50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology
An overview describes the evolution of HIBP diagnostics from the origins till today. The progress in the beam technology is presented by examples of HIBPs in tokamaks and stellarators. At the beginning, HIBP provided timeaveraged measurements of plasma potential in single space location, then it evo...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
|---|---|
| Date: | 2021 |
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194776 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology / L.I. Krupnik // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2021. — № 1. — С. 154-162. — Бібліогр.: 92 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860180149594488832 |
|---|---|
| author | Krupnik, L.I. |
| author_facet | Krupnik, L.I. |
| citation_txt | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology / L.I. Krupnik // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2021. — № 1. — С. 154-162. — Бібліогр.: 92 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | An overview describes the evolution of HIBP diagnostics from the origins till today. The progress in the beam technology is presented by examples of HIBPs in tokamaks and stellarators. At the beginning, HIBP provided timeaveraged measurements of plasma potential in single space location, then it evolves to time-resolved measurements of radial distributions and finally it becomes a multi-purpose diagnostics to study the temporal evolution of 2D distributions of potential and turbulence, including the long-range potential correlations with dual HIBP. Highlights in plasma potential profile evolution, a link between potential, density and confinement, geodesic acoustic modes, steady and chirping Alfvén eigenmodes, turbulent particle flux are presented.
Представлено огляд розвитку діагностики зондування плазми пучком важких іонів (ЗППВІ) від витоків до сьогодення. Прогрес у пучковій технології представлений на прикладах ЗППВІ в токамаках і стелараторах. Спочатку методом ЗППВІ вимірювала усереднені за часом потенціал плазми в одній точці, потім він дозволив знаходити радіальні розподіли з часовою роздільною здатністю, і, нарешті, він стає багатоцільовою діагностикою для вивчення часової еволюції двовимірних розподілів потенціалу і турбулентності, включаючи далекодіючі кореляції потенціалу, вимірювані здвоєним ЗППВІ. Детально розглянуто еволюцію профілю потенціалу плазми, зв'язку між потенціалом, густиною і утриманням, геодезичні акустичні моди, стаціонарні і чирпіровані альфвенівські власні моди, турбулентний потік частинок.
Представлен обзор развития диагностики зондирования плазмы пучком тяжелых ионов (ЗППТИ) от истоков до сегодняшнего дня. Прогресс в пучковой технологии представлен на примерах ЗППТИ в токамаках и стеллараторах. Вначале методом ЗППТИ измерялся усредненный по времени потенциал плазмы в одной точке, затем он позволил находить радиальные распределения с временным разрешением, и, наконец, он становится многоцелевой диагностикой для изучения временной эволюции двумерных распределений потенциала и турбулентности, включая дальнодействующие корреляции потенциала, измеряемые сдвоенным ЗППТИ. Подробно рассмотрены эволюция профиля потенциала плазмы, связи между потенциалом, плотностью и удержанием, геодезические акустические моды, стационарные и чирпированные альфвеновские собственные моды, турбулентный поток частиц.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:02:06Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131)
154 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2021, №1. Series: Plasma Physics (27), p. 154-162.
https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-131-154
50 YEARS OF HOT PLASMA DIAGNOSTIC WITH
HEAVY ION BEAM PROBING (HIBP) AT THE KHARKOV INSTITUTE
OF PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY
L.I. Krupnik
Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center
“Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: krupnik@ipp.kharkov.ua
«The work in Kharkov, Moscow, etc. started by Ludmila Krupnik, progressed
largely independently. In fact, the germ of the beam probe concept can be found
among the many particle beam based diagnostics ideas she came up within the
early years of Soviet fusion research. She and Bob [Hickok] first had a chance
to compare concepts and progress when they met at the All-Union Diagnostic
Conference in Kharkov in 1977. Unfortunately, until the availability of the
Internet, collaboration between the two groups has been limited to occasional
discussions at meetings and a couple of short personnel exchanges».
K.A. Connor. IEEE Trans. Plasma Science. 1994, v. 22, № 4, p. 285.
An overview describes the evolution of HIBP diagnostics from the origins till today. The progress in the beam
technology is presented by examples of HIBPs in tokamaks and stellarators. At the beginning, HIBP provided time-
averaged measurements of plasma potential in single space location, then it evolves to time-resolved measurements
of radial distributions and finally it becomes a multi-purpose diagnostics to study the temporal evolution of 2D
distributions of potential and turbulence, including the long-range potential correlations with dual HIBP. Highlights
in plasma potential profile evolution, a link between potential, density and confinement, geodesic acoustic modes,
steady and chirping Alfvén eigenmodes, turbulent particle flux are presented.
PACS: 52.35.Ra, 52.70.Nc, 52.55.Fa, 52.55.Hc
INTRODUCTION
In the mid-1950s, an intensive development of
research aimed at the controlled thermonuclear fusion
began. These studies were based on the idea of
obtaining hot and dense hydrogen plasmas, detached
from the walls of a vacuum chamber by magnetic or
electric fields. However, after a fairly short time, it was
turned out that obtaining isolated hot and dense plasma
is an extremely difficult task. Therefore, direct attempts
to obtain energy from controlled fusion had to be
replaced by a systematic study of plasma confinement.
