Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats
In the course of previous comprehensive theoretical, methodological and empirical research of the authors, the main purpose of which was to identify ways of internationalization of Polish and Ukrainian enterprises. It was noted that a new model of business functioning is emerging, significantly diff...
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Glinkowska-Krauze, B. Górecki, L. Chebotarova, N. 2021-04-26T18:55:10Z 2021-04-26T18:55:10Z 2020 Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats / B. Glinkowska-Krauze, L. Górecki, N. Chebotarova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2020. — № 4 (62). — С. 38-45. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 DOI: 10.12958/1817-3772-2020-4(62)-38-45 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/179318 339.9.01 In the course of previous comprehensive theoretical, methodological and empirical research of the authors, the main purpose of which was to identify ways of internationalization of Polish and Ukrainian enterprises. It was noted that a new model of business functioning is emerging, significantly different from the traditional model, in which the phenomenon of globalization underlies the process of internationalization of economic activity. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the problem of studying specific practices of interaction between business structures in Poland and Ukraine, paradoxically, as a whole, is given insufficient attention (both in Polish and Ukrainian economic science). This served as the inspiration for writing this study, the main goal of which is to identify the features of the modern business model on the background of identifying the differences between the traditional and the current model in the context of existing threats and to find out the main (one of the main) reasons for such differences. The introduction refers to the methodology used for this study (specific research methods are methods of unity of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and comparative analysis, as well as methods of grouping and extrapolation). The study is the result of the authors' own empirical research and a comparative theoretical analysis based on the literature on the topic, and is a common characteristic of both models. In general terms, the main features of the modern business model and trends in the European economy are presented on the example of Poland and Ukraine. Thus, the study is aimed at identifying trends in doing business in the modern market and its characteristic features in the context of the predicted increase in the role of factors of intercultural (transcultural) interaction in business. У ході попередніх комплексних теоретико-методологічних і емпіричних досліджень авторів, основною метою яких було виявлення шляхів інтернаціоналізації польських і українських підприємств, відзначено, що з'являється нова модель функціонування бізнесу, що істотно відрізняється від традиційної моделі, в якій феномен глобалізації лежить в основі процесу інтернаціоналізації економічної діяльності. При цьому слід брати до уваги, що проблематиці дослідження конкретних практик взаємодії підприємницьких структур Польщі та України, як це не парадоксально, в цілому приділяється недостатня увага (і в польській, і в українській економічній науці). Це слугувало натхненням для написання даного дослідження, основна мета якого – виявити особливості сучасної бізнес-моделі на фоні виявлення відмінностей між традиційною і нинішньою моделлю в контексті існуючих загроз і з'ясувати головні (одні з головних) причини таких розходжень. Введення належить до використаної методології даного дослідження (конкретними методами дослідження є методи єдності аналізу і синтезу, індукції і дедукції та порівняльного аналізу, а також методи угруповань і екстраполяції). Стаття є результатом власного емпіричного дослід¬ження авторів і порівняльного теоретичного аналізу, заснованого на літературі з даної теми, і є загальною характеристикою обох моделей. У загальних рисах представлено основні риси сучасної бізнес-моделі і тенденції європейської економіки на прикладі Польщі та України. Таким чином, дослідження спрямоване на виявлення тенденцій ведення бізнесу на сучасному ринку і його характерних особливостей у контексті прогнозованого підвищення ролі факторів міжкультурної (транс-культурної) взаємодії в бізнесі. В ходе предыдущих комплексных теоретико-методологических и эмпирических исследований авторов, основной целью которых было выявление путей интернационализации польских и украинских предприятий, отмечено, что появляется новая модель функционирования бизнеса, существенно отличающаяся от традиционной модели, в которой феномен глобализации лежит в основе процесса интернационализации экономической деятельности. При этом следует принимать во внимание, что проблематике исследования конкретных практик взаимодействия предпринимательских структур Польши и Украины, как это ни парадоксально, в целом уделяется недостаточное внимание (и в польской, и в украинской экономической науке). Это послужило вдохновением для написания данного исследования, основная цель которого – выявить особенности современной бизнес-модели на фоне выявления различий между традиционной и нынешней моделью в контексте существующих угроз и выяснить главные (одни из главных) причины таких различий. Введение относится к использованной методологии данного исследования (конкретными методами исследования являются методы единства анализа и синтеза, индукции и дедукции и сравнительного анализа, а также методы группировок и экстраполяции). Статья является результатом собственного эмпирического исследования авторов и сравнительного теоретического анализа, основанного на литературе по данной теме, и является общей характеристикой обеих моделей. В общих чертах представлены основные черты современной бизнес-модели и тенденции европейской экономики на примере Польши и Украины. Таким образом, исследование направлено на выявление тенденций ведения бизнеса на современном рынке и его характерных особенностей в контексте прогнозируемого повышения роли факторов межкультурного (транс-культурного) взаимодействия в бизнесе. en Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України Економічний вісник Донбасу International and Regional Economics Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats Передумови та характеристики «сучасного бізнесу» – контекст глобалізації, інтернаціоналізації та загроз Предпосылки и характеристики «современного бизнеса» – контекст глобализации, интернационализации и угроз Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| title |
Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats |
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Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats Glinkowska-Krauze, B. Górecki, L. Chebotarova, N. International and Regional Economics |
| title_short |
Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats |
| title_full |
Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats |
| title_fullStr |
Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats |
| title_sort |
premises and characteristics of "contemporary business" – the context of globalization, internationalization and threats |
| author |
Glinkowska-Krauze, B. Górecki, L. Chebotarova, N. |
| author_facet |
Glinkowska-Krauze, B. Górecki, L. Chebotarova, N. |
| topic |
International and Regional Economics |
| topic_facet |
International and Regional Economics |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| language |
English |
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Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| publisher |
Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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Article |
| title_alt |
Передумови та характеристики «сучасного бізнесу» – контекст глобалізації, інтернаціоналізації та загроз Предпосылки и характеристики «современного бизнеса» – контекст глобализации, интернационализации и угроз |
| description |
In the course of previous comprehensive theoretical, methodological and empirical research of the authors, the main purpose of which was to identify ways of internationalization of Polish and Ukrainian enterprises. It was noted that a new model of business functioning is emerging, significantly different from the traditional model, in which the phenomenon of globalization underlies the process of internationalization of economic activity. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the problem of studying specific practices of interaction between business structures in Poland and Ukraine, paradoxically, as a whole, is given insufficient attention (both in Polish and Ukrainian economic science).
This served as the inspiration for writing this study, the main goal of which is to identify the features of the modern business model on the background of identifying the differences between the traditional and the current model in the context of existing threats and to find out the main (one of the main) reasons for such differences. The introduction refers to the methodology used for this study (specific research methods are methods of unity of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and comparative analysis, as well as methods of grouping and extrapolation). The study is the result of the authors' own empirical research and a comparative theoretical analysis based on the literature on the topic, and is a common characteristic of both models. In general terms, the main features of the modern business model and trends in the European economy are presented on the example of Poland and Ukraine. Thus, the study is aimed at identifying trends in doing business in the modern market and its characteristic features in the context of the predicted increase in the role of factors of intercultural (transcultural) interaction in business.
У ході попередніх комплексних теоретико-методологічних і емпіричних досліджень авторів, основною метою яких було виявлення шляхів інтернаціоналізації польських і українських підприємств, відзначено, що з'являється нова модель функціонування бізнесу, що істотно відрізняється від традиційної моделі, в якій феномен глобалізації лежить в основі процесу інтернаціоналізації економічної діяльності. При цьому слід брати до уваги, що проблематиці дослідження конкретних практик взаємодії підприємницьких структур Польщі та України, як це не парадоксально, в цілому приділяється недостатня увага (і в польській, і в українській економічній науці).
Це слугувало натхненням для написання даного дослідження, основна мета якого – виявити особливості сучасної бізнес-моделі на фоні виявлення відмінностей між традиційною і нинішньою моделлю в контексті існуючих загроз і з'ясувати головні (одні з головних) причини таких розходжень. Введення належить до використаної методології даного дослідження (конкретними методами дослідження є методи єдності аналізу і синтезу, індукції і дедукції та порівняльного аналізу, а також методи угруповань і екстраполяції). Стаття є результатом власного емпіричного дослід¬ження авторів і порівняльного теоретичного аналізу, заснованого на літературі з даної теми, і є загальною характеристикою обох моделей. У загальних рисах представлено основні риси сучасної бізнес-моделі і тенденції європейської економіки на прикладі Польщі та України. Таким чином, дослідження спрямоване на виявлення тенденцій ведення бізнесу на сучасному ринку і його характерних особливостей у контексті прогнозованого підвищення ролі факторів міжкультурної (транс-культурної) взаємодії в бізнесі.
В ходе предыдущих комплексных теоретико-методологических и эмпирических исследований авторов, основной целью которых было выявление путей интернационализации польских и украинских предприятий, отмечено, что появляется новая модель функционирования бизнеса, существенно отличающаяся от традиционной модели, в которой феномен глобализации лежит в основе процесса интернационализации экономической деятельности. При этом следует принимать во внимание, что проблематике исследования конкретных практик взаимодействия предпринимательских структур Польши и Украины, как это ни парадоксально, в целом уделяется недостаточное внимание (и в польской, и в украинской экономической науке).
