The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview
Spontaneous flora of Simferopol (Ukraine) comprises 731 species of higher vascular plants, which belong to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes and 4 divisions. Results of structural analysis showed that the systematic structure and the areal groups in urban flora of Simferopol were similar to the...
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1749852025-02-23T18:23:52Z The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview Спонтанна флора Сімферополя (загальний огляд) Спонтанная флора Симферополя (общий обзор) Iepikhin, D.V. Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Spontaneous flora of Simferopol (Ukraine) comprises 731 species of higher vascular plants, which belong to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes and 4 divisions. Results of structural analysis showed that the systematic structure and the areal groups in urban flora of Simferopol were similar to the floras of temperate latitudes of the Holarctic, i.e. close to the flora of the Ancient Mediterranean. The Simferopol flora is transforming through increased role of woody species (trees), herbaceous perennial, biennials and annuals monocarpices, wide areal species as well as reduction of percentage of narrow areal, significant adventization. Flora of city replenished by 144 species of plants. Spectrum of adventive fraction revealed an increase in anthropogenic transformation processes. Спонтанна флора м. Сімферополя (Україна) налічує 731 вид вищих судинних рослин, які належать до 412 родів, 102 родин, 6 класів і 4 відділів. Результати аналізу показали, що за систематичною структурою і домінуванням ареалогічних груп урбанофлора Сімферополя подібна до флор помірного поясу Голарктики, тобто до зональної, яка тяжіє до флори Давнього Середземномор’я. Трансформація флори виявляється у зростанні кількості деревних і трав’яних багаторічних, а також дворічних та однорічних монокарпіків, збільшенні широкоареальних видів і зменшенні частки вузькоареальних, значній адвентизації. Флора міста поповнилася 144 видами рослин. Спектри адвентивної фракції свідчать про посилення процесів антропогенної трансформації. Спонтанная флора г. Симферополя (Украина) насчитывает 731 вид высших сосудистых растений, которые принадлежат к 412 родам, 102 семействам, 6 классам и 4 отделам. Результаты анализа показали, что по систематической структуре и преобладанию ареалогических групп урбанофлора Симферополя сходна с флорами умеренного пояса Голарктики, т.е. с зональной, тяготеющей к флоре Древнего Средиземноморья. Трансформация флоры проявляется в повышении количества древесных и травянистых многолетних, а также двулетних и однолетних монокарпиков, увеличении широкоареальных видов и уменьшении доли узкоареальных, значительной адвентизации. Флора города пополнилась 144 видами растений. Спектры адвентивной фракции свидетельствуют об усилении процессов антропогенной трансформации. 2012 Article The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview / D.V. Iepikhin // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2012. — Т. 69, № 6. — C. 863-868. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 0372-4123 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/174985 en Український ботанічний журнал application/pdf Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
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| topic |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора |
| spellingShingle |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Iepikhin, D.V. The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview Український ботанічний журнал |
| description |
Spontaneous flora of Simferopol (Ukraine) comprises 731 species of higher vascular
plants, which belong to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes and 4 divisions.
Results of structural analysis showed that the systematic structure and the areal
groups in urban flora of Simferopol were similar to the floras of temperate latitudes of
the Holarctic, i.e. close to the flora of the Ancient Mediterranean. The Simferopol
flora is transforming through increased role of woody species (trees), herbaceous perennial, biennials and annuals monocarpices, wide areal species as well as reduction of
percentage of narrow areal, significant adventization. Flora of city replenished by 144
species of plants. Spectrum of adventive fraction revealed an increase in anthropogenic transformation processes. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Iepikhin, D.V. |
| author_facet |
Iepikhin, D.V. |
| author_sort |
Iepikhin, D.V. |
| title |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview |
| title_short |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview |
| title_full |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview |
| title_fullStr |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview |
| title_sort |
spontaneous flora of simferopol: an overview |
| publisher |
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| topic_facet |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/174985 |
| citation_txt |
The spontaneous flora of Simferopol: an overview / D.V. Iepikhin // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2012. — Т. 69, № 6. — C. 863-868. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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Український ботанічний журнал |
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| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T09:23:25Z |
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2025-11-24T09:23:25Z |
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| fulltext |
863ISSN 0372-4123. Укр. ботан. журн., 2012, т. 69, № 6
D.V. IEPIKHIN
V. Vernadsky Taurida National University
Academic V.I. Vernadsky Street, 4, Simferopol, Crimea, 95007, Ukraine
edvbio@yahoo.com
THE SPONTANEOUS FLORA
OF SIMFEROPOL: AN OVERVIEW
K e y wo r d s: spontaneous flora, urban flora, Simferopol, alien flora, alien
species
© D.V. IEPIKHIN, 2012
Abstracts
Spontaneous flora of Simferopol (Ukraine) comprises 731 species of higher vascular
plants, which belong to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes and 4 divisions.
