Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora
В работе доказано, что любое тупиковое доопределение частичной булевой функции с класса (n, 1, k) имеет нулевую область неопределенности. Выделенные условия, при которых доопределении функции с класса (n, 1, k) является однозначным. У роботі доведено, що будь-яке тупикове довизначення часткової бу...
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| Published in: | Таврический вестник информатики и математики |
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| Date: | 2009 |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України
2009
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| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/18232 |
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| Cite this: | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora / G.P. Gladkova, A.A. Drozd // Таврический вестник информатики и математики. — 2009. — № 2. — С. 71-77. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860021194686726144 |
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| author | Gladkova, G.P. Drozd, A.A. |
| author_facet | Gladkova, G.P. Drozd, A.A. |
| citation_txt | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora / G.P. Gladkova, A.A. Drozd // Таврический вестник информатики и математики. — 2009. — № 2. — С. 71-77. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Таврический вестник информатики и математики |
| description | В работе доказано, что любое тупиковое доопределение частичной булевой функции с класса (n, 1, k) имеет нулевую область неопределенности. Выделенные условия, при которых доопределении функции с класса (n, 1, k) является однозначным.
У роботі доведено, що будь-яке тупикове довизначення часткової булевої функції з класу (n, 1, k) має нульову область невизначеності. Виділені умови, при яких довизначення функції з класу (n, 1, k) є однозначним.
The paper is devoted to evaluation of general-purpose XML querying tools in respect to linguistic corpora. A specialized pattern-based query language is suggested and implemented in XCorp software.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:47:21Z |
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| fulltext |
ÓÄÊ 004.6TOWARDS EASIER QUERYING OF XML-BASED LINGUISTICCORPORA
Gladkova G.P., Drozd A.A.Kiev National Taras Shev
henko UniversityInstitute of PhilologyDepartment of English Philology01601 Taras Shev
henko Boulevard 14 Kiev, Ukrainee-mail: anna.gld�gmail.
omMos
ow State University (Sevastopol Bran
h)Programming Department99000 Geroev Sevastopolya 9, Sevastopol, Ukrainee-mail: alexander.drozd�gmail.
omAbstra
t. The paper is devoted to evaluation of general-purpose XML querying tools in respe
t tolinguisti
orpora. A spe
ialized pattern-based query language is suggested and implemented in XCorpsoftware. Introdu
tionCorpus linguisti
s is one of the most a
tively developing trends in applied linguisti
s.Corpora are widely understood to be merely a "large bodies of ma
hine-readable text
ontaining thousands or millions of words" [6, p.48℄, and many popular tools for
orpusanalysis like Antony Lawren
e's AntCon
[2℄ presuppose the input to be simple plaintext �les. But
urrent tasks in the spheres of phonology, semanti
s or syntax of a naturallanguage require more
omplex annotation of linguisti
data, not to mention issues inpragmati
s and
ognitive analysis of language. This leads to the problem of in
orporatingadditional data in the text and
omplex querying of this information.Corpora may be stored in a variety of formats, in
luding the so-
alled verti
al formatand SGML. While these formats may be more advantageous for
ertain kinds of tasks,the most �exible solution remains to be XML, whi
h is proved by the fa
t that many
orpus proje
ts have developed their own XML-based formats optimized for storage oftask-spe
i�
information (well-known examples are generi
TEI XML, TigerXML et
).Moreover, a great many utilities for tagging of the text on the levels of syntax andmorphology
an produ
e XML output. Yet while the XML format itself is �exible andmay be tailored to meet the needs of a parti
ular study with some basi
knowledge ofapplied linguisti
s, querying the resulting data poses a more serious problem. The aim ofthis paper is to analyse the data model used in
orpus linguisti
s and the appli
ability ofthe standard XML querying tools in this sphere, as well as to suggest a more
onvenientspe
ialized querying tool.The general issues of data retrieval from XML databases are dis
ussed in variety ofsour
es [4,5,11,12℄, but one
an judge of the appli