In this regard, the need arose for development of new
methods to study hot plasmas, and the hot plasma
diagnostics has been established as a new branch of
plasma physics. The methods to study cold plasma of
gas-discharge were no longer suitable and new non-
perturbing methods were required. These new methods
include corpuscular plasma diagnostics based on the
analysis of particles, which escaped from or injected
into the plasma for its subsequent study. The former
refers as passive corpuscular diagnostics, while the
latter, as active corpuscular diagnostics.
In 1962, physicists from Kharkiv Institute of Physics
and Technology (KIPT) proposed a new method for
plasma probing by accelerated beams of neutral atoms.
It was used to study the structure of plasma flows
(bunches) [1]. At that time the stellarator community
did not accept this method due to its technical
complexity. Nevertheless, this complexity did not
frighten Leningrad scientists to use our method on the
toroidal devices “Alpha” and “Tuman” for the first time
in 1965-1966.
The use of charged probing particles, ions, opened
wider possibilities for the method despite the necessity
of accurate determination of the probing beam path.
This advance, called HIBP, was proposed by Robert
L. Hickok, “the father of heavy ion beam probing” from
Rensselaer Institute of Technology, USA.
Kharkiv scientists, who originated the concept of
particle beam probing, were able to continue its
development only from the early 1970s that is
worldwide recognized, see epigraph. The necessary
conditions for the application of the active corpuscular
diagnostics, the basic principles and capabilities of
HIBP were reviewed in Refs. [2, 3].
Further development of HIBP made it capable to
simultaneously measure several key plasma parameters,
as well as their fluctuations, with high temporal and
spatial resolution. They are: plasma potential pl,
density ne [4, 5], electron temperature Te, and poloidal
magnetic field Bpol (or the plasma current density jpl) [6].
Moreover, the possibility of direct local measurements
of plasma potential is unique.
1. IMPLEMENTATION OF HIBP ON
TOKAMAKS AND STELLARATORS
In the 1980s, low-to-high confinement mode
transition (L-H transition) was discovered at the
ASDEX Upgrade tokamak [7]. Theorists explained the
L-H transition by spontaneous bifurcation of the radial
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131) 155
electric field Er, reinforces an interest to electric field
studies. As it was written in Ref. [8]: “Understanding of
the role of electric field in confinement is almost
equivalent to the understanding of plasma confinement
itself“.
At that time, we have analyzed the availabilities of
existing fusion devices for the implementation of HIВР.
The probing beam trajectory calculations allowed us to
determine the location of the probing equipment and its
parameters. TM-4 tokamak (Kurchatov Institute,
Moscow) and Uragan-2M (KIPT, Kharkiv) were most
suitable. The magnetic configuration of tokamak
appeared to be more favorable for beam probing and
this determined our start. The equipment was developed
in KIPT and installed on TM-4 [9]. The first
encouraging results were achieved on TM-4 [10] arose
the further demand for the diagnostics. The area of
HIBP developments was expanded significantly after
presentation our results at the international conferences.
HIВP researches were performed in tokamaks: TM-4
(Moscow, 1978-1980), T-10 (Moscow, 1990-2018) [11-
13 ], Tuman-3M (St. Petersburg, 1983 - now) [14], TJ-I
(Madrid, 1991-1995) [15, 16] and in stellarators: TJ-II
(Madrid, 1996 now) [17], WEGA (Greifswald, 2004-
2009) [18-21] and Uragan-2M (Kharkiv, 1985
calculations, 2012 installation) [22]. Main parameters
of devices and HIBPs are collected in Table 1. HIBP
projects mention for ITER [23, 24], TCV [25], TCABR
[26], W7-X [27, 28], spherical tokamaks [29], including
MAST [30], Globus-M2 [31] and T-15MD [32] also.
Progress in HIBP development was reviewed in the
whole issue of IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. v. 22, № 4
(1994), including paper [33], then in Refs. [34, 35] and
finally in the books [36, 37]. We show the general
scheme of HIBP for TJ-II stellarator (Fig. 1) by
example. HIВР hardware consists of two main parts: an
injector of accelerated probing beams and a detecting
unit for analyzing secondary ions. Diagnostics has two
beam-lines for correcting the primary and secondary ion
beams. An operation of HIBP is provided by control and
data acquisition systems [38]. Requirements for HIВР
hardware are determined by the parameters of each
fusion device, on which the experiment is planned. They
are the energy and mass of the probing ions, the level of
stability of the accelerator parameters, the primary beam
current and the temporal and spatial resolution of
measurements. A beam injector consists of the ion
source, electrostatic accelerator and primary beam-line.
A probing beam should has a minimum energy spread
in order to maximize sensitivity of measuring the
plasma potential, sufficiently large ion mass to pass
through the magnetic fields and the current to overcome
the beam attenuation in the plasma (Ib ≥ 100 A) [39].
The beam sources should withstand long-term many-
hour operation [40]. The detecting unit system consists
of an energy analyzer with a detector of the beam
toroidal displacement d and the secondary ion beam
current Itot. Parameters of analyzer are determined
during the calibration by gas target at the special test-
bench [41, 42]. The dedicated hardware and software
packages for processing and viewing obtained data was
developed [5, 43]. The special efforts were undertaken
to estimate the locality of measurements and the path
integral effect. A multi-slit analyzer allows us to
directly measure plasma turbulence rotation [44, 45]
poloidal component of electric field Epol and to estimate
radial particle flux [46, 47] in some radial range. HIBP
measurements allowed to clarify the role of sheared
flow in turbulence suppression and establishment of
transport barriers [48, 49].
