Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017
This article presents the results of the research on unearthed fragments of glazed ceramic rosettes which adorned the faҫades of Hetman Ivan Mazepa’s palace in Baturyn. It also examines the remnants of buildings commissioned by I. Mazepa, Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk, and Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovs...
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1806992025-02-09T17:49:05Z Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 Звіт про археологічні дослідження Батурина у 2017 р. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Батурина в 2017 г. Mezentsev, V.I. Sytyi, Yu.M. Kovalenko, Yu.O. Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа This article presents the results of the research on unearthed fragments of glazed ceramic rosettes which adorned the faҫades of Hetman Ivan Mazepa’s palace in Baturyn. It also examines the remnants of buildings commissioned by I. Mazepa, Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk, and Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky, as well as the local and imported ceramic stove tiles, neck crosses, a signet ring, and other 17th-18th-century artefacts found during the 2017 excavations in the town. Стаття підсумовує результати досліджень знайдених фрагментів керамічних полив’яних розеток, що прикрашали фасади палацу гетьмана І. Мазепи в Батурині. Розглядаються залишки споруд І. Мазепи, генерального писаря П. Орлика і гетьмана К. Розумовського, а також місцеві та імпортні керамічні пічні кахлі, натільні хрести, перстень-печатка та інші знахідки XVII–XVIII ст. з розкопок у місті 2017 р. В статье изложены результаты исследований найденных фрагментов керамических поливных розеток, которые украшали фасады дворца гетмана И. Мазепы в Батурине. Рассматриваются остатки построек И. Мазепы, генерального писаря Ф. Орлика и гетмана К. Разумовского, а также местные и импортные керамические печные изразцы, нательные кресты, печатный перстень и другие находки XVII–XVIII вв. с раскопок в городе 2017 г. 2018 Article Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 / V.I. Mezentsev, Yu.M. Sytyi, Yu.O. Kovalenko // Сіверщина в історії України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: Глухів, 2018. — Вип. 11. — С. 43-48. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 2218-4805 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/180699 94(477):902.1«217» en Сіверщина в історії України application/pdf Центр пам’яткознавства НАН України і УТОПІК |
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Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа |
| spellingShingle |
Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа Mezentsev, V.I. Sytyi, Yu.M. Kovalenko, Yu.O. Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 Сіверщина в історії України |
| description |
This article presents the results of the research on
unearthed fragments of glazed ceramic rosettes which adorned the faҫades of Hetman Ivan Mazepa’s palace
in Baturyn. It also examines the remnants of buildings commissioned by I. Mazepa, Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk,
and Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky, as well as the local and imported ceramic stove tiles, neck crosses, a signet ring, and
other 17th-18th-century artefacts found during the 2017 excavations in the town. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Mezentsev, V.I. Sytyi, Yu.M. Kovalenko, Yu.O. |
| author_facet |
Mezentsev, V.I. Sytyi, Yu.M. Kovalenko, Yu.O. |
| author_sort |
Mezentsev, V.I. |
| title |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| title_short |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| title_full |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| title_fullStr |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| title_sort |
report on baturyn archaeological research in 2017 |
| publisher |
Центр пам’яткознавства НАН України і УТОПІК |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Пам’яткознавство та пам’яткоохоронна справа |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/180699 |
| citation_txt |
Report on Baturyn archaeological research in 2017 / V.I. Mezentsev, Yu.M. Sytyi, Yu.O. Kovalenko // Сіверщина в історії України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: Глухів, 2018. — Вип. 11. — С. 43-48. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 2218-4805
43
j
УДК 94(477):902.1«217»
V.I. Mezentsev
Yu.M. Sytyi
Yu.O. Kovalenko
REPORT ON BATURYN ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH IN 2017
This article presents the results of the research on
unearthed fragments of glazed ceramic rosettes which
adorned the faҫades of Hetman Ivan Mazepa’s palace
in Baturyn. It also examines the remnants of buildings
commissioned by I. Mazepa, Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk,
and Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky, as well as the local and
imported ceramic stove tiles, neck crosses, a signet ring, and
other 17th-18th-century artefacts found during the 2017
excavations in the town.
