Charge-number of pulses-converter
It is described the charge-number of pulses-converter, which was successfully applied in “Program-apparatus complex for investigation of gamma- and X-rays radiations, generated by relativistic electrons in crystals” [1] at Kharkiv linear electron accelerators. This device is in the condition for hig...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2020
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| Cite this: | Charge-number of pulses-converter / V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Morokhovskyi, V.N. Pirogov // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 5. — С. 94-96. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860085584832233472 |
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| author | Morokhovskii, V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Pirogov, V.N. |
| author_facet | Morokhovskii, V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Pirogov, V.N. |
| citation_txt | Charge-number of pulses-converter / V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Morokhovskyi, V.N. Pirogov // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 5. — С. 94-96. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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| description | It is described the charge-number of pulses-converter, which was successfully applied in “Program-apparatus complex for investigation of gamma- and X-rays radiations, generated by relativistic electrons in crystals” [1] at Kharkiv linear electron accelerators. This device is in the condition for high energy electron (positron) beam charge measurements with accuracy 2·10⁻¹⁰C and current measurements in the range of 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A.
Описано конвертор заряд-число імпульсів, який був успішно застосований в “Програмно-апаратурному комплексі для дослідження γ- та рентгенівського випромінювань, які генерируються релятивістськими електронами в кристалах” [1] на Харківських лінійних прискорювачах електронів. Цей прилад призначений для вимірювання заряду пучків высокоенергетичних електронів (позитронів) з точністю до 2·10⁻¹⁰C та вимірювання струмів в інтервалі величин 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A.
Описан конвертор заряд-число импульсов, который успешно применялся в “Программно-аппаратурном комплексе для исследования γ- и рентгеновского излучений, генерируемых релятивистскими электронами в кристаллах” [1] на Харьковских линейных электронных ускорителях. Этот прибор предназначен для измерений заряда пучков высокоэнергетичных электронов (позитронов) с точностью до 2·10⁻¹⁰C и измерения токов в интервале величин 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:19:31Z |
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CHARGE-NUMBER OF PULSES-CONVERTER
V. L.Morokhovskii∗, V.V.Morokhovskyi, V.N. Pirogov
National Science Center ”Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108 Kharkiv, Ukraine
(Received June 20, 2020)
It is described the charge-number of pulses-converter, which was successfully applied in the ”Program-apparatus
complex for investigation of gamma- and X-rays radiations, generated by relativistic electrons in crystals” [1] at
Kharkiv linear electron accelerators. This device is in the condition for high energy electron (positron) beam charge
measurements with accuracy 2 · 10−10 C and current measurements in the range of 10−10... 10−8 A.
PACS: 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 61.80.Mk
1. INTRODUCTION
Measurements of the coherent radiations spectra of
relativistic electrons interacting with crystals, such
as Coherent Polarization Radiation [2], Coherent
Bremsstrahlung [3] or Channeling Radiation [4], usu-
ally are done with the electron beam current of order
of 10−8... 10−9 A. For measurements of cross sections
of mentioned processes in absolute units it’s neces-
sary to measure the charge and the current of beam of
accelerated electrons with high accuracy. For carry-
ing out our experiments [5, 6] we designed and made
the charge-number of pulses-converter, analogous
with semi-conductive integral scheme of potential-
frequency converter, like Russian KP1108ΠΠ1 [7].
2. HOW DOES THIS DEVICE WORK ?
Block-scheme of the charge-number of pulses-
converter, that is the prototype of our scheme is dis-
played in the Fig.1. Using this scheme we can analyze
the principle of work of this device.
Ñ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fig.1. The structure of charge-number of pulses
convertor: 1–operational amplifier; 2–capacity;
3–comparator; 4–scheme of coincidence; 5–pulse
generator; 6–stable current source; 7–operational
switch
Charge integrator is compounded from opera-
tional amplifier (1) and capacity C (2). Entered
current I(t) is integrated in capacity C. Charge
Q(t) =
∫ T
0
I(t)dt increases the potential in the exit
of the operational amplifier U(t) = C−1 ·Q(t). When
this potential becomes higher than upper threshold of
comparator U(T ) > uc2, the comparator (3) changes
its state. The step of potential is generated at the
comparator exit. Then the scheme of coincidence (4)
allows to pass the pulses from pulse generator (5)
to the operated switch (7). By this way the source
of the stable current I (6) switches on the time of
pulse duration τ and generates the standard portion
of charge in the entrance of integrator: q = i ·τ . This
portion of charge has the opposite sign respectively
the charge measured. So it makes the potential at the
exit of operational amplifier (1) lower. The scheme of
coincidence (4) allows to pass the pulses from pulse
generator (5) to the operational switch (7) till the
potential at the exit of operational amplifier becomes
lower than comparator threshold U(T +2τN) < uc1,
where Q(T + 2τ N) =
∫ T+2τN
0
I(t)dt − qN . And we
have N standard pulses at the exit of the scheme of
coincidence.
