Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth
The article considers various approaches to the assessment of national wealth taking into account the environmental factor, namely, the depletion of natural resources and damage to the environment. It describes the "Adjusted net savings" indicator developed by the world Bank and calculated...
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| Cite this: | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth / Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2021. — № 4 (66). — С. 25-28. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth / Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2021. — № 4 (66). — С. 25-28. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The article considers various approaches to the assessment of national wealth taking into account the environmental factor, namely, the depletion of natural resources and damage to the environment. It describes the "Adjusted net savings" indicator developed by the world Bank and calculated annually for all countries of the world. A comparative analysis of this indicator was conducted for various countries, including Azerbaijan. The negative sign of this indicator before 2008 shows that economic growth was associated with the depletion of natural resources in our country. But the well-chosen strategy of the governments aimed at achieving independence of the economies of these countries from natural resources, led to a further change in the sign of genuine savings in these countries to a positive one, which indicates their sustainable development, accompanied by an increase in welfare.
У статті розглядаються різні підходи щодо оцінки національного багатства з урахуванням екологічного фактору, а саме існування природних ресурсів і нанесення збитків навколишнього середовища. Описується індикатор істинних збережень, розроблений Всесвітнім банком і щороку розраховується для всіх країн світу. Проведено загальний аналіз даних індикаторів для різних країн, у тому числі для Азербайджану. Відмітний знак цього індикатора до 2008 року показує, що економічний розвиток був пов'язаний з використанням природних ресурсів у нашій країні. Але правильно вибрана стратегія держави, спрямована на досягнення незалежності економіки цих країн від природних ресурсів, привела в подальшої зміни знака істинних збережень у зазначених країнах на позитивний, що свідчить про їх стійкий розвиток, що супроводжується зростанням добробуту.
В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к оценке национального богатства с учетом экологического фактора, а именно истощения природных ресурсов и нанесения ущерба окружающей среде. Описывается показатель истинных сбережений, разработанный Всемирным банком и рассчитываемый ежегодно для всех стран мира. Проведен сравнительный анализ данного показателя для различных стран, в том числе для Азербайджана. Отрицательный знак этого показателя до 2008 года показывает, что экономический рост был связан с исчерпанием природных ресурсов в нашей стране. Но правильно выбранная стратегия государств, направленная на достижение независимости экономик этих стран от природных ресурсов, привела к дальнейшему изменению знака истинных сбережений в указанных странах на положительный, что свидетельствует об их устойчивом развитии, сопровождаемому ростом благосостояния.
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Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova
25
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(66), 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-4(66)-25-28
UDC 504:330.552:330.36
Sh. Abbasova,
PhD (Economics),
ORCID 0000-0003-3402-6041,
e-mail: sh.abbas@mail.ru,
T. Orujova,
PhD (Economics),
Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan,
M. Orujova,
PhD (Economics),
UNEC, Baku, Azerbaijan
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY
OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
At present, the world community, realizing the real
threat of a global environmental catastrophe, has come
to a common opinion on the issue of developing a
concept for its further development both on a global and
national scale. This concept has become the concept of
sustainable development. Sustainable development is
the achievement of such economic growth that will
preserve the environment for the current and future
generations. The most difficult problem of the transition
to sustainable development is finding the optimal ways
and means of combining the tasks of economic
development and ensuring the environmental security of
human life. As many experts in this field have
emphasized, the main obstacle to sustainable
development lies in the contradiction between the
market nature of economic processes and the non-
market nature of actions to protect the environment.
In connection with the transition of most countries
of the world to a sustainable type of development, the
question arose about how to assess Azerbaijan's
progress in this direction and what macroeconomic
indicators to use to analyze the sustainability of the
country's economic growth. The existence of various
formulations to characterize sustainable growth has led
to the need to use various methods for assessing
sustainability. Conditionally, these methods can be
divided into several groups. One group evaluates
sustainability based on the Lyapunov theory, which
represents the development in the form of a trajectory of
a dynamic system described as a system of differential
equations [1]. The sustainability of a dynamic system
means the stability of the equilibrium position. To assess
the stability, statistical methods were used, such as the
law of large numbers, the essence of which is that with
an increase in the number of tests, the average values
tend to some constants, as well as comparative statistical
analysis in which the main macroeconomic indicators
are compared with boundary data. It is necessary to note
the role of optimal control methods for assessing
stability [2]. What these models have in common is the
choice of the quality criterion and the reliability of the
model. The next group of assessment of the
sustainability of economic growth is associated with the
wide use of various indices and indicators of
sustainability, and also integral criteria [3].
