Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF
In the work, the surface of samples made of 25X1MF steel was saturated with chromium. For this, the method of vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating was used. In this process, sodium chloride was used as an activator. It was found that vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating of samples made...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Zitieren: | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF / S.G. Rudenkyi, V.I. Zmij, N.F. Kartzev, A.A. Korneev, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Kunchenko, V.G. Marinin, V.I. Kovalenko, M.O. Bortnytska, T.P. Ryzhova, I.A. Lashenko // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 2. — С. 132-138. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860189415784054784 |
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| author | Rudenkyi, S.G. Zmij, V.I. Kartzev, N.F. Korneev, A.A. Kunchenko, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Marinin, V.G. Kovalenko, V.I. Bortnytska, M.O. Ryzhova, T.P. Lashenko, I.A. |
| author_facet | Rudenkyi, S.G. Zmij, V.I. Kartzev, N.F. Korneev, A.A. Kunchenko, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Marinin, V.G. Kovalenko, V.I. Bortnytska, M.O. Ryzhova, T.P. Lashenko, I.A. |
| citation_txt | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF / S.G. Rudenkyi, V.I. Zmij, N.F. Kartzev, A.A. Korneev, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Kunchenko, V.G. Marinin, V.I. Kovalenko, M.O. Bortnytska, T.P. Ryzhova, I.A. Lashenko // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 2. — С. 132-138. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | In the work, the surface of samples made of 25X1MF steel was saturated with chromium. For this, the method of vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating was used. In this process, sodium chloride was used as an activator. It was found that vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating of samples made of 25Kh1MF steel leads to the formation of a surface layer containing from 87 to 97 wt.% of this element. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the process and its duration leads to an increase in the chromium content on the surface of the samples. The tests showed that in the case of cavitations-erosion effects on the surface of chrome-plated samples of steel 25X1MF they have higher resistance. With abrasive wear, the resistance of the chrome-plated steel surface is 1.8 to 3 times higher compared to untreated material.
Проведено насичення поверхні зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ хромом. Для цього використовували метод вакуумного активованого дифузійного хромування. У цьому процесі в якості активатора використовували хлористий натрій. Було встановлено, що вакуумне активоване дифузійне хромування зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ призводить до формування поверхневого шару, що містить від 87 до 97 мас.% цього елемента. При цьому встановлено, що підвищення температури процесу і його тривалості призводить до збільшення вмісту хрому на поверхні зразків. Проведені випробування показали, що в разі кавітаційно-ерозійного впливу на поверхню хромованих зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ вони мають більш високу стійкість. При абразивному зносі стійкість хромованої поверхні сталі в 1,8–3 рази вище в порівнянні з необробленим матеріалом.
Проведено насыщение поверхности образцов из стали 25Х1МФ хромом. Для этого использовали метод вакуумного активированного диффузионного хромирования. В этом процессе в качестве активатора использовали хлористый натрий. Было установлено, что вакуумное активированное диффузионное хромирование образцов из стали 25Х1МФ приводит к формированию поверхностного слоя, содержащего от 87 до 97 вес.% этого элемента. При этом установлено, что повышение температуры процесса и его длительности приводит к увеличению содержания хрома на поверхности образцов. Проведенные испытания показали, что в случае кавитационно-эрозионного воздействия на поверхность хромированных образцов из стали 25Х1МФ они имеют более высокую стойкость. При абразивном износе стойкость хромированной поверхности стали в 1,8–3 раза выше по сравнению с необработанным материалом.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:05:48Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. PASТ. 2020. №2(126), p. 132-138.
UDC 621.785.53
INFLUENCE OF VACUUM ACTIVATED
DIFFUSION CHROMING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
SURFACE OF STEEL 25X1MF
S.G. Rudenkyi, V.I. Zmij, N.F. Kartzev, A.A. Korneev, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko,
Y.V. Kunchenko, V.G. Marinin, V.I. Kovalenko, M.O. Bortnytska,
T.P. Ryzhova, and I.A. Lashenko
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Tecnology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: rudenkyi@kipt.kharkov.ua
In the work, the surface of samples made of 25X1MF steel was saturated with chromium. For this, the method
of vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating was used. In this process, sodium chloride was used as an activator.