Это послужило вдохновением для написания данного исследования, основная цель которого – выявить особенности современной бизнес-модели на фоне выявления различий между традиционной и нынешней моделью в контексте существующих угроз и выяснить главные (одни из главных) причины таких различий. Введение относится к использованной методологии данного исследования (конкретными методами исследования являются методы единства анализа и синтеза, индукции и дедукции и сравнительного анализа, а также методы группировок и экстраполяции). Статья является результатом собственного эмпирического исследования авторов и сравнительного теоретического анализа, основанного на литературе по данной теме, и является общей характеристикой обеих моделей. В общих чертах представлены основные черты современной бизнес-модели и тенденции европейской экономики на примере Польши и Украины. Таким образом, исследование направлено на выявление тенденций ведения бизнеса на современном рынке и его характерных особенностей в контексте прогнозируемого повышения роли факторов межкультурного (транс-культурного) взаимодействия в бизнесе.
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1817-3772 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/179318 |
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Premises and Characteristics of "Contemporary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Internationalization and Threats / B. Glinkowska-Krauze, L. Górecki, N. Chebotarova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2020. — № 4 (62). — С. 38-45. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
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B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
38
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
UDC 339.9.01 doi: 10.12958/1817-3772-2020-4(62)-38-45
B. Glinkowska-Krauze,
DrHab (Economics), Professor,
ORCID 0000-0002-6915-3297,
e-mail: beata.glinkowska@uni.lodz.pl,
University of Łódź, Poland,
Ł. Górecki,
ORCID 0000-0002-2347-6912,
Textile Institute, Łódź, Poland,
N. Chebotarova,
PhD (Economics),
ORCID 0000-0002-0145-2821,
Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Starobilsk
PREMISES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF "CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS" –
THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION, INTERNATIONALIZATION AND THREATS
Introduction. The pace and unpredictability of
market changes is the basic premise for the emergence
of new concepts and management methods in modern
enterprises, in connection with new institutional, eco-
nomic and environmental requirements, which in turn
requires the development of new features and manage-
rial skills [1]. The extension of the cooperation to new
markets, in a new, unknown and previously unprece-
dented scale, in a new reality, a different understanding
of the innovation and investment policy, the search for
new opportunities and factors of advantage or stabiliza-
tion have resulted in "new" business models and a "new"
management approach [2, p. 16]. All this overlaps with
events such as extraordinary events: strikes, economic
crises, epidemics. There are clear trends in the ways of
doing business, which is the background for compari-
sons of the traditional model with the modern model of
business management. On this basis, it is possible to pre-
sent the characteristics of the "modern model" of run-
ning a business in a situation where more and more en-
terprises, directly or indirectly, go beyond the borders of
their own country, defined as their home country, with
their activities [3, p. 11-15]. More and more companies
emphasize on flexibility, creativity and innovation.
Although the science of management does not di-
rectly specify the list of universal features of the con-
temporary business model, as it is simply impossible
(there are many such models and they are very diverse
and depend on conditions of different nature in a given
country), there are some emerging trends in the func-
tioning of enterprises. Analyzing the literature on the
subject in the area of this issue and the results of the own
research, this study focuses on showing the basic ten-
dency in the functioning of modern business: interna-
tionalization of the enterprises activities in connection
with the globalization of activities and the related
threats, without taking into consideration the pandemic
situation, as this requires separate research. The inspira-
tion to write the article was a research carried out per-
sonally and directly in 2013-2019 on a sample of over a
hundred Polish enterprises and over thirty Ukrainian
enterprises, which directly or indirectly expanded (or
expanding) their activities beyond the home market. The
selection of enterprises was deliberate and consisted of
the following criteria: diversified size (from micro to
large), location (Poland – 90% headquarters in Poland
and location in the Łódź Voivodeship; Ukraine – 100%
headquarters in Ukraine), various sectors (manufac-
turing, services and commercial), diversified time of
running a business (from 1 to several dozen years), di-
rect or indirect international activity (from 1 to several
years). The research tools used were: a survey question-
naire and an interview questionnaire. One of the goals
of the research was, among other things, to identify the
features of the modern business model and the risks as-
sociated with the operating conditions of modern com-
panies. The main aim of the research was to examine the
ways of internationalization of Polish and Ukrainian
enterprises, which was realized in the monograph
entitled Internationalization of Polish and Ukrainian en-
terprises [4]. However, this study is to become an inspi-
ration for further considerations and in-depth research,
including, – in the context of understanding the impact
on these processes of profiles of managers from diffe-
rent countries [1, p. 64], methodological aspects of
cross-cultural differences in business [5, p. 30-31], com-
parative analysis of business activities by representa-
tives of different countries [6; 7].
