircraft company in the world. Over 22.000 Antonov aircraft have been built and many of them have been exported to over 50 countries. AN-225 Mriia is the world’s largest plane, which rose into the air more than once and has more than 240 world records. It is known that the world’s first unmanned space pla- ne Buran was mounted on AN-225 Mriia [32]. ASTRONOMY For the first time in the world, Ukrainian ast- ronomer M. P. Barabashov (1894—1971) proved the possibility of landing of man on the Moon. The Ukrainian scientist created own astronomical ob- servatory in Kharkiv. At his astronomical obser- vatory, the scientist investigated the phenomenon of reflection of light by the Moon and showed that the surface of satellite consists of vol canic rock basalt type with a high porosity. M. Barabas- hov made this discovery in 1918 and published later [33]. Only in the 1960s, after flights to the Moon, the theory of basaltic type of the surface of the satellite was confirmed. M. Barabashov ope- ned the polar caps on Mars, the ice crystals at Ve- nus’ atmosphere, photographed the solar coro- na, and also studied Jupiter and Saturn. Scientist was known as a popularizer of astronomy [34]. Ukrainian astronomer K.I. Churyumov (1937— 2016) popularized the science in our country and abroad. K. Churyumov known thanks to the pho- tographic observations of celestial bodies. The scien tist together with employees discovered two comets that are named 67P/Churyumov-Gerasi- menko (1969) and C/1986 N1 Churyumov-Solo- dоv nikov (1986). In 2004, European probe Roset- ta with Philae module was launched. In 2014, the Philae module successfully landed on the co met 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. For the first time in history, a spacecraft landing on a comet. Roset- ta made several important discoveries [35, 36]. ROCKET SCIENCE Ukrainian constructor G.E. Langemak (1898— 1938) introduced the term “cosmonautics”, he was a constructor of missile technology [37, 38] and worked with V.P. Glushko (1908—1989) and S.P. Korolov (1906—1966). V. Glushko was an author of first in the USSR rockets engine on li- quid fuel. G. Langemak was a main constructor of Katyusha rocket launchers that was successfully used by Soviet Union during World War II. Russian constructor M.K. Yangel (1911— 1971) has the Ukrainian origin. For the first time in the world, M. Yangel offered the idea of “mor- tar launch”. According to this idea, rocket kept in a large container, which transported. It gave the M. Barabashov near home astronomical observatory in Kharkiv Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) 103 opportunity to launch rocket from any point of the country. Scientists of USA solved this task only after five years. From 1954, M. Yangel headed Yuzhnoye State Design Office (Dnipro, Ukraine). Scientist was a one of the main constructors of the Satan rocket that is the most powerful intercontinental rocket in the world. This rocket was created in Yuzh- noye State Design Office. M. Yangel was an aut- hor of Zenit rocket, which is used in Sea Launch program. Environmentally friendly space Zenit roc ket has a completely automated process of preparation and start-up. This provides highly accurate output spacecraft to orbit. Today, Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office is a world leader in the use of military strategic rockets for space carriers. There are 876 success- ful launches of rockets at this moment [39]. On 18 October, 2016, in Virginia (USA) the success- ful launch of Antares OA5 rocket has been held. Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office and other Ukrainian companies took part in the creation of the first stage of this rocket [40]. ASTRONAUTICS Yu.V. Kondratiuk, real name is O.G. Shargei, (1897—1942) is an author of the first known Lu- nar Orbit Rendezvous. Scientist created a con- cept of landing spacecraft on the Moon. His basic ideas on astronautics were published in 1929 [41]. Ukrainian scientist explained how to slow the spacecraft during landing, gave the basic equa- tions of motion missiles, explored the structure of the jet engine and fuels for him, suggested using the gyroscope for orientation of spacecraft. Ame- rican scientists developed an Apollo program, based