Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings
The degree of structural heterogeneity of TiN coatings on the surface of cold-rolled 65 G thin sheet steel obtained in standard PVD and RF modes was investigated using the optical-mathematical method. The factors such as the diffusion of chemical components, the density of the structure and the inte...
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| Zitieren: | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings / T.S. Skoblo, S.P. Romaniuk, A.I. Sidashenko, V.S. Taran, A.V. Taran, I.I. Dorozhko, N.N. Pilgui // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 225-228. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Skoblo, T.S. Romaniuk, S.P. Sidashenko, A.I. Taran, V.S. Taran, A.V. Dorozhko, I.I. Pilgui, N.N. |
| author_facet | Skoblo, T.S. Romaniuk, S.P. Sidashenko, A.I. Taran, V.S. Taran, A.V. Dorozhko, I.I. Pilgui, N.N. |
| citation_txt | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings / T.S. Skoblo, S.P. Romaniuk, A.I. Sidashenko, V.S. Taran, A.V. Taran, I.I. Dorozhko, N.N. Pilgui // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 225-228. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | The degree of structural heterogeneity of TiN coatings on the surface of cold-rolled 65 G thin sheet steel obtained in standard PVD and RF modes was investigated using the optical-mathematical method. The factors such as the diffusion of chemical components, the density of the structure and the intensity of the resulting deformations that affect the stability of the tool during operation are estimated.
Виконано дослідження ступеню структурної неоднорідності покриттів TiN, отриманих на поверхні тонколистової холоднокатаної сталі марки 65Г у стандартном PVD- і ВЧ-режимах осадження за допомогою оптико-математичного методу. Оцінені такі фактори, як дифузія хімічних компонентів, щільність структури та інтенсивність виникаючих деформацій, які впливають на стабільність інструмента в процесі експлуатації.
Выполнены исследования степени структурной неоднородности покрытий TiN, полученных на поверхности тонколистовой холоднокатаной стали марки 65Г в стандартном PVD- и ВЧ-режимах осаждения при помощи оптико-математического метода. Оценены такие факторы как диффузия химических компонентов, плотность структуры и интенсивность возникающих деформаций, влияющие на стабильность инструмента в процессе эксплуатации.
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2019. №1(119)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2019, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (25), p. 225-228. 225
COMPLEX EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL STATE DEGREE OF
STRENGTHENING NANOCOATINGS
T.S. Skoblo
1
, S.P. Romaniuk
1
, A.I. Sidashenko
1
, V.S. Taran
2
, A.V. Taran
2
, I.I.
Dorozhko
3
N.N. Pilgui
4
1
Kharkov National Technical University of Agriculture, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
2
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”,
Institute of Plasma Physics, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
3
H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
4
National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: tservis@ticom.kharkov.ua
The degree of structural heterogeneity of TiN coatings on the surface of cold-rolled 65 G thin sheet steel obtained in
standard PVD and RF modes was investigated using the optical-mathematical method. The factors such as the diffusion
of chemical components, the density of the structure and the intensity of the resulting deformations that affect the
stability of the tool during operation are estimated.
PACS: 52.77.-j; 81.20.-n
INTRODUCTION
Operational stability of thin-walled cutting tool
made of cold-rolled 65 G thin sheet steel (0.64 mm
thick with a 0.1 mm cutting edge) used in confectory is
insufficient. It processed of up to 1.8 tons of raw
materials only. Various types of PVD coatings are
applied to increase the tool service life. Characteristics
and properties of the strengthened layer depend on the
base material and application method [1, 2]. The
conducted industrial tests showed that the tool service
life reinforced by various methods differs [3]. Its
durability is directly affected by the structure of the base
metal, phase composition and mechanical properties of
the coating. In addition, one of the reasons for the
different operational resistance is structural
heterogeneity and non-equilibrium phase formation.
There are GOSTs and computer programs, for
example Thixomet Pro allowing determining the grain
size, their number in the metal structure when analyzing
the image of the surface being examined.