For this reason, it deliberately does not contain
statements and statistics, but only a general characteris-
tic of the modern business model, with particular em-
phasis on the challenges for the functioning of modern
business and the phenomenon of globalization, creating
specific conditions for setting up and running this busi-
ness. On the basis of the conducted research, it was also
made an attempt to compare the contemporary model
with the traditional one of the business running.
Globalization as a background for contempo-
rary/modern business. The wide range of processes ac-
companying the phenomenon of globalization still leads
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
39
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
to the intensification of economic, political and cultural
ties, understood as those "across state borders" [8,
p. 17]. This increase in links between enterprises,
science (and other) organizations and countries is due to
the variety and quantity of flows: services, goods, re-
sources and technology diffusion [9]. A. Zorska notes
that a multifaceted, interdependent global economic
system is being created [10, p. 20]. The power of
global competition is growing as a result of the in-
creased and still increasing complexity of the national
and international environment as well as and the con-
stant volatility and increasing interdependence between
enterprises.
For Polish and Ukrainian (especially Ukrainian)
enterprises, the increasing number and strength of com-
petition in their own country is the reason for looking
for opportunities that globalization creates. The increase
in the complexity of the environment and the depen-
dence of entities as well as the flow and absorption (dif-
fusion) of all resources contribute to the internationali-
zation of activities, posing new challenges for entrepre-
neurs [11, p. 129]. The process of internationalization of
enterprises has significantly accelerated in recent years,
especially in countries with less advanced technologies
and less equity than in Western Europe (eg Ukraine and
Poland).
Acceleration of internationalization and the free
flow of resources and capital also contribute to the
growth of various types of threats at every stage of the
functioning of modern companies. Therefore, economic
activity in international markets requires the application
of a new approach to management.
It is internationalization, based on innovative pro-
ducts and services, that is associated with the "new"
business model, the essence of which is to build a co-
operation network based on unique resources, especially
human resources, and the horizontal ties of cooperation
between enterprises. This model may not be completely
opposite to the "traditional" business, associated pri-
marily with domestic business, whose aim is to gene-
rate profit based on price strategies and the value of fi-
nancial capital, but it is certainly significantly different
from it.
Indicating the differences in the perception of both
processes it allows the authors of this study to conclude
that the two processes should not be equated or their
names used interchangeably. For example, according to
B. Liberska, internationalization is a quantitative pro-
cess related to foreign trade and capital flows, and glo-
balization is a qualitative process related to international
economic relations, interdependence and the transition
from indirect to direct forms of relations [12, p. 18-19].
G. Kołodko describes globalization as “an economic
game which results in specific opportunities and threats
to economic and cultural ties with foreign countries
[13]. According to K. Przybylska, "internationalization
is synonymous with the geographical dispersion of the
company's economic operations across the country's
borders" [14, p. 15].
It is treated as a phenomenon that signifies the pro-
cess of expansion into foreign markets [15, p. 11]. Ac-
cording to J. Misala, the theories of internationalization
of enterprises are a component that includes theories of
international trade and theories of international migra-
tion of production factors [16, p. 43]. Internationaliza-
tion is interpreted as: a process, a change in the sphere
of activity [17, p. 19] and any type of activity undertaken
by an organization outside the country [18, p. 19]. There
is a visible increase in the number and variety of mate-
rial and non-material ties on a global scale. Not only ma-
terial resources, but also cultural and civilization pat-
terns are moving [19, p. 295]. The essence of globaliza-
tion is the creation of conditions for the free movement,
and the essence of internationalization - the use of these
flows by searching for opportunities, possibilities and
avoiding barriers and market limitations in the country.
Referring to the above considerations, Table 1 shows the
differences for the analyzed issues.
Table 1
Statement of differences between the processes of globalization and internationalization
Factor Globalization Internationalization
Essence An unforced, spontaneous, automatic process A rational, well-thought-out process
Purpose None Clear
Background Creates conditions, opportunities Uses conditions, opportunities
Flows Broadly understood, in unlimited way production factors for specific purposes
Direction Indefinite Specified
Business model any, not clear indistinct "New", flexible
Source: own study.
The essence of the globalization process is similar
in most countries of the world. For the same reasons, the
essence of internationalization is often different. There-
fore, it is difficult to identify these two concepts with
each other. Globalization is a spontaneous process,
while internationalization is a process of making ra-
tional decisions. Thus, it is “globalization that creates a
field for action for companies that want to internationa-
lize, not the other way around. Globalization creates op-
portunities for networking and internationalization
creates networking opportunities. Globalization brings
with it new solutions, new technologies, and in the pro-
cess of internationalization companies use them for new
solutions and innovations” [4, p. 22].