Key words: Baturyn, Mazepa palace, ceramic faҫade
decorations, brick foundations, stove tiles, neck crosses,
signet ring.
Last year, the Canada-Ukraine archaeological expedition
conducted its annual summer excavations at Baturyn,
Chernihiv Oblast. The project is sponsored by the Canadian
VІІ всеукр. наук.-практ. конф. – Кам’янець-Подільський: ПП Буй-
ницький О.А., 2017. – С. 145–156.
10. Старенький І. О. Побут кам’янчан ІІ половини ХІХ – по-
чатку ХХ ст. за даними археологічних досліджень по вулиці Тро-
їцькій, 4а / І.О. Старенький, Я.О. Зайшлюк // Наукові праці Кам’я-
нець-Подільського державного історичного музею-заповідника:
зб. наук. пр. – Кам’янець-Подільський: ПП Буйницький О.А., 2017.
– Т. І. – С. 262–281.
11. Старенький І.О. Сховок Першої світової війни з охоронних
археологічних досліджень на території Кам’янця-Подільського в
2016 році / І.О. Старенький // Музеї та реставрація у контексті збе-
реження культурної спадщини: актуальні виклики сучасності: ма-
тер. міжнар. наук.-практ. конф. – Київ: НАКККіМ, 2016. – С. 63–65.
Старенький И .А . Охранные археологические
исследования на территории заповедников (на примере
Каменца-Подольского)
В статье рассказывается о значении охранных ар-
хеологических исследований на территории заповедни-
ков. В качестве примера приводятся археологические
исследования на территории Национального истори-
ко-архитектурного заповедника «Каменец», их значе-
ние для исследования истории и историко-культурного
наследия города, тех тем, которые не были зафикси-
рованы в письменных источниках.
Ключевые слова: охранные археологические исследова-
ния, археологическая экспедиция, археологический ма-
териал, Каменец-Подольский, НИАЗ «Каменец».
Starenkyi I.O. Protection of archaeological researches on the
territory of reserves (on an example of Kamianets-Podilskyi)
The article tells about the importance of protection of
archaeological researches on the territory of reserves. For
example archaeological researches in the territory of the
National Historical and Architectural Reserve «Kamianets»
are brought, their importance for the researching of the history
and historical and cultural heritage of the city, the researching
of those topics that were not recorded in written sources.
Key words: protection of archaeological researches,
archaeological expeditions, archaeological material,
Kamianets-Podilskyi, NHAR «Kamianets».
26.02.2018 р.
Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) at the University of
Alberta in Edmonton, the Pontifi cal Institute of Mediaeval
Studies (PIMS) at the University of Toronto, and the Ucrainica
Research Institute in Toronto, Canada. The W.K. Lypynsky
East European Research Institute Inc. in Philadelphia and
the Ukrainian Studies Fund at Harvard University in Boston,
the USA, also supported the historical and archaeological
investigations of early modern Baturyn in 2016–2017. The
Chernihiv Oblast State Administration contributes annual
subsidies for the excavations in this town.
The 2017 archaeological expedition in Baturyn engaged
about 50 students and scholars from the Chernihiv Collegium
National University, the Chernihiv Regional Historical Museum,
the Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University, and the Institute
of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
in Kyiv. It was led by Yurii Sytyi, senior fellow at the Centre of
Archaeology and Early History of Northern Left-Bank Ukraine
at the Chernihiv University. Yurii Kovalenko, M.A., of the
Hlukhiv National Preserve, the instructor of archaeology of
Ukraine at the Hlukhiv University, took part in the Baturyn
excavations and examination of its fi ndings.