Results of structural analysis showed that the systematic structure and the areal
groups in urban flora of Simferopol were similar to the floras of temperate latitudes of
the Holarctic, i.e. close to the flora of the Ancient Mediterranean. The Simferopol
flora is transforming through increased role of woody species (trees), herbaceous per-
ennial, biennials and annuals monocarpices, wide areal species as well as reduction of
percentage of narrow areal, significant adventization. Flora of city replenished by 144
species of plants. Spectrum of adventive fraction revealed an increase in anthropo-
genic transformation processes.
Introduction
Location of Simferopol in the Crimean foothills, with its unique natural vegetation
complexes, with a several Crimean endemic species and rare communities, and the
diversity of landscapes, provided the city with the presence of a rich and diverse flora
and vegetation. At the same time, Simferopol is the administrative, industrial and cul-
tural center of Crimea, with a well-developed transportation network.
Previous to the studies reported here, data on the vegetation cover of Simferopol
were fragmented. A comprehensive analysis of the flora and spontaneous vegetation in
Simferopol, as interrelated components of the urban ecosystem, have not been per-
formed during the existence of the city. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the cur-
rent state of vegetation in Simferopol was needed.
The floristic studies have been conducted recently in many cities of various physio-
graphic zones of Ukraine (Vasil’eva-Nemertsalova, 1996; Moysiyenko, 1999; Mel nik, 2001;
Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2003; Kagalo et al., 2004; Arkushyna, 2007; Zavyalova, 2010).
The subject of the present study is the spontaneous urban flora of Simferopol, its
structure, and syntaxonomy of plant communities.
Materials and methods
The urban flora was studied by the route-profile method. An analysis of species diver-
sity has been made using the traditional systematic, eco- and biomorphological, and
864 ISSN 0372-4123. Ukr. Botan. Journ., 2012, vol. 69, № 6
geographic-historical methods. Eco-bio-morphological analyses and comparisons
with the regional flora were based on data provided in the Biological Flora of Crimea
(Golubev, 1996).
An annotated synopsis of the flora was compiled following (Mosyakin, Fe do ron-
chuk, 1999), with some exceptions.
Results and discussion
During the processing of original and literature data, the list of taxa was compiled, which
contained 731 species of vascular plants belonging to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes,
and 4 divisions. That constitutes almost 26 % of the Crimean flora of vascular plants.
The so-called proportion of the flora (the ratio of the average number of species in the
genus, in the family, and the average number of genera in the family) is 1/4.1/7.3
(Table 1). The average number of species in the family is 7.3, while the generic coeffi-
cient is 1.8. Division Magnoliophyta includes 725 species (99.3 %) belonging to 82 fami-
lies and 336 genera, of which 596 genera (81.5 %) belong to the class Magnoliopsida
(dicots), and 129 species (17.8 %), to Liliopsida (monocots). The species richness of the
urban flora of Simferopol (vascular plants) is lower than that in cities on the south of
Ukraine: for example, Odessa has 866 species (Vasil’eva-Nemertsalova, 1996), 964 spe-
cies are reported for Kherson (Moysienko, 1999) and 909 species from Mykolayiv
(Nikolaev in the Russian-based transliteration) (Melnik, 2001).