ability of general XML queries for
orpus linguisti
s by the fa
t that all major
orpus proje
ts generally develop their owntools for querying their data (e.g. Xaira for British National Corpus [3℄). Therefore thereexist a number of solutions developed for spe
ialized annotation sets (e.g. TigerSear
hfor TigerXML). The problem of general appli
ability of standard tools is aggravated by
72 Gladkova G.P., Drozd A.A.the fa
t that they are all developed for spe
ialists in IT and may be di�
ult to use forlinguists. 1. General purpose tools for quiering XMLXML is
laimed to be the universal format for data representation, and a great manyuniversal solutions has been developed for querying XML data. However, as often isthe
ase, universal solutions may be less suitable for spe
i�
tasks. First of all, XMLitself, as well as the default XML querying tools, has been developed for usage in otherinformation pro
essing paradigm: its main purpose is storage and retrieval of stru
tureddata of database-like type, where all elements of the same level are
onsidered equal and noimportan
e is given to their
onse
utive order (employee pro�les or movie
olle
tions arethe typi
al examples in XML tutorials). In fa
t su
h XML �les are merely an alternativeformat to a database, and typi
al queries for su
h �les mu
h resemble database requests(e.g. "�nd all the employees with salaries higher than 1000$").However, linguisti
orpora possess
ertain
hara
teristi
s that make the standardXML querying tools less suitable for them. Elements of a text in a natural languageare sequen
es of words that
ombine into phrases, senten
es and paragraphs. The order ofthose elements is important for the resear
her, and so is the distan
e between the elements.Sometimes linguists need to
ombine the annotation data with the patterns present in theplain text data in their sear
h requests. For example, a study in alliteration may involvesear
hing for sequen
es of words starting with the same
onsonant at a parti
ular distan
e.A study in word-formation may require sear
hing for roots and words derived from themo
urring within one senten
e or one paragraph. The register of letters may be importantor not for a given task. Some of these di�
ulties may be solved by means of standardXML querying tools, but this might pose some di�
ulties even for an expert in IT sphere,while for an average linguist they turn into an unsolvable problem.The standard means of querying XML data is XQuery language, developed by W3Consortium as well as XML itself. However, the
urrent version of XQuery is poorly suitedfor use with XML-annotated text
orpora: typi
al tasks involving sear
h for sequen
esof elements in a given order are very di�
ult or impossible to solve. The ne
essity ofaugmenting XQuery with text querying fun
tionality is a
knowledged by the fa
t thatW3 Consortium itself started the work on development of XQuery tor better support oftext sear
hing (XQuery and XPath Full Text [12℄). The suggested
hanges partly solvethe problem of querying the XML data as a text in a natural language. However, theproblem of
omplexity of XQuery for an expert in humanities is even aggravated by furthersophisti
ation of the language. Besides that, the aforementioned
hanges to XQuery arestill in the draft stage, and it is hard to predi
t the time of new release of XQuery, not tomention the development of software tools to support the new sear
h me
hanisms.Besides XQuery there exist a number of less well-known XML querying languages,but none of them meet the two aforementioned requirements at a time (simpli
ity andsupport for full-text sear
h). For example, XML-QL [4℄ is simpler than XQuery, but it¾Òàâðè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê èí�îðìàòèêè è ìàòåìàòèêè¿, �2' 2009
Towards Easier Querying of XML-based Linguisti
Corpora 73o�ers no support for regular expressions or sear
hing for elements that o
ur at a givendistan
e.There also exist spe
ialized software tools developed for spe
i�
orpus proje
ts. Themost famous example is Xaira [3℄, the su
essor of SGML-based SARA tool distributedwith the British National Corpus. While its ar
hite
ture is general, the drawba
ks in
lude
omplexity of
orpus
ompilation, ne
essity of huge indi
es (sometimes �ve times as bigas sour
e XML �les with heavy annotation), as well as instability in work. Alinea [7℄ isa parallel
orpus tool whi
h is somehow more di�
ult to use for single-language
orpora.The problem with many programs of the type of UAM
orpus tool [9℄ is that they havebeen implemented in s
ript languages and are rather instable in work with large-s
ale
