Троянський кінь грецьких майстрів

• Опубліковано в: : Археологія і давня історія України
• Дата: 2022
• Автор: Полідович, Ю.Б.
• Формат: Стаття
• Мова: Українська
• Опубліковано: Інститут археології НАН України 2022
• Теми: Статті
• Онлайн доступ: https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/187577
• Назва журналу: Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Цитувати: Троянський кінь грецьких майстрів / Ю.Б. Полідович // Археологія і давня історія України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ІА НАН України, 2022. — Вип. 1 (42). — С. 75-92. — Бібліогр.: 94 назв. — укр.

У статті детально аналізуються зображення на золотих оббивках горитів чортомлицького
 типу. Деталізується і уточнюється трактування
 сцен із життя Ахілла. Робиться припущенні щодо
 магічної складової зображень, сюжет яких майстром був ретельно відібраний і продуманий. The paper analyzes the images on the gold gorytos
 covers of the second half of the 4th century BC (fig. 1).
 These items were found in the Chertomlyk kurgan (now
 the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine), the Melitopol
 kurgan (now the Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine), the kurgan
 near the town of Ilyintssi (now Vinnytsia Oblast,
 Ukraine) and the kurgan 8 from group of Piat’ bratiev
 (Five Brothers) near the stanitsa Elizavetinskaya (now
 the Rostov Oblast, Russia).
 All gorytos covers are of the same size. They were
 made using a bronze matrix (or a set of matrices) at the
 same time and in the same workshop.
 Most modern researchers accept the interpretation
 of the central images on the gorytos covers as the scenes
 from the life of Achilles, the hero of the Greek epic, who
 was revered by Greeks as divine protector. K. Robert
 proposed this interpretation in 1891. B. V. Farmakovsky
 singled out five scenes from the life of Achilles
 which sequentially represent the Hero from his childhood
 to the death (fig. 2: 1).
 In this paper the author identifies nine scenes
 (fig. 2: 2). Upper frieze: 1) a young man (possibly Apollo)
 teaches the boy Achilles archery; Thetis stands side
 by side, she worries about the fate of her son Achilles
 (fig. 3: 3); 2) Achilles says his mother Thetis goodbye
 before leaving to the island of Skyros; 3) Odysseus
 finds Achilles on the island of Skyros; 4) Deidamia, the
 wife of Achilles, runs away in despair; 5) Peleus hands
 over his weapon to his son Achilles.
 Lower frieze: 6) Briseis regrets her fate as a slave
 (fig. 3: 1—2); 7) Zeus establishes the events in the fates
 of the heroes (fig. 3: 4); 8) Achilles accepts the gifts from
 Agamemnon and makes peace with him, a wounded
 Odysseus is standing beside him; 9) Thetis carries the
 bag with ashes of Achilles and mourns his death (fig. 3:
 5). All scenes tell about the events that preceded the
 manifestation of Achilles as a great warrior and hero:
 the beginning of warfare training, the events on the
 eve of the beginning of the Trojan War, the events at
 the walls of Troy and the quarrel with Agamemnon.
 Perhaps these images are associated with the magic
 of knowledge about the beginning, about the origin. In
 this case, this is knowledge about the origin of Achilles
 as a hero. Such magical knowledge made it possible to
 wield the power of the Protector Hero and direct it to
 the right direction like a prayer or a spell.
 Gorytos was the Scythian weapon. This gorytos series
 was made in some workshop of a Greek city-state,
 possibly in the Bosporus kingdom. They were donated
 to the Scythian rulers with a secret purpose: with the
 help of magical images to restrain the warlike moods of
 the Scythians, to pacify them. Therefore, these gorytos
 were like a wooden horse which, according to the Greek
 epic, the Achaean warriors left as the so-called gift of
 Troy and with its help captured this impregnable city.