Kharkiv HIBPs were installed at the devices worked
according to the worldwide fusion program. The main
results were obtained on TM-4 [50], T-10 [51], and
TJ-II [52-61].
Fig. 1. General scheme of HIBP diagnostics and photo
of HIBP I diagnostics on the TJ-II stellarator
2. MEASUREMENTS OF PLASMA
POTENTIAL
Fig. 2 shows the radial plasma potential profiles and
the evolution with plasma density changes for TM-4,
T-10, and TJ-II. The ohmic heating was used on TM-4
(OH); on TJ-II ECRH+NBI (electron-cyclotron
resonance and neutral beam injection heating); on T-10
ECRH + OH.
156 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131)
Table 1
Devices with HIВР and parameters of probing beam
Device /
parameter
TJ-I WEGA ТМ-4 TJ-II T-10
Tuman-
3М
Uragan-
2М
R, m 0.54 0.72 0.53 1.5 1.5 0.53 1.7
alim, m 0.085 0.19 0.085 0.22 0.3 0.22 0.22
Bt, T 1.1...1.4 0.5 1.2...2.0 1.0 1.5...2.5 1.2 0.5
ne,10
19
m
-3
0.5 0.5 0.6...4.0 0.3...6.0 1...4 1...6 0.2
PECRH, MW - - - ≤ 0.6 ≤ 2.2 - -
PNBI, MW - - - ≤ 0.9 - 0.6 -
HIBP Diagnostics
Eb, keV 100 60 100 125 300 100 70
Probing ions Сs
+
Na
+
Сs
+
Сs
+
Tl
+
К
+
Cs
+
Radial range of
measurement
-1< <1 0.4< < 1 0 < ρ < 1 -1< <1 0.2< ρ <1 0 < < 1 0 < < 1
a
b
c
Fig. 2. The radial profiles of plasma potential on TM-4:
■, and ○, corresponding to ne=0.6·10
19
, 2·10
19
,
and 4·10
19
m
-3
(a);
T-10: ohmic heating (b), ECR heating and current
ramp-up: and TJ-II discharge with rising ne (c)
The behavior of the plasma potential is similar
despite the different methods of plasma creating and
heating, as well as magnetic configurations of the
devices. An increase on ne, and consequently, an
increase on the plasma confinement time are
accompanied by potential evolution to the negative
direction, it may reach hundreds and even thousands of
volts. Fig. 3 shows the results of numerous
measurements of the plasma potential, performed on
T-10 tokamak and TJ-II stellarator. Large circles in
Fig. 3 show results of neoclassical simulation of
potential [62]. A similar picture is observed: the
potential evolved toward more negative values with the
density and effective collisionality eff , however, this
dependence saturates, when plasma density reaches a
certain threshold valuene~(2.5...3.5)·10
19
m
–3
, in both
devices [63-67].
HIBP measures the potential profiles in the plasma
core in experiments with forced L-H transition, when
the bias voltage was applied to the special electrode,
inserted into the plasma edge on T-10 or to the limiter in
TJ-II [68, 69].
3. MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENCE
All capabilities of HIBP diagnostics to measure the
radial profiles of plasma parameters and their
fluctuations were used in the studies of quasicoherent
oscillations – zonal flows (ZF) in T-10 [70] and Alfvén
eigenmodes (AEs) on TJ-II [71, 72].
3.1. ZONAL FLOWS IN T-10
Poloidal ZF are considered as the mechanism of
turbulence self-regulation, which affects the radial
transport in tokamaks and stellarators. The most striking
manifestation of zonal flows is observed in the
oscillations of the plasma potential. ZF split into two
branches: a low-frequency ZF and high-frequency part,
geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs). At present, ZF/GAM
is considered as a mechanism influencing the L-H
transition. Fig. 4 presents the main results of the study
of GAM at T-10 [73-75]. GAM was directly observed
by an oscillation of the plasma potential in the
frequency range of 10...30 kHz. A low-frequency
branch of about 1 kHz apparently also exists at T-10,
and this, according to the theory, is indicated by the
intermittent character of GAMs, as presented in Fig. 4,
where oscillations at 7 kHz are MHD mode m = 2.
GAM, dominating in the plasma potential spectrum,
have amplitude up to 100 V, but they are much less
visible on density fluctuations (proportional to Itot). It
looks like a rather narrow isolated peak in potential
spectrum. Often GAM has the high-frequency satellite.
The local theory predicts that the GAM frequency scales
as 1/ 2 2 /GAM e if R T m if Te is taken near the
plasma edge.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131) 157
Fig. 3. Results of numerous measurements of the plasma
potential in T-10 (ne = (0.6…-4.7)·10
19
m
-3
,
Ipl=120...300 kA, qa = 2.8...5)
and TJ-II (ne=0.3...4.5)·10
19
m
-3
,
/2 = 1.5...1.75, qa = 0.57...0.67)
3.2. ALFVÉN EIGENMODES ON TJ-II
Over the two past decades, much attention in fusion
studies has been paid to the issue of AEs, excited by fast
particles like NBI or fusion-born alphas. AEs should
significantly affect the transport of both fast and the
thermal plasma components, according to the theory,
since they involve the intertwinement between them.