The aim of the research was to use a new optical-
mathematical approach to determine the degree of
heterogeneity of TiN coatings on thin-walled cutting
tool.
METHOD AND CHARACTERISATION
Application of the TiN coating was carried out using
the Bulat-6 type device. Two regimes of coatings
deposition were comparatively studied [3]. First, TiN
coating was applied by vacuum-arc method in standard
PVD mode. To obtain the TiN coating, the vacuum
chamber was filled with nitrogen at 99.99% purity to the
pressure P = 4·10
-1
Pa. The negative shift on the
substrate was Ushift= -200 V, Id = 100 A. The deposition
time of the TiN coating was 24 min. The thickness of
obtained TiN coating reached 4 μm.
TiN coating was also applied using RF discharge
mode. The tool was cleaned with RF discharge for
10 min (U
RF
shift = -500 V). A sublayer of pure Ti was
applied for 3 min at a pressure of Р = 2·10
-1
Pa,
Id = 110 A, U
RF
shift= -100 V. To obtain TiN coating, the
vacuum chamber was filled with nitrogen 99.99 %
purity at a pressure of P = 1·10
-1
Pa. The negative shift
on the substrate was Ushift = -100 V. The total coating
time was 15 min with a cyclic deposition regime (5 min
deposition and 3 min pauses). The thickness of the
applied TiN coating was 3.3 μm.
The surface topography was studied using JEOL
JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope (SEM) with
an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, chemical composition
was examined using EDX analysis.
Evaluation of the structural heterogeneity of TiN
coatings was carried out using SEM images with the
help of optical-mathematical method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When processing the SEM image, we considered a
uniform rectangular grid of points (pixels) with 3 × 3,
4 × 4 and 5 × 5 cell sizes on which function values were
set. In this case, these are the colors or shades of these
points. An example of the arrangement of points around
the mean с1 is shown in Fig. 1. Heterogeneity was
calculated as the ratio of this indicator to 9, 16 or 25
points, respectively.
Fig. 1. The numbering scheme of the points around in
the average cell 3 × 3 pixels
The histograms of the color distribution obtained
with a specially developed program that includes 256
colors (shades from black to white) from 0 to 255 are
calculated. They are divided into 16 intervals,
describing 3 groups of phases: 1 – pure component of
the Ti coating, 2–10 non-stable compounds of Ti, N
with Fe and C (corresponds to the diffusion of the
components from the knife base), 11-16 TiN nitrides
and compounds of various non-stoichiometric
composition.
With the help of EDX the distribution of chemical
components in coatings for various deposition modes is
mailto:tservis@ticom.kharkov.ua
226 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2019. №1(119)
carried out. It is established that the average quantitative
ratio of distributed components on the entire surface of
a thin-walled knife with TiN (PVD) was: 71.21 % Ti,
25.59 % N, 1.88 % C, and 1.32 % O [3]. In RF
discharge mode, the EDX data revealed 63.43 %Ti,
31.76 %N, 2.25 % C, 1.84 % O, 0.03 Si, and 0.69 % Fe.
The formation of the TiN coating is accompanied by
the formation MexNy type phases, the FexNy, FexTiy,
TixNy phases, as well as constituents including carbon,
oxygen and other microadditives, which correspond to
histograms numbered from 2 to 10.
It has been performed a comparative analysis of
SEM images of TiN coatings using optical –
mathematical processing. The number of phases was
estimated on 14 SEM images (7 – applied by PVD and
7 – using RF discharge).
The obtained data showed that in different zones of
the surface the phase concentration differs significantly.
The share of the total nitride component (color numbers
11-16) varies from 1.8 to 11.9 %. In addition, a large
number of various unstable compounds, including the
components of the base (histogram 2–10), have been
identified. Analysis of the coating applied by PVD
showed that a large number of such phases are formed
on its surface (their fraction in local zones varies from 0
to 44.2 %). The proportion of pure Ti (color 1) on the
surface of the coating does not exceed 0.4…0.5 % and
was detected only in two cases of the seven zones of the
coating in the drop phase. The complete absence of a
pure component is characteristic of the coating applied
using RF discharge.