Challenges for modern business. The contempo-
rary expression "traditional business" refers rather to the
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
40
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
functioning of an enterprise on its own market, based on
traditional, often outdated technologies, producing typi-
cal, standard, and repetitive products, rather than to an
innovative enterprise, often changing its products and
services and their features and functionality [4, p. 16].
The research carried out in Polish and Ukrainian enter-
prises (especially small and medium-sized enterprises)
shows that the concept of a modern enterprise relates
mainly to the readiness to create a cooperation network,
to enter into various interactions, to flexibility and to
base operations on new technologies. The list of features
of a traditional and a modern enterprise is presented in
Table no 2. Summarizing comparing the business cha-
racteristics, the criteria developed during the own re-
search and proposed by such authors as T. Sporek and
S. Talar [20], J. Jennings and L. Haughton [21], C. Perez
[22], J. McGee, H. Thomas and D. Wilson [23] were
used.
Table 2
Features of the traditional and contemporary/modern business model - comparative analysis*
Criterion Traditional model Contemporary model
1 2 3
Time factor Industrial Era Innovation Era
Growth factors Financial capital (raw materials,
Energy, natural resources)
Human capital, (knowledge, Innovation,
creativity, ability to change, employee
loyalty)
Products/services/technology Standardized products,
Long product/service/technology life
cycle
Short product/service/technology life cycle
Market Low market volatility; market deter-
mined by suppliers; mass consumption
A volatile and dynamic market, shaped
by customers Market segmentation due to
strictly defined specific consumer characte-
ristics. Individualization of needs
Nature of production Energy and material-intensive produc-
tion;
the main value for the company are
material production factors
Energy and material-saving production;
the main value for the company are
intangible production factors
The specificity
of the production process
Standardization of processes and divi-
sion of tasks; specialization;
individual work stations;
mechanization and automation;
periodic nature of the innovation pro-
cess – when necessary
Flexibility and adaptability;
versatility, team and project nature of work;
computerization, robotization, electroniza-
tion;
a continuous innovation process, embedded
in the company's organizational culture
Learning Process Ad hoc, as needed; training – as a ne-
cessity;
Continuous, included in the company's
strategy;
training as an investment, lifelong
Competition Price competition;
rather local;
important size of the company
Non-price competition;
global;
significant speed of action
Sources
of competitive advantage
Cutting costs on business activities ;
competing with price; Economies of
scale
Unique resources and capabilities;
diversification strategy;
competing with quality and technologies
Organizational structure
and the nature of functioning
Centralized and hierarchical structures;
bureaucracy;
lack of flexibility of communication
channels;
decisions often made by the headquar-
ters;
lack of permanent horizontal (coopera-
tive) relationships between companies;
striving for stabilization;
advantage of large industrial compa-
nies
Network structures, flexible, lean;
decentralization, high autonomy of multi-
tasking units;
horizontal model of decision making;
change management;
tendency to permanent cooperation with
other organizations (even competing ones);
the advantage of innovative, knowledge-
based companies
Success measure Profit Market value of the company
(capitalization)
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
41
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
Ending of Table 2
1 2 3
Employees A large share of employees with aver-
age qualifications;
employees understood as variable cost
(company liabilities);
narrow specialization;
matching employee qualifications to
the position;
stability of employment
Large share of highly qualified employees;
employees understood as human capital
(company assets);
adaptability of employees to various posi-
tions
Managers Discipline managers as a determinant
of quality;
confrontational relationships with
management;
controlling steering;
stabilization
Motivation, cooperation and initiative
as a determinant of quality;
cooperation between management
and employees, horizontal relations;
coaching;
constant changes
Risk Moderate High and increasing along with the com-
plexity of organizational and legal forms
and forms of internationalization
* Source: Own compilation based on: B. Glinkowska-Krauze (formerly B. Glinkowska), Internationalization of Polish
and Ukrainian enterprises, Publisher UŁ, 2018, p. 17; T. Sporek, S. Talar (ed.), Internationalization and competitiveness of
modern economic entities, ed. UE w Katowicach, Katowice, 2011, pp. 15-16 [after:] J. Jennings, L. Haughton, It's Not the Big
That Eat the Small… It's The Fast Eat the Slow: How to Use Speed as a Competitive Tool in Business, HarperBusiness, 2001;
C. Perez, Technological Revolutions, Paradigm Shift and Socio-institutional Changes [in:] E. Reinert, E. Elgar (ed.) Globali-
zation, Economic Development and Inequality, an Alternative Perspective, Cheltenham, UK, 2004, pp. 217- 242; J. McGee,
H. Thomas, D. Wilson, Strategy Analysis and Practice, McGraw-Hill Education, 2005, pp. 460-463.
When analyzing the data contained in Table 2, one
can notice the tendencies of the surveyed companies to
increase the flexibility of operation and such manage-
ment that is focused on continuous learning in order to
better meet individual consumer needs. Nowadays, man
has become a valuable resource of the company, and his
motivation, loyalty and knowledge are the basic premise
for increasing creativity in order to innovate [20, p. 16].