AEs were studied by magnetic probes (MP) located at
TJ-II vacuum chamber. This is do not bringing
information about AEs spatial structure and
characteristics. A new diagnostic was required, capable
to observe the AEs in the plasma core from the edge to
the very center. It was HIВР, which answers the
challenge [76].
Fig. 5 shows the temporal evolution of the spectral
power density, PSD (Fourier spectrogram) of Itot –
proportional to plasma density fluctuations (a); the
plasma potential (b); and the toroidal beam
displacement , proportional to poloidal magnetic field
Bpol (c); together with the signal of MP and average
density ne (d). Combined ECR +NBI heating were used
in this discharge.
a
b
c
Fig. 4. Typical potential () and density (Itot) power
spectra for GAM frequency range in T-10 ohmic
shot (a); spectrogram of the GAM evolution
measured atr = 0.24 min the shot with step-wise ECRH
power. The GAM intermittent structure is observed.
Solid line is the square root of ECE signal proportional
to eT at r = 0.18 m (b); dependence of GAM frequency
on the electron temperature at the radius = 0.73.
Lines are square root dependencies with variation
by 10 % (c)
We see the presence of AE in the form of multiple
quasi-monochromatic frequency peaks fAE (branches
1-4), which are well pronounced in all measured
parameters including the plasma potential, density and
magnetic field. AE is an electromagnetic wave; its
electric component was first observed by HIBP.
HIBP with multi-slit detection allows us to study the
phase characteristics of each AE branch and their
contribution to the turbulent particle flux. It was found
that each AE branch could have its individual value and
sign of the flux, determined by cross-phase between ne
and Epol oscillations [77].
158 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131)
Fig. 5. The temporal evolution of the power spectral
density (PSD) or the Fourier spectrogram of AEs, seen
on Itot – proportional to plasma density fluctuations (a);
the plasma potential (b); toroidal beam displacement
d – proportional to poloidal magnetic field Bpol (c);
together with the signal of MP and average density (d);
AEs branches with co-NBI (e) and AEs branches with
balanced NBI (f)
In low-density ECRH / NBI plasmas the AE mode
has a pulsed character, having the so-called chirping-up
frequency or chirping mode [78]. The chirping mode is
clearly pronounced in the magnetic component Bpol,
Fig. 6 [79]. Radial scan of the measuring point allows us
to detect the place of birth for the chirping mode and to
monitor its space-frequency evolution [80].
Fig. 6. Chirping Alfvén modes are seen on spectrograms
of d (or Bpol) and MP with a high coherency (a, b, c);
delayed transition from chirping modes, excited in low-
density plasma with ECRH, to AEs with smooth change
of frequency in accordance with Alfvén scaling
1/2~AE ef n with the density rise due to NBI
heating (d, e, f)
It was found that transition from steady to chirping
AE is very sensitive to variation of magnetic
configuration by small change of currents in helical
coils. It allows one to propose this effect in combination
with local ECRH for controlling transport of fast
particles and mitigation of AE.
It has been established that the contribution of
turbulent E×B particle flux induced by AE can vary
from insignificantly small value to the level comparable
with broadband E×B turbulent flux.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131) 159
3.3. MEASUREMENTS OF OTHER TURBULENT
MODES
The new type of quasicoherent modes were
discovered on TJ-II using HIBP. These are oscillations
excited by fast (supra-thermal) electrons (ST-mode) and
resonant oscillations of plasma density [81, 82].
A low-frequency tearing-like mode (TLM) was
found during NBI heating on TJ-II. This mode is strictly
localized in the peripheral region (0.6 ≤ ≤ 1.0), and it is
clearly manifested in the secondary ion current Itot
(plasma density) and in the MP signals. Fig. 7 and
Table 2 summarize results of numerous quasicoherent
oscillations studies on TJ-II and show the frequency
range and radial location for the entire “zoo” of the
observed modes [83-86].
Table 2
Results of numerous quasicoherent oscillations studies
on TJ-II
Mode type Frequency
range, kHz
Radial
range, |ρ|
LRC,
electrostatic
≤ 30 < 0.8
ST, electrostatic 15…25 0.2…0.6
AE,
electromagnetic
100…300 0.4…0.8
TLM, magnetic 10…15 0.6…1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1
10
100
f,
k
H
z
LRC
ST
AE
TLM
Fig. 7. Types, frequencies and radial localizations of
various modes of oscillations observed on TJ-II
4. DUAL HIBP IN TJ-II
НIВР-2 second system was installed on TJ-II in
2011 in a section placed 90
0
along the torus relatively to
НIВР-1, Fig. 8 [87]. Dual HIBP elevated HIBP
diagnostics up to a new level and allowed us to measure
long-range correlations (LRC) of plasma potential,
density and poloidal magnetic field, the toroidal and
poloidal structure of plasma turbulence and various
types of instabilities in the core and edge plasmas.