It was found that vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating of samples made of 25Kh1MF steel leads to the
formation of a surface layer containing from 87 to 97 wt.% of this element. It was found that an increase in the tem-
perature of the process and its duration leads to an increase in the chromium content on the surface of the samples.
The tests showed that in the case of cavitations-erosion effects on the surface of chrome-plated samples of steel
25X1MF they have higher resistance. With abrasive wear, the resistance of the chrome-plated steel surface is 1.8 to
3 times higher compared to untreated material.
INTRODUCTION
Steel 25X1MF is widely used in engineering. With
the development of production, there is an increase in
requirements for products, in particular, steel 25X1MF.
To meet the needs of production, you can try to replace
this steel with a more resistant one or to protect its sur-
face by some method. There are many ways to protect
the surface of steels, and one of them is the method of
vacuum activated diffusion saturation, which allows
saturating the surface of metals and carbon materials
with a number of elements, such as titanium, chromium,
zirconium, hafnium, and others. When used as an acti-
vator of sodium chloride, this process is environmental-
ly friendly. Examples of chromium plating of carbon
steels are known from the literature [1, 2]. In this case,
chromium plating is carried out in a container with a
"fusible shutter" (pack cementation process). This
process proceeds at atmospheric pressure and an air
atmosphere is present in the reaction space. In diffusion
saturation by this method, the coating contains intersti-
tial elements, which is the reason for the low quality of
the diffusion layer. In addition, in this process, thermo-
dynamically unstable halides are used as an activator,
which leads to the formation of harmful gaseous emis-
sions. The process of vacuum activated diffusion chro-
mium plating is carried out at a temperature of
1050…1120
0
С. Such a high temperature provides
strong adhesion of the diffusion layer to the substrate
and the formation of a continuous protective layer on
the product. The method of activated diffusion satura-
tion allows you to form a uniform protective layer over
the entire surface of the product, having a complex
shape and holes of small diameter [3, 4]. Chromium
plating of steels using sodium chloride vapor as an acti-
vator helps to increase their cavitation-erosion and abra-
sion resistance. But such data are available only for steel
grades: Ct. 20, Ct. 3, Ct. 45 and U8 [5–8]. For other
steels, data on the effect of chromium plating carried out
by the method of vacuum activated saturation in sodium
chloride vapors were not found in the literature. The use
of other methods of hardening the steel surface, such as
boronation, provides an increase in resistance to me-
chanical wear, but will not always impede cavitation-
erosion effects. A chromium-based diffusion coating is
more ductile than boride, and better resists cyclic dam-
age. Therefore, it is necessary to study the process of
vacuum diffusion chromium plating of multicomponent
materials in sodium chloride vapors, which allows the
formation of a high-quality protective layer on complex
alloyed steels. The aim of the work is to study the influ-
ence of process parameters of vacuum activated diffu-
sion chromium plating of the 25Х1MF steel surface on
its strength characteristics – erosion and cavitation re-
sistance, composition and structure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS RESEARCH
Round washers with a diameter of 18 mm and a
thickness of 4 mm were used as samples for chromium
plating and subsequent studies. The composition of steel
25X1MF measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis
(XRD) before chromium plating was (wt.%): V = 0.2;
Cr = 1.9; Fe = 97.3; Cu = 0.4. From the presented
measurement results it follows that the method used to
measure the composition of the steel does not fully pro-
vide information on the composition of the material.
The mechanism of the process of vacuum activated
chromium plating of steel can be described as follows.