orpora. Therefore this paper suggests a general tool for querying XML-based
orporathat has been developed in view of the most
ommon tasks in analysis of linguisti
datathat
an be easily automated.2. Sample Task in Corpus AnalysisIt is worth stressing that even if parti
ular a parti
ular resear
h proje
t in linguisti
shas seemingly nothing to do with applied or
omputer linguisti
s, it is always based ona
orpus of text data. Using ele
troni
texts may
onsiderably shorten the time spenton retrieving eviden
e of linguisti
fa
ts. The general s
heme of a resear
h proje
t inlinguisti
s is the following: at �rst a
lassi�
ation s
heme or typology for some languagephenomenon is developed. It is then applied to analysis of text data and then statisti
sis drawn to prove the preliminary hypothesis. Traditional approa
h with index
ards forexample is not only sus
eptible to mistakes, but is also di�
ult to follow in
ases whenea
h item to be analyzed has more then two parameters to be
lassi�ed with (whi
h is the
ase with all
omplex studies involving, e.g. analysis on the levels of semanti
s, syntaxand pragmati
s).Let's analyze a sample task posed in a resear
h on pe
uliarities of English abstra
tnouns ending in -ness [1℄. While it is relatively easy to �nd su
h nouns in a text withregular expressions (though odd words like witness or governess have to be eliminated),the task involves analysis of semanti
s as well as synta
ti
and pragmati
behavior ofsu
h nouns in a
orpus of
lassi
al British novels. Semanti
analysis is brought down tode�ning of semanti
domain of a parti
ular noun (a
ording to the nature of referent �vegeneral domains have been spe
i�ed, four of whi
h des
ribe various qualities of people(physi
al, psy
hologi
al, qualities, states of mind, and qualities denoting so
ial behaviorand attitudes) and one is reserved for other kinds of referents). Words belonging to thesedomains are further subdivided into a number of themati
groups. Synta
ti
behavior isanalyzed in terms of the most
ommon distribution models of synta
ti
groups in
ludingnouns ending in -ness. Pragmati
s is studied in terms of who is the speaker and whi
h
hara
ter is the quality denoted by the -ness noun attributed to, as well as whether thequality denoted by the -ness noun is evaluated positively or negatively in the
ontextof a novel. Therefore 5 units of information are to be added to ea
h -ness noun in the
orpus. Besides that, the
orpus has to be tokenized, and part-of-spee
h information is¾Òàâðiéñüêèé âiñíèê ií�îðìàòèêè òà ìàòåìàòèêè¿, �2' 2009
74 Gladkova G.P., Drozd A.A.to be added to every word in order to enable the distribution analysis. Thus a senten
efrom "Pride and Prejudi
e" by Jane Austen
ontained in a single line and in
orporatingall this information in XML format would look like this (the pos-tag information has beensimpli�ed for viewing purposes):<paragraph id="40"><senten
e id="78"><w pos="noun">Mr.</w><w pos="noun">Dar
y</w><w pos="link_verb">is</w> <w pos="adje
tive">all</w><w pos="noun" semanti
s="so
ial\_polite" evaluation="$+$"speaker="Elizabeth" qualified="Dar
y">politeness</w><w pos="verb">said</w> <w pos="noun">Elizabeth</w> <w pos="parti
iple">smiling</w></senten
e></paragraph>Performing su
h annotation enables the linguist to perform
omplex queries to
he
kif some
hara
ter is more likely to use words from a
ertain semanti
domain, how heevaluates other
hara
ters and is
hara
terized by them, whether words from one semanti
domain are more likely appear more often in
ertain synta
ti
models and not in the others.It is possible to learn if several su
h nouns appear in
onse
utive senten
es or in the sameparagraph (whi
h is of interest be
ause -ness nouns used in groups in the same
ontextor together with the words they are derived from produ
e stylisti
e�e
t).3. XCorp Query LanguageSin
e one of the problems of the standard XML querying languages is its ex
essive
omplexity for an average linguist, we suggest a query language based on patterns. It wasdeveloped in view of typi
al tasks and situations that professional linguists fa
e whenworking with text
orpora. The proposed tool o�ers a general querying fun
tionality forXML
orpora that
overs and simpli�es su
h typi
al tasks, that in
lude �nding segments oftext mat
hing
ertain
riteria and gathering statisti
s. Suggested routines are implementedin a program
alled XCorp,
urrently released at http://sour
eforge.net/proje
ts/x
orp/.XCorp runs under Mi
rosoft .NET framework, and
an be used on any operating systemsupporting .NET framework.First thing to be determined is the types of