Currently, dual HIBP is highly demanded and
commonly used in all research programs on TJ-II (study
of ZF, L-H transitions, ELM characteristics, AEs and
MHD activity and pellet injection) [88]. New
capabilities of dual HIBP were demonstrated in
experiment, in which relaxation of oscillating radial
electric field Er after injection of cryogenic pellet was
investigated. The waveform of the Er relaxation is
consistent with gyrokinetic modeling, which shows that
the turbulent transport depends on the collisionless
damping of ZF [89].
Fig. 8. The scheme of НIВР-2 system and photo of
HIBP-1 and HIBP-2 installed on TJ-II in sections
shifted by 90
0
along the torus relative to each other (up)
and 5-slits analyzers (down)
5. HIBP IN “URAGAN-2M”
Traveling around the cities and countries, we have
always looked forward to the opportunity to operate
HIBP diagnostics in the home institute, KIPT. In 2012
this long-awaited moment at last came, and HIBP was
installed on “Uragan-2M” stellarator-torsatron in KIPT
(Fig. 9) with funding by STCU Grant and with active
support of V.I. Tereshin. “Uragan-2M” is the last in a
series of machines, for which HIВР was developed,
therefore we installed the most advanced version of all
equipment, which was developed in collaboration with
worldwide colleagues.
160 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131)
Fig. 9. HIBP diagnostics in the “Uragan-2M” stellarator
The newest control and data acquisition system was
developed in KIPT on the basis of experience of HIВР
operation in various machines. It allows us to exploit
HIBP injector with fine-focused high-intensity beam
(50...300 A) without changing the ion emitter and
hardware during a long time [90-92]. The first
experiments were conducted with magnetic field
Bt = 0.39 T by Cs
+
ion beam with energy Eb = 70 keV
and intensity 55...65 A. The estimates of the plasma
potential and density were done.
Evaluation of the plasma potential on “Uragan-2M”
gives the core negative value = -80 V, which is
consistent with the floating potential data by Langmuir
probe.
Negative potential of low-density plasma in
“Uragan-2M” is opposite from the positive one on TJ-II
with ECRH, but agrees with the negative potential on
TJ-II NBI plasma with ne > 10
19
m
3
. The secondary ion
current Itot agrees with the average plasma density,
measured by a radio interferometer,
ne = (1.25...2.5)·10
18
m
-3
. We did not observe the Itot
oscillations so far. Unfortunately, the parameters of
“Uragan-2M” plasma are not yet comfortable for HIBP
application.
Concluding the saga about plasma diagnostics by the
heavy ion beam, it should be emphasized once again
that HIBP is still a very rare diagnostics. An individual
design and development of HIВР hardware is required,
starting from the calculation of the probing beam
trajectories to select an optimized hardware
arrangement, then creation of individual set of
equipment, including both hardware and software for
each fusion device.
CONCLUSIONS
After 50 years of development, HIBP has become a
powerful multifunctional tool for magnetic fusion
research. It makes a significant contribution to the study
of the role of electric fields and plasma rotation in the
energy and particle transport, plasma turbulence, ZF and
GAM, physics of fast particles and AEs. HIBP has
become one of the most advanced diagnostics of the
world level due to the expansion of its technical
capabilities in Ukraine.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Finally, let me pay tribute to all colleagues from
KIPT for their great work and significant contribution to
development of active corpuscular diagnostics and its
using in experiments with hot plasmas during a 50-years
period. They are N.G. Shulika, P.A. Demchenko,
I.S. Bondarenko, A.A. Chmyga, G.N. Deshko,
N.B. Dreval, S.M. Khrebtov, A.D. Komarov,
A.S. Kozachek, I.S. Nedzelskiy, Yu.Ya. Podopa,
N.V. Samokhvalov, Yu.I. Tashchev, and A.I. Zhezhera.
I am also grateful to our "comrades", first of all from
Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, as well as Ioffe Institute
in St. Petersburg and CIEMAT in Madrid. They are
A.V. Melnikov, L.G. Eliseev, V.A. Mavrin,
S.E. Lysenko, K.G. Shakhovets, S.V. Lebedev,
L.G. Askinazi, J.L. de Pablos, et al. Special words of
thanks, respect and appreciation go to Carlos Hidalgo,
V.I. Tereshin, and K.A. Razumova. Owing to their
scientific erudition, they appreciated and supported our
activities. Without their decisive and persistent support
HIВР diagnostics would not have been ever installed in
any fusion facility.
This work has been supported in part by National
Academy Science of Ukraine target program on Plasma
physics.
REFERENCES
1. L.I. Krupnik, N.G. Shulika. Plasma diagnostics. M.:
"Gosatomizdat", 1963, p. 199.
2. A.I. Kislyakov, L.I. Krupnik // Soviet Journal of
Plasma Physics. 1981, v. 7, № 4, p. 866.
3. L.I. Krupnik, V.I. Tereshin // Plasma Physics
Reports. 1994, v. 20, № 2, р. 157.
4. Yu.N. Dnestrovskii et al. // Soviet Journal of Plasma
Physics. 1986, v. 12, p. 130.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131) 161
5. Ph.O. Khabanov et al. // Journal of Instrumentation.
2019, v. 14, p. C09033.