Prof. Zenon Kohut, the former director of CIUS and
renowned historian of the Hetman state, headed the project
of archaeological and historical study of Baturyn of the Cossack
period in 2001–2015. Presently, he serves as academic adviser
for this undertaking. Dr. Volodymyr Mezentsev, research
associate of CIUS Toronto Offi ce, is the executive director of the
Baturyn project from the Canadian side. Prof. Martin Dimnik,
ex-president of PIMS and the leading Canadian historian of
medieval Chernihiv principality, is also involved in this research
and the publication of its fi ndings in North America [1].
Archaeological investigations have established that
Baturyn emerged in the late eleventh century as a fortress on
the southeastern border of Chernihiv principality. Initially,
archaeologists believed that after ravaging of this town by
the Mongols in 1239, its area remained depopulated until
early seventeenth century. However, the 2017 excavations, for
the fi rst time, have revealed that this settlement recovered
in the fourteenth and fi fteenth centuries and the lacuna
in its development was limited to the sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries. Between 1625 and 1648, when the
Chernihiv-Siversk land was under Polish domination, the
royal administration constructed the castle and adjacent
fortress of Baturyn to protect the eastern frontier of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
From 1669 to 1708, Baturyn was the capital of the Cossack
state and one of the largest and richest towns in central Ukraine.
It benefi ted from the location there of the hetman’s residences,
government chancelleries, courts, military institutions, state
treasury and revenue collection. As well, the state offi cials,
Cossack elite (starshyna), gentry (shliakhta), senior clergy,
intellectuals, merchants, artisans, and master builders
concentrated in the capital. Extensive economic and cultural
ties with Western, Central, and Eastern Europe also stimulated
Baturyn’s rapid growth. The town prospered most during the
Сіверщина в історії України, випуск 11, 2018
44
reign of the distinguished Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1687–1709).
In 1708, in the course of suppressing I. Mazepa’s anti-
Moscow revolt, the tsarist army completely destroyed the
hetman capital. Baturyn was rebuilt and experienced its last
upsurge under the rule of the enterprising Hetman Kyrylo
Rozumovsky (1750–1764) prior to his death in 1803. He turned
it into a major manufacturing centre in Chernihiv-Siversk
land in the second half of the 18th century.
Last summer, the expedition resumed its excavations in
the Baturyn suburb of Honcharivka. Before 1700, I. Mazepa
constructed there his principal residence with three stories
and a mansard (20 m by 14.5 m in size). This brick palace was
plundered and burned by Russian troops in 1708.
Analysis of the excavated palace’s foundations, written
sources, and a unique 1744 drawing of this structure’s
ruins, preserved at the National Museum in Stockholm, has
enabled researchers to recreate its ground plan, dimensions,
architectural design, and decoration. V. Mezentsev and
Serhii Dmytriienko (Chernihiv), the Baturyn archaeological
expedition graphic artist, have prepared hypothetical computer
reconstructions of this building (fi g. 1). In their view, I. Mazepa’s
main residence was constructed and adorned primarily in the
Central European baroque style. But the embellishment of its
faҫades with glazed ceramic rosettes represents a distinctive
attribute of Hetmanate architecture.
While excavating the remnants of Honcharivka’s villa in
1995–2013, many fragments of such rosettes were found.
These round plate-like ceramic details are ornamented with
relief stylized fl owers of various patterns and covered by
white, yellow, green, turquoise, and light or dark blue enamel.
In 2017, on the basis of a detailed examination of numerous
rosette fragments and using computer graphic techniques,
V. Mezentsev and S. Dmytriienko prepared hypothetical
colour reconstructions of six types of intact rosettes. Each
type has its own specifi c fl ower or geometric relief ornament
and predominantly three or four subtypes with variations of
colour glazing, up to 21 subtypes altogether (fi g. 2). These tiles
were nailed to the frieze of the entablature in a row alternating
diff erent types or subtypes. According to V. Mezentsev’s graphic
reconstruction of the Honcharivka palace’s exterior, these
friezes on each of its three stories were decorated with rosettes
of various diameters, ranging from 30 cm to 40 cm (fi g. 1).