Samples are placed in a graphite container containing
chromium powder and sodium chloride. The container
has an internal diameter of 50-60 mm and a length of
250-300 mm. For saturation, chromium powder with a
particle size of 0.1 to 3 mm was used. This container is
placed in a furnace located in a vacuum chamber. The
diameter of the vacuum chamber is 500 mm and its
height is 600 mm. Vacuum activated chrome plating
was carried out in three plants and therefore their di-
mensions may slightly differ from the above. To heat
the vacuum furnace, an electric power unit with a capac-
ity of about 10 kW was used. In addition, an electrical
voltage was supplied to the unit to power the fore-
vacuum and diffusion pumps, as well as instrumenta-
tion. For each installation, these capacities were differ-
mailto:rudenkyi@kipt.kharkov.ua
ent, i.e. they ranged from 6 to 10 kW. After that, the
chamber is evacuated to a residual gas pressure of less
than 1∙10
-2
Pa and the furnace is heated to saturation
temperature. Under these conditions, isothermal expo-
sure is performed. In this process, the activator vapor
interacts with chromium, which leads to the formation
of a gas saturating medium consisting of gaseous chlo-
rides CrCl, CrCl2, CrCl3, CrCl4, Cr2Cl4, sodium vapor,
and sodium chloride [8]. The ratio of the components in
this gaseous medium depends on the temperature and
pressure in the reaction space. As follows from the re-
sults of thermodynamic calculations, with increasing
temperature and lowering pressure, the relative content
of lower chloride and sodium vapor increases [8]. This
gaseous medium interacts with a saturable surface and
the formation of a diffusion layer based on chromium
occurs on it through reactions 1–4.
СrCl(g)+3/4Me(s) = 3/4(MeCr)(s) + 1/4CrCl4(g); (1)
СrCl2(g)+1/2Me(s) = 1/2(MeCr)(s) + 1/2CrCl4(g); (2)
СrCl3(g)+1/4Me(s) = 1/4(MeCr)(s) + 3/4CrCl4(g); (3)
Сr2Cl4(g)+ Me(s) = (MeCr)(s) + CrCl4(g). (4)
During the entire annealing time, sodium chloride
vapors are fed into the container – about 1 g/h. The an-
nealing temperature was 1070 or 1100
0
С, the duration
of the process varied in the range from 6 to 12 h. The
vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating process in
sodium chloride vapors is carried out in a graphite con-
tainer similar to a Knudsen cell. In its volume creates a
uniform pressure and distribution of the gaseous com-
ponents of the saturating medium. To create an activator
flow equal to 1 g/h, it is necessary to maintain the tem-
perature of sodium chloride at about 800
0
С. At this
temperature of this compound, its vapor pressure is
about 133 Pa. Considering that the pressure in the vacu-
um chamber does not exceed 0.1 Pa, in the reaction
space it should be in the range of 1.33…133 Pa.
To study the surface of the samples in order to de-
termine the composition, the Sprut installation (XRA)
was used; to study the phase composition, Drone-3.0.
The structure of the surface layer was studied using an
MMO-1600 optical microscope, and the microhardness
of the coating was measured using a PMT-3 device.
RESULTS AND ITS DISCUSSION
Influence of the process of vacuum activated chro-
mium plating on the roughness of samples made of
25X1MF steel.
Sample No. 5: initial: roughness: direction
x = 0.113 m, y = 0.088 m; after chromium plating at
T = 1100 °С for 12 h; the sample had a roughness: di-
rection x = 1.12 μm, y = 1.26 μm.
Sample No. 6: initial: roughness: x direction =
0.063 μm, y = 0.075 μm; chromium plating at
Т = 1070 °С for 8 h; after that, the roughness in the di-
rection x = 0.45 μm, y = 0.38 μm.
As follows from the data presented, by measuring
the surface topography of samples, chrome plating in-
creases their roughness. As a result of this, it is neces-
sary to carry out studies to optimize the chromium pa-
rameters, i.e. select the necessary temperature of chro-
mium plating, the duration of the process and the con-
centration of activator, the particle size of the chromium
powder used in chemical-thermal treatment. Of the pre-
sented in table 1 of the data it follows that an increase in
the temperature of the process and its duration leads to
an increase in the chromium content on the surface of
the samples. Its amount is from 87 to 97 wt.%. This
should help increase the heat resistance of the chrome
surface of this steel.