3. THE PRINCIPLE SCHEME OF
CHARGE-NUMBER OF
PULSES-CONVERTER
The range of the current measurement is limited by
the current leakage through the operated switch and
entrance of operational amplifier. Exactness of the
charge-number of pulses transformation is limited by
stability of pulse generator and stable current source.
High stability of pulse generator can be provided
with using quartz (let’s use quartz with frequency
8 · 106s−1). Stable current source can be assembled
using transistors with low inverse current. Source
stability can be increased by using high stable stabil-
itron. So the stabile current I can be about 0.2mA
with stability about 0.1%. In this case the value of
the portion of charge is q = 1.25 · 10−10 C.
To lowest leakage due to the transistors inverse
current can be the order of 10−11 A. In our scheme
this is the main source of error.
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: victor@kipt.kharkov.ua
94 ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2020, N5(129).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (74), p.94-96.
& &&
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+
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+15 V
+15 V
+15 V
+15 V
+15 V
-15 V
-15 V
-15 V
-15 V
-15 V
Ñ1
Ñ2
Ñ3
Ñ4
Ñ5
Ñ6
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R26 R30
R
2
7
R
2
8
R29R19
R20
R21
R18 R22
R23
R
2
4
R
2
5
VD
VD
VD
VD
Vt1
Vt2
Vt3
Vt4
Vt5
Vt6
Vt7
Vt8
V2
V1
DD1.1 DD1.2 DD1.3
DD2.1
D
D
DD5.1
DD5.2
DD2.2
D4
D3
8MHz
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6 8
9
10
1
2 3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
23
4
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
3
4
3
4
9
9
2
2
11
11
6
6
1 2
3 4
1
2
3
6
7 8
11
1
2
3
6
7 8
11
Ct2
Ct2
Ñ2
Ñ2
R0
R0
R9
R9
Fig.2. Principle scheme of charge-number of pulses-convertor
Taking into account that efficiency of the sec-
ondary emission monitor is order of 0.1, we can mea-
sure the charge with error about 1% with confidence,
when the beam current is order of 10−8 A or higher.
It is possible to improve the result by selecting of
transistors with the best parameters. However the
idea of the leakage compensation is more productive.
For this purpose we need to design two symmetrical
current sources with the same value of current, but
opposite directions of currents, and switch them to
the entrance of integrator. On this way we can make
the lowest limit of measured current (and charge) 10
times lower. Besides we get additional possibility to
measure the charges with different signs.
The principle scheme of our device is shown in
Fig.2.
The pulses appear in the one of the two exits,
depending on the charge sign. Such scheme can be
applied for relativistic electron beam charge mea-
surements both with secondary emission monitor and
Faraday Cup. To realize this idea we use two com-
parators and two schemes of coincidence.
Our scheme is symmetrical and has one important
peculiarity. In order to avoid the instability (self gen-
eration), it is necessary to select the integrating ca-
pacity C1 > i · τ/(uc2 − uc1). For precessional com-
pensation of the remain current leakage we use the
potential divider, which is assembled from thermic-
stable resistors R1 − R5, R8 and is connected with
entrance of the operational amplifier.
Our device can be tuned by three steps:
1. It is necessary to make equal the current of two
symmetrical current stabilizers (i+) = (i−) by tuning
resistors R9, R11;
2. Having circuit integrator entrance, the thresh-
olds of symmetrical comparators are made equal
(u+
c2) = (u−
c2) by tuning resistor R20;
3. Having uncircuit integrator entrance, the preci-
sion compensation of difference between remain leak-
ages must be made by tuning resistor R5.