According to the methodology developed by the
UN Commission on Sustainable Development and the
World Bank research, it is proposed to divide
sustainability indicators, into economic, social and
environmental ones [4]. If we consider these indicators
separately, it will be difficult to make a correct
conclusion about the level sustainability of the economy
as a whole. In each group, a stability check is performed,
then the results are combined using an integral criterion,
the value of which must meet certain requirements.
Along with indicators, indexes are being developed
and applied in practice [5]. An index is an aggregated or
weighted indicator based on several other indicators or
data.
The problems of aggregating diverse indicators
into a single index were considered in the Commission's
report UN on Sustainable Development. The
construction of an aggregated indicator would allow us
to determine the degree of sustainability of economic
development. This aggregated criteria can represented
as a kind of analog of the main macroeconomic indicator
which are now often used to measure the success of
economic development, economic welfare. For
example, macroeconomic indicators such as gross
domestic product (GDP) or national income (NI) do not
reflect the contribution of natural and human capital to
the national wealth of a country. Therefore, these
indicators cannot objectively assess the quality of
development and do not at all indicate the high welfare
of the country. Much depends on how the country
achieves these high results. Leading international
organizations and many countries have come to the
conclusion that the gross domestic product does not
reflect the true economic realities. Economic growth can
mask environmental and social degradation and come at
the expense of exploitation and depletion of natural
resources. The disadvantage of this measure of
Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova
26
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(66), 2021
economic development is that it does not take into
account the goods and services associated with natural
and human capital. And thus the real level of economic
development is distorted.
One of the ways to bridge the gap between
economic growth and improved welfare is to improve
the quality of the national accounts system by
incorporating human and natural capital. Countries that
derive much of their income from natural resources
cannot sustain economic growth by replacing the
accumulation of physical capital with a deterioration in
the quality of natural capital, for example, most of
Azerbaijan's economic growth depends on the oil sector.
In order to give an adequate picture of the development
of the economy, some authors proposed to adjust
macroeconomic indicators by the amount of depletion
of natural capital, i.e. by the amount of reduction of
natural resources reserves.
In 1993, the statistics division of the UN Secretariat
proposed a system of environmental and economic
accounting (SEEA), the purpose of which is to take into
account the environmental factor in national statistics
[6].
The system of ecological and economic accounting
consists of several large blocks. In the first block, flows
related to nature exploitation and environmental
activities are highlighted. The second block describes
the interactions between the natural environment and the
economy in natural units. The third block discusses
different approaches to the estimation of estimated costs
using natural assets. The fourth block concerns the
extended interpretation of the sphere of production in
macroeconomic analysis. As a starting point in the
development of the system of environmental and
economic accounting, the method of inter-industry
balance sheet and non-financial assets account is used.
Environmental and economic accounting addresses the
inclusion of natural capital in the national wealth, along
with capital produced by human labor, and also provides
an opportunity to assess environmental costs (depletion
and impact on the quality of natural resources).
The system of environmental and economic
accounting provides sample opportunities for
macroeconomic analysis, in particular:
– wide statistical characterization of the state and
changes of the environment;
– estimating of environmental processes and
factors influencing them;
– obtaining one generalizing indicator, namely, the
so-called environmentally "clean" national product or
"eco-logical national product".
In the green accounts included environmental
costs, the evaluation of the use and pollution of subsoil,
soil, water, air, forests, etc. At the moment the difficulty
of constructing a system of environmental accounts is
that not all positions being statistics, as well as in
translation of natural form into money. The
disadvantage of this approach is that it is difficult to
make comparisons between accounts in different units
of measurement, which is necessary when analyzing
priorities or choices. One of the approaches to assess the
sustainability of socio-economic development is the
calculation of the indicator "Adjusted net savings"
(Genuine saving) developed by English scientists
D. Pearce and J. Atkinson. In the future, the practical
implementation of this indicator was carried out by
World Bank specialists K. Hamilton, D. Dixon, and
others [7]. This indicator determines the level of welfare
of the country. "Adjusted net savings" is the rate of
accumulation of national savings after due consideration
of the depletion of natural resources and damage from
environmental pollution [8].
The concept of "Adjusted net savings" is closely
related to the attempt of a new approach to measuring
the national wealth of countries. The World Bank has
calculated the values of natural, produced (physical or
artificial) and social capital, as well as their share in the
total national wealth of the country [9; 10]. Thus, the
share of natural capital in the national wealth on average
for more than 100 countries of the world is 2-40%, the
share of human capital – 40-80%. In addition, in
developed countries, the share of natural capital in
national wealth on average does not exceed 10%, while
the share of human capital is more than 70%. For many
countries with low per capita incomes, the share of the
agricultural component in natural capital is 80%, while
in high-income countries this figure does not exceed
40%. Since 2000, the World Bank calculates annually
for the whole world the indicator of "Adjusted net
savings" as % of GNI (gross national income).