on the ideas of Yu. Kondratiuk [42]. Ame- rican scientist of Ukrainian origin I.D. Bogachevs- ky (1928—2010) realized the ideas of Yu. Kond- ratiuk and created the theory of the return of a spacecraft to an orbital station from the surface of another planet. This made it possible to return to Earth a spacecraft in the Apollo program. The landing of man on Moon was successfully comp- leted on July 21, 1969. It is known that first intercontinental ballistic missile was launched on 21 August, 1957; the first artificial Earth satellite was launched on Octo- ber 4, 1957; Yu.A. Gagarin made the first flight to space on April 12, 1961; A.A. Leonov made the first exit in open space on March 18, 1965. The Ukrainian constructor S.P. Korolov managed all these projects [43]. According to L.K. Kadeniuk (1951—2018), the first astronaut of independent Ukraine, “Ukraine is among of six states in the world, which have the complete cycle of space technology produc- tion...” [44]. In this sense, we can note that “stu- dies estimate a USD 7—14 return on invest ment for every $1 of NASA expenditure” [45]. In our study, a small number of works has been analyzed. But we may draw conclusion about a considerable contribution of Ukrainian scien tists to the creation of technology in the world. In par- ticular, the invention of cinematograph, televi- sion, electric tram, electric welding and radio cont rol, the creation of the first helicopters and the world’s largest transport aircraft, the launch of first Sputnik, the first flight of man to space, the first exit of man in open space, the landing of first man on Moon were made thanks to the work of Ukrainian scientists. Acknowledgments. The authors of this article are thankful to anonymous reviewer for important comments. REFERENCES 1. Proposals by member states concerning the celebration of anniversaries with which UNESCO could be associated in 2000—2001. Hundred and fifty-seventh Session, 4 October, 1999, Paris. 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Science, 347(6220), 1261952—1261952. doi: 10.1126/ science.1261952. 36. Rubin, M., Altwegg, K., Balsiger, H., Bar-Nun, A., Berthelier, J. J., Bieler, A., ... Wurz, P. (2015). Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature. Science, 348(6231), 232—235. doi: 10.1126/ science.aaa6100. 37. Langemak, G. E. (1934). Projectiles, traction missiles. Design of reactive missiles and traction missiles. Leningrad [in Russian]. 38. Langemak, G. E., Glushko, V. P. (1935). Missiles, their construction and using. Moscow, Leningrad: Glavhaia redaktsia aviatsonnoi literatury [in Russian]. 39. Yuzhnoye Design Office. URL: http://www.yuzhnoye.com/en/home/ (Last accessed: 04.11.2018). 40. The successful launch of the carrier rocket “Antares”. URL: http://www.yuzhmash.com/presscenter/news/ new?id=252# (Last accessed: 04.11.2018). 41. Kondratiuk, Yu. (1929). Conquest of interplanetary space. Novosibirsk [in Russian]. 42. Harvey, B. (2007). Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Chichester: Springer — Praxis Publishing. 43. West, J. B. (2001). Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program. Journal of Applied Phy sio- logy, 91, 1501—1511. 44. Kadeniuk, L. (11 March, 2011). Ukraine may lose the status of space state. URL: http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ news/2011/03/110311_kadenyuk_shuttle_ak.shtml (Last accesed: 21.10.2018) (in Ukrainian). 45. Lyons, L. (9 September, 2013). 5 Popular Misconceptions about NASA. URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ lauren-lyons/misconceptions-nasa_b_3561205.html (Last accessed: 10.11.2018). Стаття надійшла до редакції / Received 28.11.18 Статтю прорецензовано / Revised 20.02.19 Статтю підписано до друку / Accepted 10.04.19 Б.Б. Буяк, І.В. Корсун, В.