In 2002, P. Drucker already emphasized that "innova-
tion is becoming a common feature of all market beha-
viors and activities" [24, p. 144], and the principle of
operation of enterprises is, first of all, to be aware of
changes and adapt to them. In such circumstances, ex-
perience is "perceived as something that hinders change
and innovation" [20, p. 17], because it is related to a cer-
tain routine of activities, and the basic skill is to get rid
of old habits and patterns [20, p. 17], which is conducive
to the broadly understood creativity of enterprises. In-
terviews with company managers showed that the actual
skills of their employees are becoming more and more
important, while documents confirming qualifications
are losing importance, unless such documents are also
the right to perform work. The importance of networks
of horizontally integrated production and trade links is
also growing. At the business level, strategies such as
cost leadership and price leadership are slowly disap-
pearing. Such "obsolescence of traditional advantages
leads to the construction of a completely new set of
them" [20, p. 18], based on resources and capabilities
that are difficult to duplicate.
Threats for the functioning of modern enter-
prises. In the conditions of globalization, new situations
and new opportunities appear unexpectedly, causing
challenges, the meeting of which may be the only
chance to exist or stay on the market. Enterprises must
even adapt quickly to the market, because what is effec-
tive today may not be as effective tomorrow. Changes
in the economy have always occurred, but their current
pace seems incomparable. A contemporary enterprise is
an entity that is constantly looking into the future,
searching for and solving problems that have not
emerged yet. It is a company that thinks in terms of to-
morrow [25, p. 507]. Modern enterprises feel the effects
of the global crisis related to the uncertain nature and the
depletion of mineral resources, which may disrupt their
functioning [26]. The uncertainty of climatic conditions
is a significant threat for agricultural enterprises based
on processing. The fear of such disruptions in function-
ing is visible especially among entrepreneurs in
Ukraine, where a large part of enterprises' income and
national income comes mainly from cultivation and
breeding.
The increased competitiveness is another factor
that today's enterprises grapple with. Foreign competi-
tors offer completely new, previously unknown pro-
ducts characterized by low prices and good quality [27].
The increase in the number of competition on the mar-
kets of the home country is a direct motive of the sur-
veyed companies to look for opportunities outside their
own country. Here there are numerous barriers and
threats. Small enterprises of both countries are not able
to be cost-effective, that it directly translates into higher
prices of their products and services. Polish small enter-
prises are primarily looking for foreign business part-
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
42
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
ners for such simple forms of cooperation as export and
import, which are carried out through an intermediary
and usually in the home country (indirect form). They
very rarely create foreign direct investment. Ukrainian
small enterprises that want to legalize their business
activity, from the very beginning, look for opportunities
to operate on foreign markets through (most often) such
simple forms of internationalization as export and direct
import. The most serious competition for them, how-
ever, are not large companies, but small enterprises,
which form a fairly large gray area. For this reason,
Ukrainian small companies, statistically more often than
Polish ones, internationalize their economic activity
from the moment of their establishment. In the case of
Polish small and medium-sized enterprises, it is more
often an evolutionary action than a revolutionary one,
i.e. first they look for opportunities on the home market,
and then, for development reasons or exhausting the
possibility of operating regionally or locally, they look
for opportunities to operate outside their own country.
These conclusions, however, are not so obvious
and very general, as the entrepreneurship of company
owners and managers plays a significant role in over-
coming threats or in finding opportunities. This was
confirmed in all examined cases.
The functioning of enterprises is also greatly influ-
enced by macroeconomic reasons, such as state policy
and legal regulations. This factor determines the busi-
ness opportunities both in the home country and in the
host country. The existence of favor (or disfavor) of the
broadly understood state policy, translated into legal
provisions and government programs, is particularly
visible in Ukraine. There is especially here the lack of
support for small enterprises and the privileging of the
large ones, having strategic importance for the country,
or "clout" based on "acquaintances", is particularly no-
ticeable. The situation of supporting enterprises in Po-
land looks better. There are more programs supporting
business activity and their internationalization, but the
research carried out, showed a situation in which, among
a hundred surveyed enterprises, only a few of them be-
nefited from such programs, and they were usually me-
dium and large companies. Another few companies used
the support of universities and scientific institutes in the
field of joint innovative projects. Polish enterprises
either do not know about the existence of such programs
or they are overwhelmed by bureaucracy and unclear
regulations. In Ukraine, entrepreneurs usually know the
current programs, but they know that their chances of
getting support are small, so they often do not even try.