Indicator of "Adjusted net savings (GS – genuine
savings)" is calculated according to the following
formula:
GS = (GDS – CFC) + EDE – DPNR – DMGE,
where GDS is gross domestic savings;
CFC – the indicator characterizing the
depreciation of produced assets;
EDE – education costs;
DPNR – the indicator of the depletion of natural
resources;
DMGE – the indicator characterizing the amount
of damage caused by environmental pollution.
Gross domestic savings GDS is a statistical
indicator that is calculated as the difference between
gross domestic product and total private and public
consumption.
Depletion is estimated as the difference between
world prices and the cost of production of a resource,
multiplied by its physical quantity produced. Energy
depletion includes crude oil, natural gas, and coal.
Damage from greenhouse gas emissions is
calculated as the actual amount of emissions multiplied
by the social cost of the emission unit.
The cost of education is considered as an additional
contribution to the sustainability of development, this
indicator takes into account investment in human
capital. This indicator is very important because it
shows the need to compensate for the depletion of
Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova
27
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(66), 2021
natural capital by increasing investment in human and
physical capital. In general, the UN experts consider the
costs per person as an investment that ultimately ensures
the growth of national wealth.
The significance of measuring GS for sustainable
development policies is quite clear: consistently
negative rates of this indicator show the formation of an
anti-sustainable type of development and should inevi-
tably lead to a deterioration in welfare. Calculations
based on these methodologies for individual countries
showed a huge discrepancy between traditional
economic indicators and environmentally adjusted ones.
Thus, for many countries of the world, the situation is
relevant when the formal economic growth is
environmental degradation, and environmental
correction can lead to a significant reduction in
traditional economic indicators up to negative values of
their growth, which indicates their unstable growth. In
other words, if the country's economy has high growth
of GDP, then "Adjusted net savings" can reflect the
opposite trend and indicate the main component of
degradation. All these are typical signs of "anti-stable"
trends in the development of national economies. For
Azerbaijan, the indicator of "Adjusted net savings" is
important because it shows the need to compensate for
the depletion of natural capital by increasing investment
in human and physical capital, as well as transferring
part of the benefits from the sale of non-renewable
natural resources to increase renewable natural capital.
According to the 2008 World Bank report, which
reflected the situation in 2006 in some post-Soviet
republics, such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Russia and Estonia, and in several other African and
Latin American countries, this indicator was negative
[4]. Thus, the highest negative value of the studied
indicator after African countries was achieved in
Azerbaijan (39.7%) and Kazakhstan (-33.2%). In
Russia, it is (- 13.8%), Estonia – (-20.9), and in
Kyrgyzstan, although also negative, it is close to zero (-
2.3%) of the GNI. This indicates show that economic
growth in these countries is driven by natural resources.
Against this background, the situation of the growth of
environmental intensity, resource intensity, specific
pollution, environmental degradation of the structure of
the economy is extremely dangerous for the future of
these countries. This type of development cannot be
considered sustainable; sooner or later, depletion of the
nonrenewable part of natural capital and exhaustion of
the assimilation potential of the environment will come.
Indeed, the oil sector plays a leading role in the
economy of Azerbaijan. During the transition period, it
was oil resources that attracted large foreign
investments into the economy. The revenues received
from oil helped to improve the material and technical
base of the entire economy, solve important social
problems, reduce poverty and, in General, improve the
standard of living of the population. But the global
economic crisis that began in 2008 showed the
vulnerability and dependence of our economy on world
oil prices. The fall in world oil prices has led to a sharp
decline in economic growth and reduced income. In
these conditions, there is a danger of the so-called
"Dutch disease", one of the main symptoms of which is
the concentration of investment in the oil sector, unequal
development of regions. All this has forced the
government to take a course on economic
diversification, the main goal of which is to achieve
independence of the country's economy from oil
resources and sustainable development of the non-oil
sector of the economy. Therefore, a new development
strategy was adopted, the essence of which is to direct
oil revenues to the development of the non-oil sector.
Beginning from 2011, the shares of the oil and non-oil
sectors in the total gross domestic product (GDP) have
been equal. Since this period, there has been a stability
growth trend in the non-oil sector. The main directions
of development of this sector in Azerbaijan are
agriculture, tourism, information and communication
technologies, construction, transport, services, tourism,
and energy. The government is successfully pursuing a
strategy to transform "black gold" into human capital
and use oil revenues to develop a competitive economy
that is independent of these revenues in the future. The
direction of oil revenues to the non- oil sector has led to
serious success in the development of this industry. All
this is reflected in the indicator of "Adjusted net
savings", table shows the values of this indicator from
the World Bank report for 2018 for some countries [5].