The comparative analysis of the obtained results
showed that in RF discharge mode, there are
significantly fewer non-stoichiometric compounds (no
phases corresponding to the color numbers 2, 3, 4, and
practically 12, 13, 14, 15). The concentration of the nitride
component varies from 0.9 to 18.5 % (colors 11–16).
The largest proportion of phases in the test surface
of the sample belongs to the Ti, N, Fe, C (colors 5–10)
compounds, which correspond to the maximum
concentration of base components (Fe, C), due to the
presence of a large number of pores in base metal. Such
defects are retained and they reflect concentration of the
components of the parent metal with partial interaction
with the coating components.
The degree of heterogeneity of the structural
components, the hardened cutting tool by the optical-
mathematical method was also analyzed for different
ways of depositing the TiN coating. The quantitative
value of the analyzed indicator for PVD is shown in
Table 1 and Fig. 2.
The degree of heterogeneity in electron images of a
surface hardened by a TiN coating on the given
fragments (3 × 3, 4 × 4, 5 × 5 and throughout the photo)
was comparatively analyzed. The closer this index is to
unity, the less heterogeneous structure is formed. The
data obtained from Table 1 presents that analysis of the
minimal regions allows locally detecting of
homogeneous zones and structural defects. The larger
the area of the image area being analyzed, the less the
structural heterogeneity becomes. For a tool
strengthened by standard PVD, a lower uniformity
index of the coating composition is revealed, which
does not exceed 0.309. Since the structure of coatings is
finely dispersed, the analysis is recommended to be
carried out according to the scheme of 3 × 3 pixels.
With this evaluation of the structure, zone 7 is
characterized by a lesser degree of heterogeneity (see
Table 1) and it is 0.718. The value obtained is 1.7 times
higher than the data for the unstressed tool. Such
indications contribute to a 6-fold increase in the
durability of knives coated with TiN coated by PVD in
comparison with the original tool. The scatter of
indications for the degree of heterogeneity for a
reinforced thin-walled cutting tool in a 3 × 3 pixels
scheme was from 5.9 to 26.3 %. With the increase in the
analyzed area, the scatter in the results is also increased.
In cells of 5 × 5 pixels, the detected deviations reach
4.8…30.8 %. For the whole image, this indicator was
from 8.2 to 44.3 %.
Heterogeneity is represented by a continuous color
from black to red (see Fig. 2). Red is the maximum
degree of heterogeneity, black is the minimum. When
analyzing images of a structure, it is necessary to
comprehensively analyze and take into account all the
obtained data, both digital indicators and structural
images. A homogeneous structure is observed only in
the large drop phase. It has been found that the smallest
value of the analyzed index of the degree of
heterogeneity was in small drops and along the edge of
large ones.
Table 1
Calculation of histograms of heterogeneity of nitride phase distribution
Average heterogeneity in pixel cells
picture # 3×3 pixels 4×4 pixels 5×5 pixels around the photo
PVD RF PVD RF PVD RF PVD RF
0.495 0.92 0.453 0.903 0.428 0.888 0.292 0.545 1
0.525 0.892 0.489 0.869 0.467 0.848 0.324 0.435 2
0.535 0.911 0.504 0.895 0.488 0.879 0.309 0.536 3
0.51 0.87 0.476 0.837 0.458 0.809 0.142 0.534 4
0.518 0.809 0.485 0.764 0.467 0.729 0.14 0.479 5
0.68 0.608 0.639 0.542 0.611 0.498 0.272 0.285 6
0.718 0.799 0.69 0.752 0.671 0.711 0.281 0.297 7
0.569 0.836 0.534 0.801 0.513 0.773 0.251 0.457 Mean value
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2019. №1(119) 227
a
b
Fig. 2. SEM images of TiN coating in standard PVD
mode (a) and corresponding images of variation in the
degree of heterogeneity (b)
Also, comparative studies of images of the structure
of a TiN-hardened tool using RF discharge were carried
out. Table 1 presents the obtained inhomogeneity data.