Most of families are typical to the studied and Holarctic floras (Tolmachev, 1974,
1986). More than half of the families of the urban flora (52) are represented by one ge-
nus, 37 of them contain one species each. The above-average level of species diversity
(7.3 and higher) is characteristic for 20 families, which contain 74.8 % of species. The
remaining families (81) comprise 25.2 % of the total number of species. The first three
families (in terms of their species number) contain 234 species (32.3 %), the first eleven
families include 445 species (61.4 %), and 15—497 species (68.6 %). Species of the fam-
ilies Asteraceae (14.5 %), Poaceae (11.0 %), Fabaceae (6.8 %), Lamiaceae (5.8 %),
Brassicaceae (5.4 %), Rosaceae (4.4 %), Apiaceae (3.3 %), Caryophyllaceae (3.2 %), and
Scrophulariaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Boraginaceae (2.3 % each) are dominant in the stud-
ied flora by their species richness. The positions of the leading eight families are in gen-
Quantitative distribution of taxonomic units and major proportions of the urban flora of Simferopol
Division, class Family Genus Species Ratio
Generic
coefficient
Equisetophyta 1 1 3 1 : 1 : 3 3
Polypodiophyta 1 1 1 1 : 1 : 1 1
Pinophyta 1 1 1 1 : 1 : 1 1
Magnoliophyta 98 406 725 1 : 4.2 : 7.4 1.8
Magnoliopsida 82 334 596 1 : 4.1 : 7.3 1.8
Liliopsida 16 72 129 1 : 4.5 : 8.0 1.8
Generally 101 411 730 1 : 4.1 : 7.3 1.8
865ISSN 0372-4123. Укр. ботан. журн., 2012, т. 69, № 6
eral characteristic for the natural zonal flora of Crimea (Golubev, 1996), which makes it
similar to the Mediterranean flora. Unlike the zonal flora, the studied flora showns an
increase in the shares of Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae and Chenopodiaceae, and a lesser role
of Rosaceae and Liliaceae. The listing of the top twenty families does not include
Cyperaceae, the family characteristic for the floras of the Arctic and boreal regions.
Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae and Alliaceae also fall beyond the list of leading twenty families,
as compared to the flora of the Crimean Peninsula (Golubev, 1996).
The highest numbers of species are registered in species-rich genera, such as
Centaurea L. (11 species, 1.5 %), Medicago L. (9 species, 1.2 %), Carex and Salvia —
(8 species or 1.1 % each). A significant place is occupied by the genus Acer — (7 spe-
cies, 1.0 %). This fact is explained by high naturalization of introduced species. A
characteristic feature of generic spectrum is its heterogeneity. It is composed of main-
ly Mediterranean, Boreal-nemoral and synanthropic genera.
The geographical analysis was made based on the typological system of Rubtsov and
Privalova (1961; see also Golubev, 1996). The alien (adventive, non-native) elements
prevail in the geographical structure of the urban flora of Simferopol, comprising of 144
species (19.7 %). The following range groups are also well represented: Euro-Me di te rra-
nean-West Asian species — 91 (12,5 %), Palaearctic — 65 (8.9 %), Euro-Mediterranean —
56 (7.7 %), Holarctic — 53 (7.3 %), West Palaearctic — 50 (6.8 %), Mediterranean-West
Asian — 39 (5.3 %), Pontic — 32 (4.4 %), Mediterranean-West Asian-Eurasian steppe —
30 (4.1 %), and Pontic-Kazakhstan — 20 (2.7 %). The Ancient Mediterranean geo-
graphical elements (120 species, 16.4 %) and the transitional Euro-Mediterranean ones
(152 species, 20.8 %) are predominant among range groups.
Analysis of the geographical structure of the urban flora showed the dominance of
wide-range groups over narrow-range ones. Thus, the total proportion of the Holarctic
geographic elements (including Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, etc.) is 26.7 % (195 spe-
cies). At the same time, the rate of narrow-range groups of the Ancient Mediterranean
origin is lower as compared to the flora of Crimea, especially for such groups as Pontic,
Crimean-Caucasian, Crimean-Caucasian-Asia Minor, Crimean-Balkan-Asia Minor,
Crimean-Asia Minor and the Crimea-Caucasian-Balkans ones.
An eco-biomorphological analysis of the flora was based on a linear system of
«life forms» developed by Golubev (1972; 1996). The following main characteristics
were selected: main biomorph, relation to soil salinity, light, and water regimes.