Table
Indicators of "Adjusted net savings"
Country
Adjusted net savings, %
of GNI Country
Adjusted net savings, %
of GNI
Angola -23.2 Singapore 35.7
Congo Rep. -40 USA 5.9
Azerbaijan 9.5 United Kingdom 4.1
Kazakhstan 7.9 Germany 14.3
Russia 8.4 Бельгия 14.1
Estonia 14.8 Latvia 4.0
Kyrgyzstan 6.9 China 19.9
Тhe table shows that in developed countries, the
indicator of "Adjusted net savings" is positive. In the
former Soviet republics, including Azerbaijan, the value
of this indicator went from negative to positive. And
only in some African countries (Angola ,Congo ) is still
negative.
Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova
28
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(66), 2021
All these changes indicate a well-chosen strategy
that determines the direction of oil profits to diversify
the economy. As a result of this strategy has been a
steady growth in construction, tourism, agriculture,
transport and information spheres, as well as in the field
of communication technologies. Today, the non-oil
sector products produced in Azerbaijan are competitive
and exported to various regions.
Thus, the use of oil and gas revenues has allowed
our country to create a strong competitive economy
independent of these revenues, thereby achieving
sustainable economic growth.
References
1. Botasheva, L. S. (2009). Evaluation of sustainable development sectors of the economy of the region.. – Audit and financial
analysis, 1, pp. 1-5 [in Russian].
2. Daniel, N. (2000). Sustainable development: the methodology of mathematical research. Bulletin KemSU «Mathematics»,
Issue 4, pp. 5-15.
3. Gurman, V. I. (2003). Simulation of sustainable development in view of innovation processes. Economics and Mathematical
Methods, 1, pp. 3-11.
4. Indicators of Sustainable Development. UN Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development. December,
1994.
5. David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney& Thomas A. Williams. Statistics for Business and Economics. Revised 13th ed. South-
Western (Thomson Learning).
6. Bobylev, S. N., Kiryushin, P. A. and Kudryavtseva, O. V. (Eds.). (2019). Green economy and sustainable development goals
for Russia. Moscow, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 284 p. [in Russian].
7. Dixon, J., Backes, J., Hamilton, K. et al. (2000). A new view of the richness of peoples. Indicators of environmentally
sustainable development. Moscow, Dialogmsu [in Russian].
8. Atkinson, G., Pearce, D. W. (1993). Measuring Sustainable Development. The Globe, 13.
9. World Development Indicators 2008. The World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/
handle/10986/11855?locale-attribute=en.
10. World Development Indicators 2018. The World Bank. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-
development-indicators.
Аббасова Ш. А., Оруджева Т. В., Оруджева М. Ш. Екологічний підхід щодо оцінки стійкості економічного
зростання
У статті розглядаються різні підходи щодо оцінки національного багатства з урахуванням екологічного фактору, а саме
існування природних ресурсів і нанесення збитків навколишнього середовища. Описується індикатор істинних збережень,
розроблений Всесвітнім банком і щороку розраховується для всіх країн світу. Проведено загальний аналіз даних індикаторів
для різних країн, у тому числі для Азербайджану. Відмітний знак цього індикатора до 2008 року показує, що економічний
розвиток був пов'язаний з використанням природних ресурсів у нашій країні. Але правильно вибрана стратегія держави,
спрямована на досягнення незалежності економіки цих країн від природних ресурсів, привела в подальшої зміни знака
істинних збережень у зазначених країнах на позитивний, що свідчить про їх стійкий розвиток, що супроводжується
зростанням добробуту.
Ключові слова: економічне зростання, стійкість, коректовані чисті збереження, валовий внутрішній продукт, валові
внутрішні збереження.
Abbasova Sh., Orujova T., Orujova M. Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth
The article considers various approaches to the assessment of national wealth taking into account the environmental factor,
namely, the depletion of natural resources and damage to the environment. It describes the "Adjusted net savings" indicator developed
by the world Bank and calculated annually for all countries of the world. A comparative analysis of this indicator was conducted for
various countries, including Azerbaijan. The negative sign of this indicator before 2008 shows that economic growth was associated
with the depletion of natural resources in our country. But the well-chosen strategy of the governments aimed at achieving independence
of the economies of these countries from natural resources, led to a further change in the sign of genuine savings in these countries to
a positive one, which indicates their sustainable development, accompanied by an increase in welfare.