Our device (see Fig.2) was built of Rus-
sian components. The microchips are: DA1-
(Ê544ÓÄ1À); DA2, DA3-(Ê554ÑÀÇ); DD1,
DD2-(Ê155ËÀÇ); DD3, DD4-(Ê155ÈÅ2); DD5-
(Ê155ËÍÇ). The transistors are: VT1, VT2,
VT5-(ÊÒ3107); VT3, VT4, VT6-(ÊÒ3102); VT7,
VT8-(ÊÒ630Á). The stabilizer diodes are: VD1,
VD4-(ÊÑ191Ô); VD2, VD3-(ÊÑ133À). The opto-
electronics are: V1-(ÀÎÄ101À); V2-(ÀÎÄ101Á).
The following capacities were got out: C2, C3,
C4, C5=330µF ·15V . And the following resistors
were got out: R1, R4, R5, R19, R21=10kΩ; R2,
R3, R24, R25, R27, R28=1kΩ; R6, R7=300Ω;
R8=47GΩ; R9, R12=4.7kΩ; R10, R11=39kΩ;
95
R14,R15=24kΩ; R16,R17=1.8kΩ; R18,R22=390;
R20,R23, R26=330; R29,R30=1.3kΩ.
The possibility of current measurement in the
range 10−10... 10−8 A was shown in [5,6], where our
device was used. The accuracy of charge measure-
ment was 2 · 10−10 C.
The research described in this publication was sup-
ported by Grant No UA3000 from the International
Science Foundation.
References
1. D. I. Adeishvily, V.B.Gavrikov,
I. F. Emel’yanchik, V. L.Morokhovskii,
V.D.Ovchinnik, V.N. Pirogov, N.N.Hal’ko,
D. S. Shvarkov. Program-apparatus complex for
investigation of gamma and X-rays radiations,
generated by relativistic electrons in crystals:
Preprint. Kharkiv: KIPT, 1991, 14 p.
2. J. Freudenberger, V.B.Gavrikov, M.Galemann,
H.Genz, L.Groening, V. L.Morokhovskii,
V.V.Morokhovskyi, U.Nething, A.Richter,
J. P. F. Sellschop, and N.F. Shul’ga. Parametric
X-ray Radiation Observed in Diamond at Low
Electron Energies // Physical Review Letters.
1995, v.74, N13, p.24-87-2490.
3. D. I. Adejshvili , V.B.Gavrikov,
V. L.Morokhovskii. About interference be-
tween parametric X-ray radiation of type B and
coherent bremsstrahlung of a fast charged particle
in f crystal : Preprint KIPT 69-00, Kharkiv,
1991, 10 p.
4. J. Freudenberger, H.Genz, L.Groening,
P.Hofmann-Staschek, W.Knupfer,
V. L.Morokhovskii, V.V.Morokhovskyi,
U.Nething, A.Richter, J. P. F. Sellschop. Chan-
neling radiation and parametric X-radiation at
electron energies below 10MeV // NIM (B).
1996, v.119, p.123-130.
5. V. L.Morokhovskii, D. I. Adejshvili,
V. B.Gavrikov. Coherent X-radiation, gen-
erated by relativistic electrons in a crystal
below the parametric X-radiation threshold //
Ukrainian Physical Journal. 1993, v.38, N3,
p.389-397.
6. V. L.Morokhovskii, D. I. Adejshvili,
V. B.Gavrikov, S.V.Kas’ean. Coherent X-
Ray Radiation from Relativistic Electrons in a
Crystal // Journal of Georgian Physical Society
A. Particles and Nuclei. 1996, v.3, p.66-75.
7. B.G. Fedorkov, B. F.Teketz. Microschems of
figure-amplitude-transformations and amplitude-
figure-transformations: function, parame-
ters, application. Moscow: ”Energy-Atom-
Publishing”, 1990, 320 p.
ÊÎÍÂÅÐÒÎÐ ÇÀÐßÄ-×ÈÑËÎ ÈÌÏÓËÜÑÎÂ
Â.Ë.Ìîðîõîâñêèé, Â.Â.Ìîðîõîâñêèé, Â.Í.Ïèðîãîâ
Îïèñàí êîíâåðòîð çàðÿä-÷èñëî èìïóëüñîâ, êîòîðûé óñïåøíî ïðèìåíÿëñÿ â "Ïðîãðàììíî-àïïàðàòóðíîì
êîìïëåêñå äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ γ- è ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî èçëó÷åíèé, ãåíåðèðóåìûõ ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèìè ýëåêòðî-
íàìè â êðèñòàëëàõ"[1] íà Õàðüêîâñêèõ ëèíåéíûõ ýëåêòðîííûõ óñêîðèòåëÿõ. Ýòîò ïðèáîð ïðåäíàçíà÷åí
äëÿ èçìåðåíèé çàðÿäà ïó÷êîâ âûñîêîýíåðãåòè÷íûõ ýëåêòðîíîâ (ïîçèòðîíîâ) ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî 2 ·10−10 C
è èçìåðåíèÿ òîêîâ â èíòåðâàëå âåëè÷èí 10−10... 10−8 A.