The main biomorphs spectrum showed prevailing herbaceous plants (83.7 %).
Polycarpous herbs contain 339 species (46.5 %) and the group of annuals contains 216
species (29.6 %). The number of subshrub species (31, 4.2 %) is lower than that for the
flora of Crimea. The ratio of trees (4.4 %) and shrubs (5.9 %) is higher due to active
naturalization of introduced species with shrubby or arboreal life forms.
Halophytic species are represented in the urban flora by 33 species (4.5 %), which
is not typical to the Crimean Foothills zone.
Heliophytes (465 species, 64.1 %) predominate in the flora of the city. This pa-
rameter is almost identical to that for the flora of Crimea (61.7 %), but a somewhat
increasing number of scioheliophytes (205 species, 27.9 %) should be noted.
866 ISSN 0372-4123. Ukr. Botan. Journ., 2012, vol. 69, № 6
In relation to humidity, dominnt groups are xeromesophytes (314 species, 42.9 %),
which roughly corresponds to the regional flora. The proportion of xerophytes to mes-
ophytes and hydrophytes for the urban flora is 8.4:3.7:0.4. These parameters show a
significant prevalence of xeromorphic plants in the studied flora. If compared to the
regional flora, mesophytization of the flora of Simferopol is noticeable, while in com-
parison to urban floras of the South-East of Ukraine it shows some xerophytization.
Our research added to the flora of the city 144 plant species belonging to 124 genera
and 49 families; that constitute almost 20 % of the total urban flora. Also, 18 families and
87 genera are represented only by alien species. The highest numbers of alien species are
registered in Asteraceae (21 species, 14.8 % of the total number of alien species in the
flora), Rosaceae (11 species, 7.7 %), Poaceae (10 species, 7.0 %), Chenopodiaceae and
Fabaceae (8 species or 5.6 % each), Brassicaceae (7 species, 4.9 %), Aceraceae (6 spe-
cies, 4.2 %), Amaranthaceae (5 species, 3.5 %), and Solanaceae (4 species, 2.8 %).
According to the main biomorphs, the dominant group is herbaceous plants (93 spe-
cies, 63.4 %), while spring annuals and polycarpous herbaceous plants together show a
comparable share (38 species, 26.4 % and 37 species, 25.7 %, respectively). Trees and shrubs
constitute 28 (19.1 %) and 20 (14.1 %) species, correspondingly. The proportion of annuals
is ca. 2.5 times higher in the anthropogenic element of the flora, which is especially true for
spring annuals (10.8 %, as compared to 26.4 % of that group in the urban flora).
Distribution of species in relation to the light regime showed dominance of helio-
phytes (60.6 %), which is by 3.5 % lower than in the urban flora. Scioheliophytes con-
stitute 33.1 % and sciophytes — 0.7 %.
The spectrum of hygromorphs in the alien (adventive) fraction and its compari-
son with urban flora indicates an increase of mesophytes (by 8.7 %), the lower propor-
tion of mesoxerophytes (by 3.5 %) and euxerophytes (by 2.3 %), and the smaller con-
tribution of hygrophytes (by 2.2 %) and hydrophytes (1.7 %).
According to the degree of naturalization, epoecophytes (species occupying
mainly disturbed habitats) are prevailing (54.2 %). Other groups are less represented:
ergasiophytes — 21.8 %, ephemerophytes — 19.0 %, and agriophytes — 4.9 %. Such
proportions of naturalization groups are quite typical for large cities in the southern
part of Ukraine (Moysienko, 1999; Melnik, 2001).
The most intensive processes of invasion proceeded in the 20th century, as evi-
denced by the predominance of euneophytes — 75.3 %. The other two chronologic
elements — archeophytes (before the 16th century) and neophytes (the 16th — begin-
ning of the 20th centuries) are represented by 11.3 % and 13.4 %, respectively. The
distribution pattern of taxa by their mode of immigration is as follows: ergasiophytes
(plants that escaped from cultivation) — 64.8 %, akolyutophytes (species introduced
accidentally as a result of transformation of vegetation) — 17.6 %; xenophytes (species
which has brought accidentally as a result of economic activity) — 17.6 %.