Rosettes, heating stove tiles or kakhli, and slabs bearing
I. Mazepa’s coat of arms from the Honcharivka palace have
been recognized as valuable pieces of Ukrainian baroque
architectural majolica. The rosettes represent one of the most
numerous and typologically diverse categories of ceramic
embellishments of this edifi ce. V. Mezentsev’s conclusions
regarding the ornamentation of the Honcharivka palace by
six types and 16–21 subtypes of rosettes with a palette of six
colours of enamel complement the results of earlier research
on the application there of seven to nine patterns of fl oor
pavements or inlays with glazed and terracotta tiles, about 30
kinds of fi ne glazed multicoloured stove tiles, and two versions
Fig. 1. Frontal and lateral (longitudinal) elevations of I. Mazepa’s palace in Honcharivka, the suburb of Baturyn, before 1708.
Hypothetical reconstruction by V. Mezentsev, computer graphic by S. Dmytriienko, 2016
ISSN 2218-4805
45
of terracotta and glazed heraldic plaques. These fi ndings attest
to the exceptionally costly, refi ned, and diversifi ed ceramic
adornments of I. Mazepa’s main residence in Baturyn.
V. Mezentsev contends that the method of decorating
the faҫades of this structure with ceramic rosettes was
borrowed from Kyivan baroque ecclesiastical architecture. This
corresponds to Yu. Sytyi’s assertion about the production of
all the ceramic ornamental details of the Honcharivka palace,
including the rosettes, stove and fl oor tiles, and heraldic slabs,
by experienced tile-makers or kakhliari, whom the hetman
summoned from Kyiv. Undoubtedly, they made these ware
from local clay while in Baturyn. Yet these masters could
have brought with them the carved wooden molds which
they employed to fashion rosettes for some contemporaneous
Kyivan churches. V. Mezentsev has suggested that it was the
decorators of St. Nicholas Cathedral (1690–1696) in Kyiv
who fi nished the Honcharivka palace with rosettes and other
ceramic details between 1696 and 1700.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in keeping
with the Kyivan model, and possibly with the involvement
of Kyivan craftsmen, several monastic churches in the Kyiv,
Chernihiv, and Poltava regions were also embellished with
ceramic rosettes. In fact, the Honcharivka palace is the only
known residential building in Ukraine ornamented with
ceramic rosettes (excluding later imitations on dwellings or
kam’ianytsi of the Cossack era).
Thus, the exclusive application of this specifi c method of
adorning churches of the leading Kyivan architectural school
for fi nishing I. Mazepa’s palace in Baturyn shows the unique
nature and national fl avour of the structure. By its three-
story design, artistic polychrome glazed ceramic revetments,
and unusual combination of Western and Ukrainian baroque
decorations, the principal hetman residence stood out among
the secular buildings of the Cossack realm [2].
Last summer, archaeologists partly excavated the
foundation of a hitherto unknown destroyed brick structure
at I. Mazepa’s estate in Honcharivka. Its investigation and
identification will continue this year. Research on the
design, polygonal layout, and construction techniques of
the ramparts with earthen flanking bastions protecting
this manor by Dr. Oleksandr Bondar (Chernihiv Historical
Museum) allows him to propose that they were modelled on
advanced contemporaneous Dutch fortifi cations [3].
In 2017, the expedition continued excavating the site of
the household of Judge General Vasyl Kochubei (after 1700)
in Baturyn’s western end. Yu. Sytyi posits that after 1750
K. Rozumovsky owned this estate and commissioned three
buildings for the hetman’s administration there. They were
demolished in the nineteenth century.