ÊÎÍÂÅÐÒÎÐ ÇÀÐßÄ-×ÈÑËÎ IÌÏÓËÜÑIÂ
Â.Ë.Ìîðîõîâñüêèé, Â.Â.Ìîðîõîâñüêèé, Â.Ì.Ïiðîãîâ
Îïèñàíî êîíâåðòîð çàðÿä-÷èñëî iìïóëüñiâ, ÿêèé áóâ óñïiøíî çàñòîñîâàíèé â "Ïðîãðàìíî-àïàðàòóðíîìó
êîìïëåêñi äëÿ äîñëiäæåííÿ γ- òà ðåíòãåíiâñüêîãî âèïðîìiíþâàíü, ÿêi ãåíåðèðóþòüñÿ ðåëÿòèâiñòñüêè-
ìè åëåêòðîíàìè â êðèñòàëàõ"[1] íà Õàðêiâñüêèõ ëiíiéíèõ ïðèñêîðþâà÷àõ åëåêòðîíiâ. Öåé ïðèëàä ïðè-
çíà÷åíèé äëÿ âèìiðþâàííÿ çàðÿäó ïó÷êiâ âèñîêîåíåðãåòè÷íèõ åëåêòðîíiâ (ïîçèòðîíiâ) ç òî÷íiñòþ äî
2 · 10−10 C òà âèìiðþâàííÿ ñòðóìiâ â iíòåðâàëi âåëè÷èí 10−10... 10−8 A.
96
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-194573 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:19:31Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Morokhovskii, V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Pirogov, V.N. 2023-11-27T14:41:32Z 2023-11-27T14:41:32Z 2020 Charge-number of pulses-converter / V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Morokhovskyi, V.N. Pirogov // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 5. — С. 94-96. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 61.80.Mk https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194573 It is described the charge-number of pulses-converter, which was successfully applied in “Program-apparatus complex for investigation of gamma- and X-rays radiations, generated by relativistic electrons in crystals” [1] at Kharkiv linear electron accelerators. This device is in the condition for high energy electron (positron) beam charge measurements with accuracy 2·10⁻¹⁰C and current measurements in the range of 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A. Описано конвертор заряд-число імпульсів, який був успішно застосований в “Програмно-апаратурному комплексі для дослідження γ- та рентгенівського випромінювань, які генерируються релятивістськими електронами в кристалах” [1] на Харківських лінійних прискорювачах електронів. Цей прилад призначений для вимірювання заряду пучків высокоенергетичних електронів (позитронів) з точністю до 2·10⁻¹⁰C та вимірювання струмів в інтервалі величин 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A. Описан конвертор заряд-число импульсов, который успешно применялся в “Программно-аппаратурном комплексе для исследования γ- и рентгеновского излучений, генерируемых релятивистскими электронами в кристаллах” [1] на Харьковских линейных электронных ускорителях. Этот прибор предназначен для измерений заряда пучков высокоэнергетичных электронов (позитронов) с точностью до 2·10⁻¹⁰C и измерения токов в интервале величин 10⁻¹⁰…10⁻⁸A. The research described in this publication was supported by Grant No UA3000 from the International Science Foundation. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Computing and modelling systems Charge-number of pulses-converter Конвертор заряд-число імпульсів Конвертор заряд-число импульсов Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Charge-number of pulses-converter Morokhovskii, V.L. Morokhovskii, V.V. Pirogov, V.N. Computing and modelling systems |
| title | Charge-number of pulses-converter |
| title_alt | Конвертор заряд-число імпульсів Конвертор заряд-число импульсов |
| title_full | Charge-number of pulses-converter |
| title_fullStr | Charge-number of pulses-converter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Charge-number of pulses-converter |
| title_short | Charge-number of pulses-converter |
| title_sort | charge-number of pulses-converter |
| topic | Computing and modelling systems |
| topic_facet | Computing and modelling systems |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194573 |
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