М. Мацюк Тернопільський національний педагогічний університет імені Володимира Гнатюка, вул. М. Кривоноса, 2, Тернопіль, 46027, Україна, +380 352 43 5880, info@tnpu.edu.ua ВНЕСОК УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ВЧЕНИХ У РОЗВИТОК ТЕХНІКИ Вступ. Сьогодні фразу «найперший у світі» можна застосувати для чималої кількості винаходів українських вче них. Україна є країною з високим рівнем розвитку науки, а доказом цього твердження є внесок українських нау- ковців у різні галузі техніки. Проблематика. Україна прагне стати рівноправним членом Європейського Союзу. Важливо, щоб українці не втра- тили свою національну ідентичність при такому напрямку руху. Одним з шляхів підвищення впізнаваності України у світі є поширення знань про українських вчених через демонстрування світовій спільноті досягнень українських науковців та їх високого наукового рівня. Мета. Висвітлення важливості робіт українських науковців для розвитку техніки у світі. Матеріали й методи. Аналітичний огляд низки наукових робіт в галузі техніки. Результати. Досліджено внесок українських вчених у розвиток техніки у світі та проведено класифікацію від- повідно до галузей. Показано важливість робіт українських науковців для розвитку фотографії, кінематографу, елект- ричного зварювання, комп’ютерних технологій, авіації, астрономії, ракетної техніки та космонавтики. Українські вче- ні були серед перших у винаході телебачення, електричного трамваю та дистанційного керування об’єктами. Завдяки роботам наших співвітчизників став можливим запуск першого штучного супутника Землі, політ людини у космос, вихід людини у відкритий космос та приземлення на поверхню Місяця. Buyak, B.B., Korsun, I.V., and Matsyuk, V.M. 106 ISSN 1815-2066. Nauka innov., 2019, 15 (6) Висновки. Пріоритетність робіт українських вчених у ряді досліджень свідчить про вагомий їх внесок у розвиток світових технологій. Висвітлення даного внеску в жодному разі не повинно розпалювати міжнаціональну ворожнечу, проте може слугувати стимулом для усвідомлення власної національної ідентичності українців в умовах світової інтеграції. При цьому, головним принципом є те, що наука має об’єднувати народи і бути фундаментом миру у світі. Зважаючи на те, що Україна має вагомі досягнення у науці й техніці, доцільними є подальші дослідження у зазначе- ному напрямку. Ключові слова: українські вчені, техніка, винаходи. Б.Б. Буяк, И.В. Корсун, В.М. Мацюк Тернопольский национальный педагогический университет имени Владимира Гнатюка, ул. М. Кривоноса, 2, Тернополь, 46027, Украина, +380 352 43 5880, info@tnpu.edu.ua ВКЛАД УКРАИНСКИХ УЧЕНЫХ В РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕХНИКИ Введение. Сегодня фразу «первый в мире» можно использовать для многих изобретений украинских уче ных. Украина является страной с высоким уровнем развития науки. Доказательством этого утверждения является вклад ук раинских ученых в различные отрасли техники. Проблематика. Украина стремится стать равноправным членом Европейского Союза. Важно, чтобы украинцы не утратили свою национальную идентичность при этом направлении движения. Распространение знаний об ук раинс- ких ученых является одним из путей повышения узнаваемости Украины в мире. Поэтому необходимо демонстри- ровать мировому сообществу достижения украинских ученых и их высокий научный уровень. Цель. Oбоснование важности работ украинских ученых для развития техники в мире. Материалы и методы. Аналитический обзор ряда научных работ в области техники. Результаты. Доказана важность работ украинских ученых для развития фотографии, кинематографа, элект ри- ческой сварки, компьютерных технологий, авиации, астрономии, ракетной техники и космонавтики. Украинские уче- ные были среди первых в изобретении телевидения, электрического трамвая и дистанционного управления объек- тами. Благодаря работам наших соотечественников стал возможным запуск первого искусственного спутника Земли, полет человека в космос, выход человека в открытый космос и приземления на поверхность Луны. Выводы. Приоритетность работ украинских ученых в ряде исследований свидетельствует о весомом их вкладе в развитие мировых технологий. Освещение этого вклада ни в коем случае не должно разжигать межнациональную рознь, однако может служить стимулом для осознания собственной национальной идентичности украинцев в ус- ловиях мировой интеграции. Главным принципом является то, что наука должна объединять народы и быть фун- даментом мира. Украина имеет весомые достижения в науке и технике, а поэтому целесообразно проводить даль ней- шие исследования в указанном направлении. Ключевые слова: украинские ученые, техника, изобретения.

Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Technology

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