Table 1
The surface composition of the samples after chromium plating, measured by XRA
No.
sample
Microhardness
steel surfaces up to
chrome plating Hµ, kg/mm
2
Temperature
chromium
plating,
0
C
Time
chrome
plating, h
Surface composition
after
chromium, wt.%
1 224 1100 6 88,9Cr + 11,1Fe
2 233 1100 8 92,4Cr + 7,6Fe
3 224 1100 10 97,1Cr + 2,9Fe
4 228 1100 12 96,9Cr + 3,1Fe
5 221 1070 6 87,7Cr + 12,2Fe
6 233 1070 8 87,1Cr + 12,9Fe
7 221 1070 10 92,3Cr + 7,7Fe
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
CHROME PROCESSING PROCESS
We performed a thermodynamic calculation of
possible chemical reactions between the gaseous
components of the saturating medium and the carbon
present in the steel. The calculation was performed
for temperatures of 1070 and 1100
0
С, boundary pres
sure values – 133 and 1.33 Pa. In the calculation,
thermodynamic data from the source were used [9].
The results of this calculation are presented in Table
2. The magnitude of the chemical reaction α is the
fraction of the starting materials that have reacted in
accordance with the reaction.
Table 2
The magnitude of the occurrence of chemical reactions α describing the interaction
of chromium chlorides with carbon
No Chemical equation
Process temperature, К
1343 1373
Pressure, Pa Pressure, Pa
133 1.33 133 1.33
1 CrCl(g)+9/46C(s) = 3/92Cr23C6(s)+1/4CrCl4(g) 0.998 0.94 0.998 0.94
2 CrCl(g)+9/286C(s) = 3/28Cr7C3(s)+1/4CrCl4(g) 0.892 0.997 0.997 0.895
3 CrCl(g)+1/2C(s) = 1/4Cr3C2(s)+1/4CrCl4(g) 0.999 0.95 0.997 0.95
4 CrCl2(g)+3/23C(s) = 1/46Cr23C6(g)+1/2CrCl4(g) 6.4·10
-6
6.4·10
-8
4.2·10
-6
4.2·10
-8
5 CrCl2(g)+3/146C(s) = 1/14Cr7C3(s)+1/2CrCl4(g) 5.4·10
-5
5.4·10
-7
3.6·10
-5
3.6·10
-7
6 CrCl2(g)+1/3C(s) = 1/6Cr3C2(s)+1/2CrCl4(g) 0.099 1.2·10
-3
0.14 1.8·10
-3
7 Cr2Cl4(g)+6/23C(s) = 1/23Cr23C6(s)+CrCl4(g) 0.146 0.146 0.15 0.15
8 Cr2Cl4(g)+3/7C(s) = 1/7Cr7C3(s)+CrCl4(g) 0.213 0.213 0.216 0.216
9 Cr2Cl4(g)+2/3C(s) = 1/3Cr3C2(s)+CrCl4(g) 0.233 0.233 0.236 0.236
10 CrCl3(g)+3/46C(s) = 1/92Cr23C6(s)+3/4CrCl4(g) 4·10
-3
8.6·10
-4
3.5·10
-3
7.6·10
-4
11 CrCl3(g)+3/28C(s) = 1/28Cr7C3(s)+3/4CrCl4(g) 4.6·10
-3
1·10
-3
4·10
-3
8.8·10
-4
12 CrCl3(g)+1/6C(s) = 1/12Cr23C6(s)+3/4CrCl4(g) 4.8·10
-3
1·10
-3
4.2·10
-3
9.1·10
-4
Of the presented in table 2 of the data it follows that
the main reactions leading to the formation of carbide
are 1–3 and 6–9. In accordance with these reactions,
three carbides can form: Cr23C6, Cr7C3, Cr3C2. From the
results of X-ray diffraction analysis it follows that the
formation of carbide Cr23C6 containing the least amount
of carbon occurs. This is due to the low carbon content
in this steel grade.
The carbon present in the steel is concentrated in the
surface layer and forms a carbide layer of composition
Cr23C6. It can also be concluded that the main substanc-
es – carriers of chromium are gaseous compounds CrCl
and Cr2Cl4.
We carried out a thermodynamic calculation of the
interaction of chromium chlorides with the main com-
ponent of steel – iron, which resulted in the formation of
a solid solution between these two elements. The calcu-
lation was performed for two boundary compositions of
the solid solution: (Fe0.9Cr0.1) and (Fe0.1Cr0.9), two tem-
peratures and pressures. Below, in the table. Fig. 3 pre-
sents the results of calculating the interaction of chlo-
rides with the surface of the steel, expressed as values of
the occurrence of chemical reactions α. Solid solution –
ss.