6. H. Weisen et al. // Fusion Science and Technology.
2011, v. 59, p. 418-426.
7. F. Wagner. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2007, v. 49, p. B1.
8. K. Itoh, S.-I. Itoh. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2007, v. 38, p. 1.
9. I. S. Bondarenko et al. // Soviet Journal of Technical
Physics. 1986, v. 31, p. 1390.
10. V.I. Bugarya et al. // JETP Letters. 1983, v. 38,
p. 404-408.
11. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Soviet Journal of Plasma
Physics. 1992, v. 18, p. 110.
12. A.V. Melnikov et al. HIBP diagnostics on T-10 //
Review of Scientific Instruments. 1995, v. 66, p. 17.
13. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Fusion Engineering and
Design. 2019, v. 146, Part A, p. 850-853.
14. L.G. Askinazi et al. // Technical Physics Letters.
2012, v. 38, p. 268.
15. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 1997, v. 68, p. 12.
16. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Fusion Engineering and
Design. 1997, v. 34-35, p. 639-644.
17. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Fusion Engineering and
Design. 2001, v. 56-57, p. 935-939.
18. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (10). 2005,
№ 1, p. 215-217.
19. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (15). 2009,
№ 1, p. 28-30.
20. Y. Podoba et al. // AIP Conference Proceeding.
2008, v. 993, p. 235.
21. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Fusion Science and
Technology. 2006, v. 50, p. 276-280.
22. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Plasma Physics Reports. 1994,
v. 20, p. 170-175.
23. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Fusion Technology. 1996,
p. 889-892 (New York: "Elsevier", 1997).
24. A.V. Melnikov, L.G. Eliseev // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 1999, v. 70, p. 951.
25. M.R. Siegrist et al. // Twenty-First IEEE/NPS
Symposium on Fusion Engineering. 2005, p. 1-4.
26. A.A. Chmyga et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (9). 2003,
№ 1, p. 160-162.
27. S. Perfilov et al. // AIP Conference Proceeding.
2006, v. 812, p. 199.
28. S. Perfilov et al. // Fusion Science and Technology.
2007, v. 51, p. 38-45.
29. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 1997, v. 68, p. 316.
30. A.V. Melnikov et al. // 37-th EPS Conference on
Plasma Physics. 2010 (Dublin, Ireland, 21-25 June
2010) ECA, v. 34A, P5.120.
31. P.O. Khabanov et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (26). 2020,
№ 6(130), p. 195-199.
32. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Fusion Engineering and
Design. 2015, v. 96, 97, p. 306-310.
33. Yu.N. Dnestrovskij et al. // IEEE Transactions on
Plasma Science. 1994, v. 22, p. 310.
34. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2017, v. 57,
p. 072004.
35. A.V. Melnikov. // Nature Physics. 2016, v. 12,
p. 386-390.
36. A.V. Melnikov. M.: MEPhI, 2015, ISBN 978-5-
7262-2165-6.
37. A.V. Melnikov. Springer Nature Switzerland AG,
2019, 240 p, ISBN 978-00-0480-1.
38. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Fusion Engineering and
Design. 2015, v. 96-97, p. 724.
39. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 2004, v. 75, p. 1835.
40. L.I. Krupnik et al. // IEEE Transactions on Plasma
Science. 2008, v. 36, p. 1536-1544.
41. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 1997, v. 68, p. 308.
42. I. Bondarenko et al. // AIP Conference Proceeding.
2008, v. 993, p. 239.
43. A.M. Ilin, et al. // Journal of Physics: Conference
Series. 2019, v. 1383, p. 012006.
44. L. Eliseev et al. // Plasma Fusion Research. 2012,
v. 7, p. 2402064.
45. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology, Series «Plasma Physics» (16). 2010,
№ 6(70), p. 40-42.
46. L.G. Eliseev et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (23). 2017,
№ 1(107), p. 241-243.
47. L.G. Eliseev et al. // Plasma Fusion Research. 2018,
v. 13, p. 3402106.
48. C. Hidalgo et al. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2006, v. 48, p. S169-S176.
49. G. Van Oost et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (15). 2009,
№ 1(59), p. 8-12.
50. G. Van Oost et al. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2007, v. 49, p. A29-A44
51. V.I. Bugarya et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 1985, v. 25,
p. 1707-1717.
52. M.A. Drabinskii et al. // Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. 2016, v. 747, p. 012017.
53. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Czechoslovak Journal of
Physics. 2000, v. 50, p. 1397-1412.
54. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Review of Scientific
Instruments. 2001, v. 72, p. 583.
55. A. Chmyga et al. // 29-th EPS Conference on
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2002
(Montreux, 17-21 June 2002), ECA, v. 26B, O1.09.
56. L.I. Krupnik et al. // 30-th EPS Conference on
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2003 (St.
Petersburg, 7-11 July 2003), ECA, v. 27A, P-1.24.
57. L.I. Krupnik et al. // 31-st EPS Conference on
Plasma Physics. 2004 (London, 28 June - 2 July 2004),
ECA, v. 28G, P-4.181.
58. E. Ascasibar et al. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2002 v. 44, No 12B B307-B322.
59. T Estrada et al. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2005, v. 47, p. L57.
60. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Czechoslovak Journal of
Physics. 2005, v. 55, p. 317-340.