Archaeologists have uncovered portions of brick
foundations that supported the wooden walls of two of
K. Rozumovsky’s edifi ces of the second part of the eighteenth
century. Yu. Sytyi has determined that the larger structure
had one story, approximately 20 m by 13 m in size, and at
least three heating stoves. One of them was revetted with
costly patterned Delft blue and white enamel ceramic tiles,
which were probably imported from Holland. The second
stove was faced with fl at kakhli imitating the colours of
glazing, ornamental drawings and style of the fashionable
Dutch earthenware. Tiles of the third stove were glazed
plain yellow, white, apple-green, brown, and beige without
images. They presumably were produced in Baturyn in the
second half of the eighteenth century. These imported and
local tiles have been unearthed mainly as fragments amidst
the debris of the larger administrative premise.
Last year, at the court of Judge General, Yu. Kovalenko
discovered a tiny seventeenth- or eighteenth-century
silver neck cross. He conjectures that it belonged to a child
from Kochubei’s family or some other Cossack elite family.
The shape and relief decoration of this artefact resemble
Cossack crosses of local manufacture. It features a three-bar
Orthodox cross inscribed on the front and some ornamental
engravings on its back (fig. 3).
According to V. Mezentsev’s interpretation, on the cross
arms, the initials of Jesus Christ, the King, are inscribed in
keeping with mixed Byzantine and modern Slavic iconographic
Fig. 2. Some of the glazed ceramic rosettes from the faҫade decoration of the Honcharivka palace prior to 1700.
Hypothetical reconstructions by V. Mezentsev and S. Dmytriienko, computer graphics by S. Dmytriienko, 2017
Fig. 3. Two 17th-18th-century patterned
neck crosses unearthed at Baturyn in 2017.
Bronze and silver (centre and right). Photos by Yu. Sytyi
Сіверщина в історії України, випуск 11, 2018
46
traditions. The Greek letters ІС and Х represent the canonical
abbreviations of Christ’s name, while the Cyrillic letter Ц
seemingly refers to His title in Slavic: Tsar (Царь). Such a
brief monogram for Christ’s name and title, with only four
characters (ІС, Х, Ц), is very rare among modern Orthodox
crosses with Cyrillic inscriptions. It could be due to the small
size of this child’s cross.
A larger bronze neck cross was unearthed near the
Resurrection Church (1803) within the former Baturyn
fortress (fi g. 3). Its lower arm was broken off . At the intersection
of arms, it has a stylized wreath of thorns with radial rays
between the arms. On the front, an inner three-barred
Orthodox cross is inscribed with a miniature wreath of thorns
or tsata that hung around the central crossbar. Yu. Kovalenko
states that this less expensive cross was cast in Muscovy and
brought to Baturyn in the 17th century. Similar neck crosses
were widely used by the Old Believers. They were persecuted
in Russia and many of them found refuge in the Hetmanate.
During excavations near the Resurrection Church,
Yu. Kovalenko discovered a remarkable bronze ring with a
seal on the octagonal glass insert of the late seventeenth or
early eighteenth centuries. S. Dmytriienko closely examined
the seal and made sample wax impressions and a graphic
outline of its miniature relief images. The seal depicts a
stylized masonry fortress wall fl anked by two towers with
steep conical roofs. Above the towers is an image of an eagle
fi ghting a serpent or a dragon in the sky (fi g. 4).
Both V. Mezentsev and Yu. Kovalenko agree that the
fortress symbolizes the fortifications of Constantinople.
The seal presents the legendary combat of two creatures,
flying above the city as described in the tale about the
foundation and fall of the Byzantine capital to the Turks
in 1453 by the Russian author Nestor Iskander in the late
fifteenth or early sixteenth centuries [4].
Illustrations of this legend were popular in applied arts of
seventeenth-century Muscovy. Gold and silver signet rings of
this time with a similar composition were found in Tula Oblast
and Mordovia in the Russian Federation. No early modern
seals with this motif are known to us in Ukraine. It is also
absent from the coat of arms of Ukrainian gentry and baroque
engravings. This allows V. Mezentsev and Yu. Kovalenko to
believe that the signet ring discovered in Baturyn was brought
there from Muscovy during I. Mazepa’s reign. It could have
belonged to an educated Cossack offi cer, state offi cial, scribe,
or cleric who was familiar with N. Iskander’s account about
the origins of Constantinople.