orpora to be supported. XML-basedlinguisti
orpora generally store text as an hierar
hy of stru
tures like
hapterparagraphsenten
e, and on the bottom level as a sequen
e of elements representing words withattributes for di�erent linguisti
ategories, su
h as part of spee
h, word lemma, semanti
lass et
. This is the output model supported by the majority of tokenizers, lemmatizers,part-of-spee
h taggers and other
orpus utilities. Sin
e this is the most frequently usedtype of annotation, XCorp was developed primarily in its view. (More
omplex XMLs
hemas with data model di�erent from the aforementioned one are generally developedfor spe
ialized
orpora like TigerCorpus that usually develop a spe
ialized querying toolfor their data). The level of nesting and names of spe
i�
nodes may be di�erent invarious
orpora and thus need to be spe
i�ed in the sear
h request. Corpus texts are to¾Òàâðè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê èí�îðìàòèêè è ìàòåìàòèêè¿, �2' 2009
Towards Easier Querying of XML-based Linguisti
Corpora 75be stored in simple xml �les, no indexing is required. The
urrent version of X
orp has
ommand-line interfa
e with the program �le being exe
uted on the request �le, and thedevelopment of GUI with graphi
al query
onstru
tor is s
heduled.As sear
h request
an
ontain many parameters and
an be rather
ompli
ated,we
hose to represent it in XML format as well. The root element of thequery
on�guration �le is <
on�g> that
ontains three se
tions. The �rst se
tionof request (< sear
h_s
ope >) spe
i�es the stru
ture of
orpus �les and thesear
h s
ope within them, i.e. how elements are nested and what elements
ontaintarget information. Target elements
an be spe
i�ed with XPath notation. Se
ondse
tion (< sear
hrequest >) spe
i�es sear
h
riteria. As text is presented as asequen
e of elements with words and
ertain attributes, XCorp software is developedto retrieve subsequen
es of those elements, mat
hing
ertain
riteria. User
an spe
ify asubstring or regular expression for ea
h element in
hain as well as for ea
h attribute.Also maximum distan
e between elements
an be set. The last se
tion of sear
hrequest (< sear
h_target >)
ontains des
ription of what kind of output is expe
tedand how it is to be presented. Therefore sear
hing an XML-annotated text �le is redu
edto �lling in a template form, whi
h should make the task
onsiderably easier for linguistswith no prior training in programming.Currently XCorp enables the user to obtain information of four kinds. 1) basi
statisti
s for retrieved items. XCorp
omputes the number of hits of target patternfor all the levels in whi
h they are nested (e.g. those may be senten
es or paragraphs
ontaining the target item). This feature may be useful for
he
king the "density" oftarget sequen
e, for example, in texts of di�erent genres, or in di�erent se
tions of thesame text. It simpli�es sear
hing for stylisti
phenomena based on repetition, su
h asanaphora or epiphora. 2) KWIC (keyword-in-
ontext) lists
ontaining all the o
urren
esof the target item in the
ontext in whi
h they o
ur. The
ontext may be spe
i�ed to bea
ertain amount of
hara
ters to the right and to the left of the target pattern, whi
his the traditional way for
on
ordan
er software, or the
ontext may be understood asthe element within whi
h the target pattern is found (e.g. senten
es or paragraphs orsynta
ti
groups within whi
h the target pattern o
urs). 3) wordlists, or rather, lists ofo
urren
es of target pattern in every �le
onstituting the
orpus, and a general wordlistfor the whole
orpus. The default setting for wordlist order is the order in whi
h theyo
ur in the �le, whi
h may be useful for resear
h involving linguisti
analysis of �
tion ornewspaper dis
ourse. The wordlist
an also be sorted alphabeti
ally. There is an option ofgenerating a frequen
y list, in whi
h all similar o
uren
es of target pattern are mergedand general statisti
s is given. 4) other information
hara
terizing the target pattern andstored in xml format. This feature makes XCorp useful not only for hypothesis-drivenresear
h where one needs only to
he
k for availability of prede�ned patterns, but also fordis
overing "
lusters" of linguisti
information that the user may not be aware of at thetime of request. For example, if the
orpus has morphologi
al and semanti
annotation,this feature may help the resear
her to dis
over semanti
patterns that
orrespond to thetarget synta
ti
al pattern. ¾Òàâðiéñüêèé âiñíèê ií�îðìàòèêè òà ìàòåìàòèêè¿, �2' 2009
76 Gladkova G.P., Drozd A.A.Let us
onsider a query designed for the above example from "Pride and Prejudi
e".To des
