Амвросіївське кістковище бізонів та особливості його використання

• Published in: Археологія і давня історія України
• Date: 2020
• Main Author: Кротова, О.О.
• Format: Article
• Language: Ukrainian
• Published: Інститут археології НАН України 2020
• Subjects: Статті
• Online Access: https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/187381
• Journal Title: Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Cite this: Амвросіївське кістковище бізонів та особливості його використання / О.О. Кротова // Археологія і давня історія України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ІА НАН України, 2020. — Вип. 4 (37). — С. 134-150. — Бібліогр.: 55 назв. — укр.

У статті узагальнено матеріали багаторічних
 досліджень Амвросіївського кістковища бізонів, сучасний аналіз яких дозволяє внести корективи у
 деякі спірні питання його інтерпретації. The Amvrosiivka Upper Palaeolithic complex, composed
 of a camp site and nearby bison bone bed is located
 in the Donetsk oblast’, at the top of the Kazenna
 ravine, a right tributary of the Krynka river, which
 drains into the Mius river. The site is dated by an average
 of 19000—18000 uncal BP and belong to Epigravettian
 tradition.
 The results of the long-term research the Amvrosiivka
 bison bone bed was analyzed in the article. The
 features of topography (a gully-terrace on board of a
 ravine), planigraphy, stratigraphy of a bone bed (the
 ledges-thresholds and some sterile layers in cultural
 remains distribution), and also the seasons of the kill
 of animals (alternative, with prevalence of cold) was
 summarized.
 Data about the bison bones (Bison priscus, MNI =
 650 and bones with cultural modifications) is presented.
 The prevalence of the hunter projectile weapon details
 (27 bone points and about 90 flint micropoints-inserts),
 and also flint tools for butchering animals among the
 archaeological finds is determined.
 The interpretation of the bone bed at the same times
 was controversial: as a refuse dump near dwelling (Evseev),
 as a resulted from a one-time (Pidoplichko) or
 repeated (Efimenko) mass drive of bison, or as a ritual
 locale (Boriskovskij). At present the site is interpreted
 as a place of numerous mass drive of bison and, mainly,
 primary butchering of hunting bag, and also, probably,
 storages of meat products in the form of the frozen
 carcasses of bison in a cold season (Krotova, Snizhko,
 Julien).
 The ethnoarchaeological data about methods of
 collective kills by Paleoindian and Indian pedestrian
 hunters on bison of the North America (Frison 2004)
 for the reconstruction of possible variants of the mass
 drive of bison in Amvrosiivka is used. The conclusion is
 made that for the purpose organization of the series of
 mass drive of bison at different seasons the hunters in
 Amvrosiivka used a natural trap — the gully-terrace
 on a board of ravine — the right tributary of a Kazenna
 ravine. This terrace with one abrupt and rather high
 (4—5 m) board, obviously, used for a drive of bison from
 above, a plateau (method of «jump») that the hunters,
 obviously, at a certain stage having added with the restraining
 structure (pens) which should keep the escaped
 and wounded animals. The variant of a possible
 shelter from below, a thalweg of the Kazenna ravine
 (an «arroyo trap» method) also is not excluded.