61. I.S. Bondarenko et al. // Czechoslovak Journal of
Physics. 2000, v. 50, № 12, p. 1397-1412.
162 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. №1(131)
62. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series “Thermonuclear Fusion». 2011,
№ 3, p. 54-73.
63. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (12). 2006,
№ 6, p. 37-40.
64. L.I. Krupnik et al. // AIP Conference Proceeding.
2006, v. 875, p. 99.
65. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Plasma Physics and
Controlled Fusion. 2018, v. 60, 084008.
66. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2011, v. 51,
p. 083043.
67. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Plasma Physics and
Controlled Fusion. 2018, v. 60, p. 084008.
68. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Fusion Science and
Technology. 2004, v. 46, p. 299-307.
69. C. Hidalgo et al. // Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion. 2004, v. 46, p. 287.
70. A. Fujisawa et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2007, v. 47,
p. S718-S726.
71. M. Garcia-Munoz et al. // Plasma Physics and
Controlled Fusion. 2019, v. 61, p. 054007.
72. S. Yamamoto, et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2020, v.70,
p. 066018.
73. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Plasma Physics and
Controlled Fusion. 2006, v. 48, p. S87-S110.
74. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2015, v. 55,
p. 063001.
75. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2017, v. 57,
p. 115001.
76. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2010, v. 50,
p. 084023.
77. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2012, v. 52,
p. 123004.
78. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2016, v. 56,
p. 076001.
79. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2016, v. 56,
p. 112019.
80. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2018, v. 58,
p. 0820191.
81. A.V. Melnikov et al. // Plasma and Fusion
Research. 2011, v. 6, p. 2402030.
82. B.Ph. van Milligen et al. // Nuclear Fusion. 2011,
v. 51, p. 013005.
83. L.I. Krupnik et al. / AIP Conference Proceeding.
2006, v. 875, p. 95.
84. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (15). 2009,
№ 1(59), p. 31-33.
85. L.I. Krupnik et al. // 33-rd EPS Conference on
Plasma Physics. 2006 (Rome, 19-23 June 2006), ECA,
v. 30I, P-1.138.
86. P.O. Khabanov et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (24). 2018,
№ 6 (118), p. 317-320.
87. A.I. Zhezhera et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (23). 2017,
№ 1 (107), p. 261-264.
88. F. Castejón et al. //Nuclear Fusion. 2017, v. 57,
p. 102022.
89. J.A. Alonso et al. // Physical Review Letters. 2017,
v. 118, p. 185002.
90. A.D. Komarov et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (22). 2016,
№ 6(106), р. 306-309.
91. A.I. Zhezhera et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (21). 2015,
№ 1(95), p. 276-279.
92. L.I. Krupnik et al. // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series «Plasma Physics» (26). 2020,
v. 130, № 6, p. 190-194.
Article received 15.01.2021
50 ЛЕТ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ГОРЯЧЕЙ ПЛАЗМЫ ЗОНДИРОВАНИЕМ ПУЧКОМ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ИОНОВ
В ХАРЬКОВСКОМ ФИЗИКО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ ИНСТИТУТЕ
Л.И. Крупник
Представлен обзор развития диагностики зондирования плазмы пучком тяжелых ионов (ЗППТИ) от истоков
до сегодняшнего дня. Прогресс в пучковой технологии представлен на примерах ЗППТИ в токамаках и
стеллараторах. Вначале методом ЗППТИ измерялся усредненный по времени потенциал плазмы в одной точке,
затем он позволил находить радиальные распределения с временным разрешением, и, наконец, он становится
многоцелевой диагностикой для изучения временной эволюции двумерных распределений потенциала и
турбулентности, включая дальнодействующие корреляции потенциала, измеряемые сдвоенным ЗППТИ.
Подробно рассмотрены эволюция профиля потенциала плазмы, связи между потенциалом, плотностью и
удержанием, геодезические акустические моды, стационарные и чирпированные альфвеновские собственные
моды, турбулентный поток частиц.
50 РОКІВ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ЗОНДУВАННЯ ГАРЯЧОЇ ПЛАЗМИ ПУЧКОМ ВАЖКИХ ІОНІВ
У ХАРКІВСЬКОМУ ФІЗИКО-ТЕХНІЧНОМУ ІНСТИТУТІ
Л.I. Крупнiк
Представлено огляд розвитку діагностики зондування плазми пучком важких іонів (ЗППВІ) від витоків до
сьогодення. Прогрес у пучковій технології представлений на прикладах ЗППВІ в токамаках і стелараторах.