In Baturyn’s northern suburb, the expedition uncovered a
portion of brick foundation of the early eighteenth-century
residence of Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk, the celebrated
author of the fi rst Ukrainian constitution (1710). This structure
was burned during the confl agration of Baturyn in 1708. It
had timber walls and at least two heating stoves. The fi rst
was faced with ornate multicoloured glazed ceramic tiles,
while the second one had less costly terracotta tiles without
enamel. Several shards of both types of these stove tiles were
unearthed in 2016–2017.
Yu. Sytyi attributes them to the local Baturyn production.
He highly praises the artistic and technical standards of the
polychrome glazed kakhli found at P. Orlyk’s residence and
considers them equal in quality to the best stove tiles from
Mazepa’s palace. And, they are original in ornamentations,
not copies of the latter.
During the 2017 excavations, Yu. Kovalenko discovered
one terracotta tile fragment featuring the reliefs of a fl anged
mace or pirnach (the insignia of a Cossack colonel’s rank),
a stylized banner or korohva on a wooden staff , possibly a
Cossack standard with horsetail or bunchuk (a symbol of
the hetman’s authority), and a decorative acanthus leaf in
Fig. 4. Bronze signet ring of the 17th - early 18th century and two sample wax impressions, one with a graphic outline
of the images on the glass seal. Photos by Yu. Sytyi and S. Dmytriienko, computer graphic by S. Dmytriienko, 2017
ISSN 2218-4805
47
baroque style at the bottom (fi g. 5). He surmises that these
images form part of P. Orlyk’s ceramic armorial bearings.
Two fragments of stove tiles with several elements of his
noble heraldic emblem were found on this site in 2014 and
2016. Based on these fi nds, V. Mezentsev and S. Dmytriienko
have graphically reconstructed in part the possible design of
the ceramic coat of arms used by this future hetman before
1708. In fact, such representations of the Cossack insignia
and arms were unique for the early modern heraldic stove
tiles in Ukraine and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Archaeological explorations of P. Orlyk’s household will be
renewed this year.
While excavating the fortress, town’s suburbs, and
Kochubei’s estate, were also unearthed: two glazed ceramic
children’s toys fashioned in a folk style (a tiny cup and a
whistle shaped as a stylized bird), three fragments of patterned
terracotta Cossack tobacco pipes, two iron belt clasps, two
copper buttons, three lead musket bullets, and various iron
tools, all of local manufacture, nine silver Polish-Lithuanian
and three copper Russian coins from the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, as well as two silver shillings of Queen
Christina Vasa of Sweden (1632–1654) minted in Riga, Livonia,
and one seventeenth-century silver solidus from Swedish
Livonia (fi gs. 6, 7). The identifi cation of Polish and Livonian
coins was provided by Yu. Kovalenko.
In Honcharivka, archaeologists investigated the remnants
of a wooden dwelling, which was burned together with the
neighbouring I. Mazepa villa in 1708. Inside this structure, an iron
cannon ball from the shelling of the town that year was found [5].
To summarize, the brick foundations of three heretofore
unknown buildings and the ceramic tile adornments of the
I. Mazepa and K. Rozumovsky periods were discovered at
Baturyn in 2017. Excavations of the remnants of P. Orlyk’s
residence began. New stove tile fragment unearthed there helps
us to recreate graphically the earliest known ceramic heraldic
emblem of this prominent Ukrainian political leader. The latest
archaeological fi ndings have reconfi rmed the dynamics of
masonry construction, local urban crafts, Ukrainian baroque
applied arts, and the broad commercial and cultural relations of
the hetman capital with the Netherlands, the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, the Swedish empire, and Muscovy. For the
fi rst time, the imported artefact depicting the Byzantine motif
has been found in I. Mazepa’s capital. Thanks to the annual
systematic excavations at Baturyn for two decades, this town
has become the most extensively archaeologically studied
settlement of the Cossack realm. Further fi eld investigations
in Baturyn are scheduled for August 2018.