The species of Mediterranean (46 species, 31.7 %) and American (40, 28.2 %)
origin are prevailing. From the latter ones, the most numerous group is taxa of North
American origin (31 species, 21.8 %). Transitional Euro-Mediterranean range groups
and Holarctic species are also significantly represented: 7 and 12 species (4.7 % and
867ISSN 0372-4123. Укр. ботан. журн., 2012, т. 69, № 6
8.3 %), correspondingly, while the group of Eastern and South-East Asian origin con-
tains 19 species (13.2 %).
Conclusions
The urban flora of Simferopol is represented by 731 species of vascular plants belong-
ing to 412 genera, 102 families, 6 classes, and 4 divisions. Among them, 144 species
are reported for the first time for the territory of the city. In terms of floristic richness,
the urban flora of Simferopol is very similar to the floras of other cities of Southern
Ukraine. Abnormally high floristic richness is a typical feature of urban floras, includ-
ing the studied one (26 % of the flora of Crimea in the area constituting just 0.4 % of
the total area of the Crimean Peninsula). The urban flora of Simferopol is similar in its
systematic structure and predominance of range groups to the floras of temperate lati-
tudes of the Holarctic, i.e. with zonal floras, and is close to the flora of the Ancient
Mediterranean region. The shift of the position of some families in terms of their spe-
cies richness leads to transformation of the urban flora and its convergence with the
synanthropic flora of Ukraine, and with other urban floras. As to the regional flora, the
increase of the role of trees, herbaceous perennials, biennials and annual monocarpic
species is demonstrated. Effects of powerful human-induced factors upon the flora of
the city are revealed in the appearance of intrazonal features, changing of structure
spectra, and appearance many species of alien plants.
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Recommended for publication Submitted 01.06.2012
by S.L. Mosyakin
Д.В. Єпіхін
Таврійський національний університет імені В.І. Вернадського
СПОНТАННА ФЛОРА СІМФЕРОПОЛЯ (ЗАГАЛЬНИЙ ОГЛЯД)
Спонтанна флора м. Сімферополя (Україна) налічує 731 вид вищих судинних рослин, які
належать до 412 родів, 102 родин, 6 класів і 4 відділів.
Результати аналізу показали, що за систематичною структурою і домінуванням ареало-
гічних груп урбанофлора Сімферополя подібна до флор помірного поясу Голарктики, тобто
до зональної, яка тяжіє до флори Давнього Середземномор’я. Трансформація флори вияв-
ляється у зростанні кількості деревних і трав’яних багаторічних, а також дворічних та одно-
річних монокарпіків, збільшенні широкоареальних видів і зменшенні частки вузькоареаль-
них, значній адвентизації. Флора міста поповнилася 144 видами рослин. Спектри адвентив-
ної фракції свідчать про посилення процесів антропогенної трансформації.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: спонтанна флора, урбанофлора, Сімферополь, адвентивна флора,
заносні види.
Д.В. Епихин
Таврический национальный университет имени В.И. Вернадского
СПОНТАННАЯ ФЛОРА СИМФЕРОПОЛЯ (ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР)
Спонтанная флора г. Симферополя (Украина) насчитывает 731 вид высших сосудистых
растений, которые принадлежат к 412 родам, 102 семействам, 6 классам и 4 отделам.
Результаты анализа показали, что по систематической структуре и преобладанию аре-
алогических групп урбанофлора Симферополя сходна с флорами умеренного пояса Го лар к-
тики, т.е. с зональной, тяготеющей к флоре Древнего Средиземноморья. Трансформация
флоры проявляется в повышении количества древесных и травянистых многолетних, а так-
же двулетних и однолетних монокарпиков, увеличении широкоареальных видов и умень-
шении доли узкоареальных, значительной адвентизации. Флора города пополнилась 144 ви-
дами растений. Спектры адвентивной фракции свидетельствуют об усилении процессов ант-
ропогенной трансформации.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: спонтанная флора, урбанофлора, Симферополь, адвентивная флора,
заносные виды.
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
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>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|