Table 3
The magnitude of the chemical reactions α, describing the interaction of chromium chlorides with iron
No. Chemical equation
Process temperature, К
1343 1343
Pressure, Pa Pressure, Pa
133 1.33 133 1.33
1 CrCl(g)+6.75Cr(s)= 7.5(Fe0.9Cr0.1)(ss)+1/4CrCl4(g) 0.985 0.23 0.975 0.043
2 CrCl(g)+6.75Cr(s)= 7.5(Fe0.1Cr0.9)(ss)+1/4CrCl4(g) 1 1 1 1
3 CrCl2(g)+4.5Fe(s) = 5(Fe0.9Cr0.1) (ss)+1/2CrCl4(g) 3·10
-6
3·10
-8
2·10
-6
2·10
-8
4 CrCl2(g)+1/18Fe(s) = 5/9(Fe0.1Cr0.9) (ss)+1/2CrCl4(g) 3·10
-6
3·10
-8
2·10
-6
2·10
-8
5 Cr2Cl4(g)+9Fe(s) = 10(Fe0.9Cr0.1) (ss)+CrCl4(g) 0.014
0.014 0.016 0.016
6 Cr2Cl4(g)+1/9Fe(s) = 10/9(Fe0.1Cr0.9) (ss)+CrCl4(g) 0.42
0.42 0.313 0.313
7 CrCl3(g)+2.25Fe(s) = 2.5(Fe0.9Cr0.1) (ss)+1/4CrCl4(g) 2.3·10
-6
5·10
-9
2.1·10
-6
5·10
-9
6 CrCl3(g)+0.0278Fe(s) = 0.278(Fe0.1Cr0.9) (ss)+3/4CrCl4(g) 2.3·10
-6
5·10
-9
2.1·10
-6
4.4·10
-9
From the table 3 it follows that the formation of a
solid solution consisting of iron and chromium occurs in
accordance with reactions 1, 2, 5, and 6. In addition,
usually there is an interaction of chromium vapor with
the surface of the steel, which leads to the formation of
a diffusion layer containing chromium. But the vapor
pressure of metallic chromium is usually 1 to 2 orders of
magnitude lower than the pressure of its chlorides, so its
main carriers of chromium to the work surface are its
chlorides. The transition of carbon into the compound
leads to the formation of the component δ-FeCr. The
ratio of phases – carbide Cr23C6 and δ-FeCr will deter-
mine the wear resistance and heat resistance of the steel
surface. Changing the ratio of these phases can be done
by varying the temperature and pressure in the reaction
region, the temperature of chromium plating and the
flow of sodium chloride. The particle size of chromium,
the concentration of activator affect the pressure in the
reaction space.
METAL ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE
OF CHROME SAMPLES
In Fig. 1,a presents sample No. 6 after chromium
plating at a temperature of 1070
0
C for 8 h. The total
coating thickness is 71 m. The upper layer of the diffu-
sion layer consists of chromium carbide and has a high
microhardness. The microhardness data presented,
measured deep into the sample, show a sharp decrease
in the values of this quantity (Fig. 2). Moreover, the
microhardness decreases to a value less than the surface
of the samples.
The microstructure of sample No. 7 is shown in Fig.
1,b. This sample was subjected to chemical-thermal
treatment at a temperature of 1070
0
C for 10 h. After
this treatment, the surface of the sample has a micro-
hardness of 1270 kg/mm
2
and it decreases with increas-
ing depth of measurement (see Fig. 2). Apparently, with
an increase in the annealing time, a diffusion redistribu-
tion of carbon occurs in the surface region of the sample
and this element is concentrated in the zone in contact
with the saturating medium. Beyond the zone of chro-
mium carbide is the region of the δ-FeCr component,
which has a significantly lower microhardness. In Fig. 3
shows microsections of samples after chromium plating
at a temperature of 1100
0
С. The structure of the sample
after annealing for 6 h is shown in Fig. 3,a. The meas-
ured microhardness value (Fig. 4) in this case is not so
high as in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Photos of samples: a – sample No. 6: coating thickness (h, m): 10, 61.
Coating Composition: Cr23C6 and δ-FeCr;
b – sample No. 7: coating thickness (h, m): 40, 50, 1.