Moreover, small enterprises with little equity are not
able to create positions for project acquisition or inno-
vation (research and development) in their structures. In
both countries, enterprises most often use competitive
benchmarking, which provides ideas and solutions
quickly and without cost.
Among the external factors that belong to threats to
modern business, one should also mention the unstable
situation related to inflation, the level of interest rates,
law and state interventionism. The possibility of shaping
them by individual economic entities is minimal [28,
p. 2].
Resume. The conducted research and analyzes
showed that the concept of modern business relates
mainly to the broadly understood internationalizing eco-
nomic activity, which requires many changes in the
structure and organizational culture of enterprises. As
emphasized in the introduction, the studies cover the
years 2013-2019, so they do not refer to a pandemic si-
tuation that requires separate, in-depth research. In such
a situation, the process of internationalization of eco-
nomic activity does not lose its importance, but its forms
and methods are changing. There are still clear trends in
the ways of doing business, consisting in the ability to
take up challenges and risks, far-reaching flexibility and
innovation, constantly made changes and search for in-
novative solutions, as well as placing the main emphasis
on the human capital of the enterprise. Facing chal-
lenges and taking risks resulting from the premises of a
globalizing world – rather than avoiding them – are es-
sential features of today's companies. The phenomenon
of globalization, as a spontaneous process, constitutes a
specific background for all processes carried out by en-
terprises, including the processes of internationalization
of economic activity. This, in turn, will require an appli-
cation of certain new strategies and forms of operation
of modern companies. The sectoral character of eco-
nomic activity (its profile) may also fundamentally
change, and new geographic directions may form for the
internationalization of companies' activities. When ana-
lyzing the threats to the functioning of modern enter-
prises, it can be noticed that the uncertain climatic con-
ditions will adversely affect all companies that live off
agricultural and livestock crops, which in Ukraine, that
is based on agricultural production, breeding and pro-
cessing is of significant importance. This does not mean,
of course, that in countries with a less important agricul-
tural sector in the overall functioning of the economy,
the changing climate will not matter. Moreover, the
huge number of competitors, that offer new products at
low prices and good quality, does not give smaller en-
terprises a chance to "break out", both in Poland and in
Ukraine, therefore – especially in Ukraine – micro and
small companies from the very beginning look for op-
portunities in the markets of neighboring countries. The
smaller enterprises are the biggest threat, forming the
so-called gray zone, which forces newly emerging com-
panies to practically immediately internationalize their
economic activity. Another important threat are macro-
economic issues, such as unfavorable (unsupportive)
state policy, unclear legal regulations, as well as rising
inflation and rising interest rates. In Poland, small enter-
prises usually do not know about the existence of inter-
nationalization support programs, and in Ukraine, entre-
preneurs know that they have no chance of taking ad-
vantage of them. On the other hand, large companies use
them. The diversification of the conditions for running a
business in one's own country necessitates the diversifi-
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
43
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
cation of forms and strategies for the functioning of
modern companies, however, in this diversification,
general tendencies can be distinguished, which allow
the way companies operate to be called contemporary
and from the traditional one.
Prospects for the further development of this
problematics are a systematic analysis of intercultural
differences between specialists in the economic profile
and their manifestations in specific practices of entre-
preneurial activity in an intentional business environ-
ment.
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Глинковська-Краузе Б., Гурецькі Л., Чебота-
рьова Н. М. Передумови та характеристики «сучас-
ного бізнесу» – контекст глобалізації, інтернаціона-
лізації та загроз
У ході попередніх комплексних теоретико-мето-
дологічних і емпіричних досліджень авторів, основ-
ною метою яких було виявлення шляхів інтернаціона-
лізації польських і українських підприємств, відзна-
чено, що з'являється нова модель функціонування біз-
несу, що істотно відрізняється від традиційної моделі,
в якій феномен глобалізації лежить в основі процесу
інтернаціоналізації економічної діяльності. При цьому
слід брати до уваги, що проблематиці дослідження
конкретних практик взаємодії підприємницьких струк-
тур Польщі та України, як це не парадоксально, в ці-
лому приділяється недостатня увага (і в польській,
і в українській економічній науці).
Це слугувало натхненням для написання даного
дослідження, основна мета якого – виявити особливо-
сті сучасної бізнес-моделі на фоні виявлення відмінно-
стей між традиційною і нинішньою моделлю в кон-
тексті існуючих загроз і з'ясувати головні (одні з го-
ловних) причини таких розходжень. Введення нале-
жить до використаної методології даного дослідження
(конкретними методами дослідження є методи єдності
аналізу і синтезу, індукції і дедукції та порівняльного
аналізу, а також методи угруповань і екстраполяції).