ribe the way the author
onstrues the relationship between Elizabeth and Dar
ywe need to know what the two
hara
ters think of ea
h other. To learn that we
an sear
hfor -ness nouns uttered by Elizabeth and
on
erning Dar
y, together with their attributes.The request mat
hing the above example will look like this:<sear
h_s
ope><element name="//paragraph"><element name="senten
e"><element name="w"></element></element></element></sear
h_s
ope><sear
h_request><item mask="" distan
e="0"><attribute name="pos">adje
tive</attribute></item><item mask="\\wness" distan
e=""><attribute name="speaker">Elizabeth</attribute><attribute name="qualified">Dar
y</attribute></item></sear
h_request><sear
h_target><
ontent sort="frequen
y" order="des
ending"/></sear
h_target>The adje
tive in the above example serves to in
rease the degree of Dar
y's politenessso as to exaggerate it and let us feel the irony of Elizabeth, who in fa
t thinks himextremely rude. On the other hand, Mrs. Bennet talks of his "sho
king rudeness", whi
his also an exaggeration, and this time it is the author who speaks ironi
ally of her
hara
ter. But as the novel progresses we witness Elizabeth starting to like Dar
y andeven a
knowledging his "utmost politeness" in earnest.Con
lusionThe presented paper analyses the appli
ability of general-purpose XML queryingtools in the sphere of
orpus linguisti
s. Two main problems have been identi�ed: thestandard querying tools do not
urrently support full-text sear
h fun
tionality, and thedefault querying language is too di�
ult for experts in humanities with no programmingexperien
e. Therefore the proposed query language is pattern-based. It is implemented insoftware program XCorp and
an be applied for querying XML
orpora with various kindsof annotation. The proposed solution is universal enough to work with di�erent kinds oflinguisti
data, and at the same time it is as simpli�ed as possible. XCorp has beensu
essfully applied for solving some pra
ti
al tasks in
orpus linguisti
s. Further workin
ludes the development of graphi
al user interfa
e and inviting the linguisti
ommunityto produ
e more requirements, so as to make XCorp a more universal solution and to makethe suggested query language more expressive.¾Òàâðè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê èí�îðìàòèêè è ìàòåìàòèêè¿, �2' 2009
Towards Easier Querying of XML-based Linguisti
Corpora 77Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû1. �ëàäêîâà �.Ï. Îñîáëèâîñòi �óíêöiîíóâàííÿ àáñòðàêòíèõ iìåííèêiâ iç ñó�iêñîì -ness ó òåêñòiðîìàíó Äæåéí Îñòií "Pride and Prejudi
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-18232 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1729-3901 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:47:21Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gladkova, G.P. Drozd, A.A. 2011-03-18T23:49:40Z 2011-03-18T23:49:40Z 2009 Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora / G.P. Gladkova, A.A. Drozd // Таврический вестник информатики и математики. — 2009. — № 2. — С. 71-77. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1729-3901 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/18232 004.6 В работе доказано, что любое тупиковое доопределение частичной булевой функции с класса (n, 1, k) имеет нулевую область неопределенности. Выделенные условия, при которых доопределении функции с класса (n, 1, k) является однозначным. У роботі доведено, що будь-яке тупикове довизначення часткової булевої функції з класу (n, 1, k) має нульову область невизначеності. Виділені умови, при яких довизначення функції з класу (n, 1, k) є однозначним. The paper is devoted to evaluation of general-purpose XML querying tools in respect to linguistic corpora. A specialized pattern-based query language is suggested and implemented in XCorp software. en Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України Таврический вестник информатики и математики Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora Gladkova, G.P. Drozd, A.A. |
| title | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora |
| title_full | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora |
| title_fullStr | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora |
| title_short | Towards Easier Querying of XML -based Linguistic Corpora |
| title_sort | towards easier querying of xml -based linguistic corpora |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/18232 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gladkovagp towardseasierqueryingofxmlbasedlinguisticcorpora AT drozdaa towardseasierqueryingofxmlbasedlinguisticcorpora |