ENDNOTES
1. A shorter version of this report was published in the online
bulletin of the University of Ottawa, Canada. See Dimnik M.,
Mezentsev V. “Excavations at Baturyn in 2017”, Canadio-Byzantina,
no. 29, January 2018, pp. 9–12 (https://uottawa.scholarsportal.info/
ojs/index.php/cb/index).
2. Мезенцев В.І. Керамічні розетки з декору палацу І. Мазепи
Fig. 5. Fragment of the early 18th-century terracotta stove tile and
a graphic reconstruction of its reliefs of a Cossack fl anged mace,
banner, horsetail standard, and acanthus leaf. Photo by Yu. Sytyi,
computer graphic by S. Dmytriienko, 2017
Fig. 6. The 17th-18th-century glazed ceramic toys discovered in
Baturyn in 2017. This and next photo by Yu. Sytyi
Fig. 7. Silver coins from Swedish Livonia, 17th century.
2017 excavations at Baturyn
Сіверщина в історії України, випуск 11, 2018
48
в Батурині: комп’ютерні реконструкції та київські аналогії // Сі-
верщина в історії України. Наукове видання. – Вип. 10. – Глухів –
К., 2017. – С. 149–158; Когут З., Мезенцев В., Ситий Ю. Археоло-
гічні досліди Батурина 2016 року. Керамічні оздоби палацу Івана
Мазепи. – Торонто, 2017. – С. 11–22.
3. Бондар О. Замки та фортеці Чернігово-Сіверщини в ХV–
XVIII ст. – К., 2015. – С. 24–26; Когут З., Мезенцев В., Ситий Ю.
Розкопки Батурина 2016–2017 рр. Керамічні оздоби споруд Ма-
зепи і Розумовського // Гомін України. – Рік LXIX. – № 32 (3694).
– Торонто, 29 серпня 2017 р. – С. 7–8; Mezentsev V. “Excavations at
Baturyn in 2016–2017. Ceramic Adornments of Hetman Architecture”,
Ukrainian Echo, vol. 31, no. 28, Toronto, October 17, 2017, pp. 1–2.
4. See, for example, Philippides M., Hanak W.K. The Siege and
the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and
Military Studies (Burlington, VT, 2011), pp. 220–222 (https://books.
google.ca/books?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA220&lpg).
5. Ситий Ю., Мезенцев В., Мироненко Л. та ін. Науковий звіт
про археологічні дослідження в охоронних зонах Національно-
го історико-культурного заповідника «Гетьманська столиця» в
м. Батурин Бахмацького р-ну Чернігівської обл. у 2017 р. // Нау-
ковий архів Інституту археології НАН України. – 2017; Mezentsev
V. «Excavations at Baturyn in 2016–2017. Ceramic Decorations of the
Hetman’s Palaces and Offi ces», The Ukrainian Weekly, vol. LXXXV,
no. 44, Parsippany, NJ, October 29, 2017, p. 11.
Мезенцев В.І., Ситий Ю.М., Коваленко Ю.О. Звіт про
археологічні дослідження Батурина у 2017 р.
Стаття підсумовує результати досліджень знай-
дених фрагментів керамічних полив’яних розеток, що
прикрашали фасади палацу гетьмана І. Мазепи в Ба-
турині. Розглядаються залишки споруд І. Мазепи, гене-
рального писаря П. Орлика і гетьмана К. Розумовсько-
го, а також місцеві та імпортні керамічні пічні кахлі,
натільні хрести, перстень-печатка та інші знахідки
XVII–XVIII ст. з розкопок у місті 2017 р.