Keywords: economic growth, sustainability, adjusted net savings, gross domestic product, gross domestic savings.
Аббасова Ш. А., Оруджева Т. В., Оруджева М. Ш. Экологический подход к оценке устойчивости экономического
роста
В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к оценке национального богатства с учетом экологического фактора, а
именно истощения природных ресурсов и нанесения ущерба окружающей среде. Описывается показатель истинных
сбережений, разработанный Всемирным банком и рассчитываемый ежегодно для всех стран мира. Проведен сравнительный
анализ данного показателя для различных стран, в том числе для Азербайджана. Отрицательный знак этого показателя до
2008 года показывает, что экономический рост был связан с исчерпанием природных ресурсов в нашей стране. Но правильно
выбранная стратегия государств, направленная на достижение независимости экономик этих стран от природных ресурсов,
привела к дальнейшему изменению знака истинных сбережений в указанных странах на положительный, что свидетельствует
об их устойчивом развитии, сопровождаемому ростом благосостояния.
Ключевые слова: экономический рост, устойчивость, скорректированные чистые сбережения, валовой внутренний
продукт, валовые внутренние сбережения.
Received by the editors: 14.09.2021
and final form 16.12.2021
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-184871 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1817-3772 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T10:16:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Abbasova, Sh. Orujova, T. Orujova, M. 2022-07-26T11:02:01Z 2022-07-26T11:02:01Z 2021 Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth / Sh. Abbasova, T. Orujova, M. Orujova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2021. — № 4 (66). — С. 25-28. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 DOI: 10.12958/1817-3772-2021-4(66)-25-28 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/184871 504:330.552:330.36 The article considers various approaches to the assessment of national wealth taking into account the environmental factor, namely, the depletion of natural resources and damage to the environment. It describes the "Adjusted net savings" indicator developed by the world Bank and calculated annually for all countries of the world. A comparative analysis of this indicator was conducted for various countries, including Azerbaijan. The negative sign of this indicator before 2008 shows that economic growth was associated with the depletion of natural resources in our country. But the well-chosen strategy of the governments aimed at achieving independence of the economies of these countries from natural resources, led to a further change in the sign of genuine savings in these countries to a positive one, which indicates their sustainable development, accompanied by an increase in welfare. У статті розглядаються різні підходи щодо оцінки національного багатства з урахуванням екологічного фактору, а саме існування природних ресурсів і нанесення збитків навколишнього середовища. Описується індикатор істинних збережень, розроблений Всесвітнім банком і щороку розраховується для всіх країн світу. Проведено загальний аналіз даних індикаторів для різних країн, у тому числі для Азербайджану. Відмітний знак цього індикатора до 2008 року показує, що економічний розвиток був пов'язаний з використанням природних ресурсів у нашій країні. Але правильно вибрана стратегія держави, спрямована на досягнення незалежності економіки цих країн від природних ресурсів, привела в подальшої зміни знака істинних збережень у зазначених країнах на позитивний, що свідчить про їх стійкий розвиток, що супроводжується зростанням добробуту. В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к оценке национального богатства с учетом экологического фактора, а именно истощения природных ресурсов и нанесения ущерба окружающей среде. Описывается показатель истинных сбережений, разработанный Всемирным банком и рассчитываемый ежегодно для всех стран мира. Проведен сравнительный анализ данного показателя для различных стран, в том числе для Азербайджана. Отрицательный знак этого показателя до 2008 года показывает, что экономический рост был связан с исчерпанием природных ресурсов в нашей стране. Но правильно выбранная стратегия государств, направленная на достижение независимости экономик этих стран от природных ресурсов, привела к дальнейшему изменению знака истинных сбережений в указанных странах на положительный, что свидетельствует об их устойчивом развитии, сопровождаемому ростом благосостояния. en Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України Економічний вісник Донбасу International and Regional Economics Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth Екологічний підхід щодо оцінки стійкості економічного зростання Экологический подход к оценке устойчивости экономического роста Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth Abbasova, Sh. Orujova, T. Orujova, M. International and Regional Economics |
| title | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth |
| title_alt | Екологічний підхід щодо оцінки стійкості економічного зростання Экологический подход к оценке устойчивости экономического роста |
| title_full | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth |
| title_fullStr | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth |
| title_full_unstemmed | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth |
| title_short | Еcological Approach to Assessing the Sustainability of Economic Growth |
| title_sort | еcological approach to assessing the sustainability of economic growth |
| topic | International and Regional Economics |
| topic_facet | International and Regional Economics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/184871 |
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