Coating Composition: Cr23C6 and δ-FeCr
Fig. 2. Dependence of the microhardness of samples No. 6 and No. 7
along the depth of the sample
This is explained by a lower annealing temperature
during chromium plating and, correspondingly, lower
diffusion activity in the solid phase. The sample shown
in Fig. 3,b, was subjected to longer exposure during
chromeding – 12 h. As a result of this, there was a
greater redistribution of carbon in the surface region of
the sample, a higher concentration of this element in this
zone. This contributed to a higher value of microhard-
ness.
Fig. 4 shows the change in the microhardness along
the depth of the sample. Its change is not monotonous,
but is somewhat wavy in nature.
Fig. 3. Photos of samples: a – sample No. 1: coating thickness (h, m): 15, 38, 3.
Coating Composition: Cr23C6 and δ-FeCr.
b – sample No. 4. Coating thickness (h, m): 30, 90, 6. Coating Composition: Cr23C6 and δ-FeCr
Fig. 4. Dependence of the microhardness of samples No. 1 and No. 4 over the depth of the sample
Table 4
Cavitation-erosive wear of the surface of samples of steel 25X1MF in water and mechanical wear of these samples
No.
sample
Processing mode
Maximum micro-
hardness Нµ of
diffusion layer,
kg/mm
2
The total thick-
ness of the dif-
fusion layer,
microns
Steady speed
abrasive
destruction v,
mg/km
Loss of
sample mass
in 3.5 h of
erosion in
water, mg
Temperature
chromium
plating,
0
C
Time
chrome
plating, h
initial – – – – 1.83 3.16
1 1100 6 1072 56 0.56 1.46
2 1100 8 787 86 0.95 2.13
3 1100 10 1225 106 0.62 3.46
4 1100 12 787 126 1.01 3.14
5 1070 6 1144 54 0.74 2.81
6 1070 8 1144 71 0.66 1.99
7 1070 10 1270 91 0.94 3.28
From the Table 4 it follows that all chrome-plated
samples in terms of abrasion resistance exceed the start-
ing material by 1.8 to 3 times. This is probably to be
expected, because after chromium plating of steel sam-
ples, a protective layer of carbide of this element was
formed on their surface. Chrome plating also mainly
increases the resistance of the samples, protecting them
from cavitation-erosion effects. Based on the data pre-
sented in Table 4, we can draw certain conclusions. The
change in the thickness of the diffusion layer and its
microhardness is not monotonic from the temperature of
the process and its duration. This means that it is neces-
sary to more specifically establish the relationship be-
tween the process parameters and the change in the re-
sistance of the samples with respect to mechanical stress
and cavitation-erosion wear on the surface of 25Х1MF
steel.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating of
samples made of 25Х1MF steel leads to the formation
of a surface layer containing from 87 to 97 wt.% оf this
element. It was found that an increase in the temperature
of the process and its duration leads to an increase in the
chromium content on the surface of the samples.
2. It was found that chromium plating increases the
roughness of the samples. To eliminate this phenome-
non, it is necessary to carry out studies to optimize the
parameters of the chromium plating process.
3. Using thermodynamic analysis, it was found that
the main chromium transporters in a saturating gas me-
dium are, presumably, the lower chlorides of this ele-
ment – CrCl and Cr2Cl4.
4. The maximum microhardness of the diffusion
layer reaches 1270 kg/mm
2
and the thickness exceeds
100 μm. This coating consists of an outer layer of car-
bide of the composition Cr23C6 and a layer of a solid
solution of chromium in iron located below it – δ-FeCr.
5. The tests carried out on cavitation-erosion effects
in water on the chrome-plated surface of 25Kh1MF
steel samples showed that chemical-thermal treatment
mainly strengthens the steel surface.
6. It has been established that vacuum diffusion
chromium plating of samples made of 25Х1MF steel
provides 1.8–3 times higher resistance to abrasive when
compared to the starting material.
REFERENCES
1. G.H. Meier, C. Cheng, et al. Diffusion Chromiz-
ing of Ferrous Alloys // Surface and Coatings Technol-
ogy. 1989, v. 39/40, p. 53-64.