Ключові слова: Батурин, палац І. Мазепи, керамічний
декор фасадів, цегляні фундаменти, пічні кахлі, натіль-
ні хрести, перстень-печатка.
Мезенцев В.И., Сытый Ю.Н., Коваленко Ю.А. Отчет об
археологических исследованиях Батурина в 2017 г.
В статье изложены результаты исследований най-
денных фрагментов керамических поливных розеток,
которые украшали фасады дворца гетмана И. Мазе-
пы в Батурине. Рассматриваются остатки построек
И. Мазепы, генерального писаря Ф. Орлика и гетмана
К. Разумовского, а также местные и импортные кера-
мические печные изразцы, нательные кресты, печат-
ный перстень и другие находки XVII–XVIII вв. с раско-
пок в городе 2017 г.
Ключевые слова: Батурин, дворец И. Мазепы, кера-
мический декор фасадов, кирпичные фундаменты, печ-
ные изразцы, нательные кресты, перстень-печатка.
19.03.2018 р. j
УДК 27-52-732.3:[726+719] «18/19»:001.4](09)(045)
Н.М. Сенченко
ЦЕРКОВНІ ПАМ’ЯТКИ:
ГЕНЕЗА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ХVІІІ–ХІХ СТ.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню еволюції поня-
тійно-термінологічного апарату церковного пам’ят-
кознавства у контексті розвитку законодавчої бази з
охорони церковної спадщини ХVІІІ–ХІХ ст.
Ключові слова: Св. Синод, охорона пам’яток, укази,
розпорядження, нормативно-правова база, церков-
ні пам’ятки.
Проблема охорони пам’яток продовжується залиша-
тися актуальною у багатьох країнах світу, незважаючи
на значні наукові здобутки у цій галузі. Головне завдан-
ня пам’яткоохоронної роботи будь-якої цивілізованої
держави «…полягає у координації та використанні усіх
наукових, технічних, культурних та інших можливостей
для забезпечення ефективної охорони, збереження та
популяризації культурної та природної спадщини» [1].
Україна не є виключенням. Значною мірою це стосуєть-
ся церковних пам’яток, зважаючи на складні політич-
ні та релігійні реалії в країні. Недосконалість охорон-
ного законодавства, ставлення до церковних пам’яток
лише як до певного матеріального надбання часто при-
зводить до значних втрат та неприпустимого викори-
стання їх для задоволення суто прагматичних потреб.
Незважаючи на окремі успіхи у цій галузі, залишається
багато невирішених проблем. Вимагає уточнення поня-
тійно-термінологічний апарат церковного пам’яткознав-
ства, зокрема визначення дефініції «церковні» пам’ят-
ки з метою уникнення невиправданої підміни понять,
що, як свідчить історичний досвід, часто призводило до
певних труднощів та принципових непорозумінь. Пов-
ноцінні виявлення, дослідження та використання цер-
ковної спадщини неможливі без чіткого визначення тер-
мінів, що в процесі еволюції зазнавали значних змін та
доповнень. Різноманітність церковних пам’яток вима-
гала виваженого підходу до формулювання та корис-
тування відповідним понятійним апаратом. Дефініція
«церковні» пам’ятки має суттєву різницю із дефініцією
«культові» пам’ятки. Основна розбіжність термінів по-
лягає у сутності релігійних культів, однак ця проблема
не є темою даного дослідження.
Метою даної статті є дослідження генези та особли-
востей понятійно-термінологічних визначень пам’яток
церковної давнини ХVІІІ–ХІХ ст. у контексті норматив-
но-правової та практичної діяльності синодального ві-
домства з охорони церковних пам’яток. Наше завдання
полягає у розгляді еволюції понятійно-термінологічного
апарату у галузі церковного пам’яткознавства, визначен-
ні місця церковних старожитностей у загальному контек-
сті охорони культурної спадщини, аналізі нормотворчої
та практичної діяльності синодального відомства з охо-
рони церковних пам’яток.
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