Спочатку методом ЗППВІ вимірювала усереднені за часом потенціал плазми в одній точці, потім він дозволив
знаходити радіальні розподіли з часовою роздільною здатністю, і, нарешті, він стає багатоцільовою діагностикою
для вивчення часової еволюції двовимірних розподілів потенціалу і турбулентності, включаючи далекодіючі
кореляції потенціалу, вимірювані здвоєним ЗППВІ. Детально розглянуто еволюцію профілю потенціалу плазми,
зв'язку між потенціалом, густиною і утриманням, геодезичні акустичні моди, стаціонарні і чирпіровані
альфвенівські власні моди, турбулентний потік частинок.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-194776 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:02:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Krupnik, L.I. 2023-11-29T15:15:36Z 2023-11-29T15:15:36Z 2021 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology / L.I. Krupnik // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2021. — № 1. — С. 154-162. — Бібліогр.: 92 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.35.Ra, 52.70.Nc, 52.55.Fa, 52.55.Hc https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194776 An overview describes the evolution of HIBP diagnostics from the origins till today. The progress in the beam technology is presented by examples of HIBPs in tokamaks and stellarators. At the beginning, HIBP provided timeaveraged measurements of plasma potential in single space location, then it evolves to time-resolved measurements of radial distributions and finally it becomes a multi-purpose diagnostics to study the temporal evolution of 2D distributions of potential and turbulence, including the long-range potential correlations with dual HIBP. Highlights in plasma potential profile evolution, a link between potential, density and confinement, geodesic acoustic modes, steady and chirping Alfvén eigenmodes, turbulent particle flux are presented. Представлено огляд розвитку діагностики зондування плазми пучком важких іонів (ЗППВІ) від витоків до сьогодення. Прогрес у пучковій технології представлений на прикладах ЗППВІ в токамаках і стелараторах. Спочатку методом ЗППВІ вимірювала усереднені за часом потенціал плазми в одній точці, потім він дозволив знаходити радіальні розподіли з часовою роздільною здатністю, і, нарешті, він стає багатоцільовою діагностикою для вивчення часової еволюції двовимірних розподілів потенціалу і турбулентності, включаючи далекодіючі кореляції потенціалу, вимірювані здвоєним ЗППВІ. Детально розглянуто еволюцію профілю потенціалу плазми, зв'язку між потенціалом, густиною і утриманням, геодезичні акустичні моди, стаціонарні і чирпіровані альфвенівські власні моди, турбулентний потік частинок. Представлен обзор развития диагностики зондирования плазмы пучком тяжелых ионов (ЗППТИ) от истоков до сегодняшнего дня. Прогресс в пучковой технологии представлен на примерах ЗППТИ в токамаках и стеллараторах. Вначале методом ЗППТИ измерялся усредненный по времени потенциал плазмы в одной точке, затем он позволил находить радиальные распределения с временным разрешением, и, наконец, он становится многоцелевой диагностикой для изучения временной эволюции двумерных распределений потенциала и турбулентности, включая дальнодействующие корреляции потенциала, измеряемые сдвоенным ЗППТИ. Подробно рассмотрены эволюция профиля потенциала плазмы, связи между потенциалом, плотностью и удержанием, геодезические акустические моды, стационарные и чирпированные альфвеновские собственные моды, турбулентный поток частиц. Finally, let me pay tribute to all colleagues from KIPT for their great work and significant contribution to development of active corpuscular diagnostics and its using in experiments with hot plasmas during a 50-years period. They are N.G. Shulika, P.A. Demchenko, I.S. Bondarenko, A.A. Chmyga, G.N. Deshko, N.B. Dreval, S.M. Khrebtov, A.D. Komarov, A.S. Kozachek, I.S. Nedzelskiy, Yu.Ya. Podopa, N.V. Samokhvalov, Yu.I. Tashchev, and A.I. Zhezhera. I am also grateful to our "comrades", first of all from Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, as well as Ioffe Institute in St. Petersburg and CIEMAT in Madrid. They are A.V. Melnikov, L.G. Eliseev, V.A. Mavrin, S.E. Lysenko, K.G. Shakhovets, S.V. Lebedev, L.G. Askinazi, J.L. de Pablos, et al. Special words of thanks, respect and appreciation go to Carlos Hidalgo, V.I. Tereshin, and K.A. Razumova. Owing to their scientific erudition, they appreciated and supported our activities. Without their decisive and persistent support HIВР diagnostics would not have been ever installed in any fusion facility. This work has been supported in part by National Academy Science of Ukraine target program on Plasma physics. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Plasma diagnostics 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology 50 років діагностики зондування гарячої плазми пучком важких іонів у Харківському фізико-технічному інституті 50 лет диагностики горячей плазмы зондированием пучком тяжелых ионов в Харьковском физико-техническом институте Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology Krupnik, L.I. Plasma diagnostics |
| title | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| title_alt | 50 років діагностики зондування гарячої плазми пучком важких іонів у Харківському фізико-технічному інституті 50 лет диагностики горячей плазмы зондированием пучком тяжелых ионов в Харьковском физико-техническом институте |
| title_full | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| title_fullStr | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| title_full_unstemmed | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| title_short | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) at the Kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| title_sort | 50 years of hot plasma diagnostic with heavy ion beam probing (hibp) at the kharkov institute of physics and technology |
| topic | Plasma diagnostics |
| topic_facet | Plasma diagnostics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194776 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krupnikli 50yearsofhotplasmadiagnosticwithheavyionbeamprobinghibpatthekharkovinstituteofphysicsandtechnology AT krupnikli 50rokívdíagnostikizonduvannâgarâčoíplazmipučkomvažkihíonívuharkívsʹkomufízikotehníčnomuínstitutí AT krupnikli 50letdiagnostikigorâčeiplazmyzondirovaniempučkomtâželyhionovvharʹkovskomfizikotehničeskominstitute |