Стаття є результатом власного емпіричного дослід-
ження авторів і порівняльного теоретичного аналізу,
заснованого на літературі з даної теми, і є загальною
характеристикою обох моделей. У загальних рисах
представлено основні риси сучасної бізнес-моделі
і тенденції європейської економіки на прикладі Польщі
та України. Таким чином, дослідження спрямоване на
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, Ł. Górecki, N. Chebotarova
45
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020
виявлення тенденцій ведення бізнесу на сучасному
ринку і його характерних особливостей у контексті
прогнозованого підвищення ролі факторів міжкуль-
турної (транс-культурної) взаємодії в бізнесі.
Ключові слова: бізнес-модель, глобалізація, інно-
вації, інтернаціоналізація, ринок.
Glinkowska-Krauze B., Górecki Ł., Chebota-
rova N. Premises and Characteristics of "Contempo-
rary Business" – the Context of Globalization, Interna-
tionalization and Threats
In the course of previous comprehensive theoretical,
methodological and empirical research of the authors, the
main purpose of which was to identify ways of internation-
alization of Polish and Ukrainian enterprises. It was noted
that a new model of business functioning is emerging, sig-
nificantly different from the traditional model, in which the
phenomenon of globalization underlies the process of in-
ternationalization of economic activity. At the same time,
it should be borne in mind that the problem of studying
specific practices of interaction between business struc-
tures in Poland and Ukraine, paradoxically, as a whole, is
given insufficient attention (both in Polish and Ukrainian
economic science).
This served as the inspiration for writing this study,
the main goal of which is to identify the features of the
modern business model on the background of identifying
the differences between the traditional and the current
model in the context of existing threats and to find out the
main (one of the main) reasons for such differences. The
introduction refers to the methodology used for this study
(specific research methods are methods of unity of analysis
and synthesis, induction and deduction and comparative
analysis, as well as methods of grouping and extrapola-
tion). The study is the result of the authors' own empirical
research and a comparative theoretical analysis based on
the literature on the topic, and is a common characteristic
of both models. In general terms, the main features of the
modern business model and trends in the European eco-
nomy are presented on the example of Poland and Ukraine.
Thus, the study is aimed at identifying trends in doing busi-
ness in the modern market and its characteristic features in
the context of the predicted increase in the role of factors
of intercultural (transcultural) interaction in business.
Keywords: business model, globalization, innovation,
internationalization, market.
Глинковская-Краузе Б., Гурецкий Л., Чебота-
рёва Н. Н. Предпосылки и характеристики «совре-
менного бизнеса» – контекст глобализации, интер-
национализации и угроз
В ходе предыдущих комплексных теоретико-ме-
тодологических и эмпирических исследований авто-
ров, основной целью которых было выявление путей
интернационализации польских и украинских пред-
приятий, отмечено, что появляется новая модель функ-
ционирования бизнеса, существенно отличающаяся от
традиционной модели, в которой феномен глобализа-
ции лежит в основе процесса интернационализации
экономической деятельности. При этом следует при-
нимать во внимание, что проблематике исследования
конкретных практик взаимодействия предпринима-
тельских структур Польши и Украины, как это ни па-
радоксально, в целом уделяется недостаточное внима-
ние (и в польской, и в украинской экономической
науке).
Это послужило вдохновением для написания дан-
ного исследования, основная цель которого – выявить
особенности современной бизнес-модели на фоне вы-
явления различий между традиционной и нынешней
моделью в контексте существующих угроз и выяснить
главные (одни из главных) причины таких различий.
Введение относится к использованной методологии
данного исследования (конкретными методами иссле-
дования являются методы единства анализа и синтеза,
индукции и дедукции и сравнительного анализа, а
также методы группировок и экстраполяции). Статья
является результатом собственного эмпирического ис-
следования авторов и сравнительного теоретического
анализа, основанного на литературе по данной теме, и
является общей характеристикой обеих моделей. В об-
щих чертах представлены основные черты современ-
ной бизнес-модели и тенденции европейской эконо-
мики на примере Польши и Украины. Таким образом,
исследование направлено на выявление тенденций ве-
дения бизнеса на современном рынке и его характер-
ных особенностей в контексте прогнозируемого повы-
шения роли факторов межкультурного (транс-культур-
ного) взаимодействия в бизнесе.
Ключевые слова: бизнес-модель, глобализация,
инновации, интернационализация, рынок.
Received by the editors: 07.12.2020
and final form 29.12.2020
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