2. Jyh-Wei Lee, Jenq-Gong Duh. Evaluation of mi-
crostructures and mechanical properties of chromized
steels with different carbon contents // Surface and
Coatings Technology. 2004, v. 177-178, p. 525-531.
3. V.I. Zmij, G.M. Kartmazov, S.G. Rudenkyi. Pa-
tent for an invention No98074, C23P 8/00, C23P 12/00.
Method of diffusion saturation of the surface of the
product, Publication date 10.04.2012, bull. No 7 (in
Ukrainian).
4. V.I. Zmij, G.M. Kartmazov, S.G. Rudenkyi. Pa-
tent for an invention No98087, C23P 8/00, C23P 12/00.
Device for diffusion saturation of product surfaces in
vacuum, Publication date 10.04.2012, bull. No 7 (in
Ukrainian).
5. V.I. Zmij, N.F. Kartsev, N.V.Kovtun, S.G. Ru-
denkyi. Study of the formation processes and properties
of chromium-containing diffusion coatings on steels //
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium “Vac-
uum Technologies and Equipment”, Kharkov, April 23-
27, 2001, p. 266-268.
6. V.I. Zmij, S.G.Rudenkyi. Reaction-activated dif-
fusion and vacuum coatings. Kharkov: NSC KIPT,
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7. S.G. Rudenkyi. Vacuum-activated chromium
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surface engineering. 2012, v. 10, N 1, p. 29-35.
8. S.G. Rudenkyi. Physical-technological funda-
mentals of the method of activated vacuum formation of
multifunctional coating on metal and carbon materials:
Doctoral dissertation. Kharkov: “Institute of Electro-
physics and Radiation Technologies”, 2014.
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Article received 27.02.2020
ВЛИЯНИЕ ВАКУУМНОГО АКТИВИРОВАННОГО ДИФФУЗИОННОГО
ХРОМИРОВАНИЯ НА МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ПОВЕРХНОСТИ СТАЛИ 25Х1МФ
С.Г. Руденький, В.И. Змий, Н.Ф. Карцев, А.А. Корнеев, А.В. Кунченко, В.В. Кунченко, Ю.В. Кунченко,
В.Г. Маринин, В.И. Коваленко, М.А. Бортницкая, Т.П. Рыжова, И.А. Ляшенко
Проведено насыщение поверхности образцов из стали 25Х1МФ хромом. Для этого использовали метод
вакуумного активированного диффузионного хромирования. В этом процессе в качестве активатора исполь-
зовали хлористый натрий. Было установлено, что вакуумное активированное диффузионное хромирование
образцов из стали 25Х1МФ приводит к формированию поверхностного слоя, содержащего от 87 до 97 вес.%
этого элемента. При этом установлено, что повышение температуры процесса и его длительности приводит
к увеличению содержания хрома на поверхности образцов. Проведенные испытания показали, что в случае
кавитационно-эрозионного воздействия на поверхность хромированных образцов из стали 25Х1МФ они
имеют более высокую стойкость. При абразивном износе стойкость хромированной поверхности стали в
1,8–3 раза выше по сравнению с необработанным материалом.
