До питання про архітектуру захисних споруд Східного укріплення Більського городища

• Опубліковано в: : Археологія і давня історія України
• Дата: 2022
• Автори: Задніков, С.А., Шрамко, І.Б.
• Формат: Стаття
• Мова: Українська
• Опубліковано: Інститут археології НАН України 2022
• Теми: Дискусії
• Онлайн доступ: https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/187587
• Назва журналу: Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Цитувати: До питання про архітектуру захисних споруд Східного укріплення Більського городища / С.А. Задніков, І.Б. Шрамко // Археологія і давня історія України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ІА НАН України, 2022. — Вип. 1 (42). — С. 203-233. — Бібліогр.: 98 назв. — укр.

Більське городище — найбільше укріплене поселення раннього залізного віку Європи, лінія оборони якого має протяжність понад трьох десятків кілометрів. Протягом багатьох років досліджень
 цієї археологічної пам’ятки поступово формувалась думка про час заселення окремих частин
 складного археологічного комплексу, виникнення
 та особливості створення грандіозних захисних
 споруд. Особливу роль в процесі їх формування та
 використання відігравало Східне укріплення, фортечні стіни якого існували понад два століття.
 Новітні дослідження його захисного валу та рову з
 урахуванням результатів, отриманих науковцями
 в минулі роки, дозволяють висловити думку, щодо
 створення потужної захисної системи на місці неукріплених поселень та запропонували власне бачення зовнішнього вигляду фортечних стін. Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early
 Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists
 of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km
 length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares.
 Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological
 site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts
 of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities
 of the creation of grand defensive structures was
 gradually formed. A special role in the process of their
 formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification,
 the fortified walls of which existed for more
 than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart
 and moat taking into account the results obtained last
 years suggest the creation of strong defencive system
 on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new
 vision of the appearance of fortified walls.
 The analysis of excavation materials of different
 years allows us to state that the territories occupied
 by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period
 were much larger and went beyond the future line of
 wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and
 a half in the western part of the settlement complex
 there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements
 are known, which appeared in the last third of
 the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second
 half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the
 complex was occupied by the population with other traditions.
 Probably at the beginning of the third quarter
 of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement,
 located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau,
 surrounded the most important part of the village with
 a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall
 defended the settlements within the modern Western
 settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress
 was later planned according to the same principle. We
 believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering
 structures, had no defensive significance but
 determined its own social space of settlements, which
 housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important
 public buildings and other facilities. Probably
 belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the
 inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the
 system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of
 them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually
 turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We
 can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC
 or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century,
 most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the
 single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen
 rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat
 in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of
 the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries
 of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives
 of different ethnic groups and different social groups
 lived in this large area. The created defensive line with
 a length of 35 km was relevant until the middle of the
 5th century BC until the time of the appearance of the
 settlement within the Western settlement. In the Eastern
 settlement life continues for another century and a
 half, until the endof the 4th century BC.