ВПЛИВ ВАКУУМНОГО АКТИВОВАНОГО ДИФУЗІЙНОГО ХРОМУВАННЯ
НА МЕХАНІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ПОВЕРХНІ СТАЛИ 25Х1МФ
С.Г. Руденький, В.І. Змій, М.Ф. Карцев, О.О. Корнєєв, О.В. Кунченко, В.В. Кунченко, Ю.В. Кунченко,
В.Г. Маринін, В.І. Коваленко, М.О. Бортницька, Т.П. Рижова, І.А. Ляшенко
Проведено насичення поверхні зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ хромом. Для цього використовували метод ваку-
умного активованого дифузійного хромування. У цьому процесі в якості активатора використовували хло-
ристий натрій. Було встановлено, що вакуумне активоване дифузійне хромування зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ
призводить до формування поверхневого шару, що містить від 87 до 97 мас.% цього елемента. При цьому
встановлено, що підвищення температури процесу і його тривалості призводить до збільшення вмісту хрому
на поверхні зразків. Проведені випробування показали, що в разі кавітаційно-ерозійного впливу на поверх-
ню хромованих зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ вони мають більш високу стійкість. При абразивному зносі стій-
кість хромованої поверхні сталі в 1,8–3 рази вище в порівнянні з необробленим матеріалом.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-194375 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:05:48Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Rudenkyi, S.G. Zmij, V.I. Kartzev, N.F. Korneev, A.A. Kunchenko, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Marinin, V.G. Kovalenko, V.I. Bortnytska, M.O. Ryzhova, T.P. Lashenko, I.A. 2023-11-23T14:27:24Z 2023-11-23T14:27:24Z 2020 Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF / S.G. Rudenkyi, V.I. Zmij, N.F. Kartzev, A.A. Korneev, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Kunchenko, V.G. Marinin, V.I. Kovalenko, M.O. Bortnytska, T.P. Ryzhova, I.A. Lashenko // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 2. — С. 132-138. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194375 621.785.53 In the work, the surface of samples made of 25X1MF steel was saturated with chromium. For this, the method of vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating was used. In this process, sodium chloride was used as an activator. It was found that vacuum activated diffusion chromium plating of samples made of 25Kh1MF steel leads to the formation of a surface layer containing from 87 to 97 wt.% of this element. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the process and its duration leads to an increase in the chromium content on the surface of the samples. The tests showed that in the case of cavitations-erosion effects on the surface of chrome-plated samples of steel 25X1MF they have higher resistance. With abrasive wear, the resistance of the chrome-plated steel surface is 1.8 to 3 times higher compared to untreated material. Проведено насичення поверхні зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ хромом. Для цього використовували метод вакуумного активованого дифузійного хромування. У цьому процесі в якості активатора використовували хлористий натрій. Було встановлено, що вакуумне активоване дифузійне хромування зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ призводить до формування поверхневого шару, що містить від 87 до 97 мас.% цього елемента. При цьому встановлено, що підвищення температури процесу і його тривалості призводить до збільшення вмісту хрому на поверхні зразків. Проведені випробування показали, що в разі кавітаційно-ерозійного впливу на поверхню хромованих зразків зі сталі 25Х1МФ вони мають більш високу стійкість. При абразивному зносі стійкість хромованої поверхні сталі в 1,8–3 рази вище в порівнянні з необробленим матеріалом. Проведено насыщение поверхности образцов из стали 25Х1МФ хромом. Для этого использовали метод вакуумного активированного диффузионного хромирования. В этом процессе в качестве активатора использовали хлористый натрий. Было установлено, что вакуумное активированное диффузионное хромирование образцов из стали 25Х1МФ приводит к формированию поверхностного слоя, содержащего от 87 до 97 вес.% этого элемента. При этом установлено, что повышение температуры процесса и его длительности приводит к увеличению содержания хрома на поверхности образцов. Проведенные испытания показали, что в случае кавитационно-эрозионного воздействия на поверхность хромированных образцов из стали 25Х1МФ они имеют более высокую стойкость. При абразивном износе стойкость хромированной поверхности стали в 1,8–3 раза выше по сравнению с необработанным материалом. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Physics of radiation and ion-plasma technologies Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF Вплив вакуумного активованого дифузійного хромування на механічні властивості поверхні стали 25Х1МФ Влияние вакуумного активированного диффузионного хромирования на механические свойства поверхности стали 25Х1МФ Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF Rudenkyi, S.G. Zmij, V.I. Kartzev, N.F. Korneev, A.A. Kunchenko, A.V. Kunchenko, V.V. Kunchenko, Y.V. Marinin, V.G. Kovalenko, V.I. Bortnytska, M.O. Ryzhova, T.P. Lashenko, I.A. Physics of radiation and ion-plasma technologies |
| title | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF |
| title_alt | Вплив вакуумного активованого дифузійного хромування на механічні властивості поверхні стали 25Х1МФ Влияние вакуумного активированного диффузионного хромирования на механические свойства поверхности стали 25Х1МФ |
| title_full | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF |
| title_fullStr | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF |
| title_short | Influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25X1MF |
| title_sort | influence of vacuum activated diffusion chroming on mechanical properties of the surface of steel 25x1mf |
| topic | Physics of radiation and ion-plasma technologies |
| topic_facet | Physics of radiation and ion-plasma technologies |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194375 |
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