The scatter of the indications for the degree of
heterogeneity for the TiN hardened thin-walled cutting
tool using RF discharge according to a 3 × 3 pixels cell
layout was 1.3 to 27.3 %. There is a significant increase
in the scatter of the results obtained and according to the
scheme 5 × 5 pixels. The observed deviations reach
1.8…35.6 %. For the whole image, this indicator was
from 2.4 to 37.6 %.
Fig. 3 shows the morphology of the TiN-hardened
surface of the tool (using RF discharge) and the
corresponding images of variation in the degree of
inhomogeneity, according to Table 1. As can be seen
from Fig. 3, the image of the change in the degree of
inhomogeneity is much lighter than in the photo of the
hardened surface by PVD (see Fig. 2). The revealed
minimal heterogeneity is associated with pores in the
main metal of the tool, which lead to local deformation
and the development of damageability during operation.
From the obtained results it follows that it is necessary
to pay special attention to the choice of a quality
material for the manufacture of a thin-walled tool and
its further operation.
a
b
Fig. 3. The morphology of the TiN coating obtained
using RF discharge (a) and corresponding images of
variation in the degree of heterogeneity (b)
As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained
data (see Table 1) it was established that the application
of TiN coatings with the use of RF discharge reduces
the structural heterogeneity of the coating by 76.4 %.
When analyzing a 3 × 3 pixels cell, this indicator tends
to one and reaches 0.92.
In the technique of mathematical image processing,
such concepts are as follows:
– the absolute value of divergence, which describes
the density of the image fragment. The greater the
divergence value, the more structural changes are noted
in the coating;
– the absolute value of the Laplacian, which
describes the diffusion of chemical components;
– the generalized gradient, which is the average
effective rate of color change; it corresponds to the
intensity of the arising deformations. The obtained
values of the functions are estimated in and presented in
Table 2.
Table 2
Mean values of the functions studied
Color Standard color
deviation
Generalized
gradient
Laplacian 3rd
Laplacian
4th Laplacian Divergence
#
picture
PVD RF PVD RF PVD RF PVD RF PVD RF PVD HF PVD HF
118.3 102.1 17.5 8.3 16.6 6.3 52.9 23.4 91.6 42.7 175.6 83.0 29.3 12.4 1
118.3 94.6 16.3 9.8 15.2 7.5 50.2 28.2 87.9 49.4 169.6 96.3 27.4 14.8 2
120.7 90.2 16.3 8.3 15.3 6.4 50.4 24.2 89.5 43.3 173.0 84.5 27.4 12.6 3
114.7 91.3 31.9 9.0 27.7 7.0 87.2 26.4 156.0 47.4 300.3 92.7 49.3 13.7 4
105.2 93.1 31.2 9.4 28.0 7.4 90.7 28.0 168.2 48.7 326.0 95.3 49.7 14.5 5
66.2 151.4 19.0 15.1 15.9 13.0 52.3 42.4 93.2 74.4 178.8 141.5 29.2 23.7 6
50.1 134.7 18.9 13.8 15.7 11.2 53.3 38.8 96.5 70.0 186.8 134.3 29.2 21.3 7
228 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2019. №1(119)
CONCLUSIONS
The comparative analysis of the degree of
heterogeneity of the hardened tool surface using SEM
images is carried out using optical-mathematical
method. This method made it possible to reveal
significant heterogeneity in the structure of coatings
deposited by the vacuum-arc method with bombardment
of titanium ions.
It is established that coating a tool surface with RF
discharge prevents diffusion of components from the
base metal, 5 times reduces structural changes compared
to the initial state. In addition, it prevents degradation of
the working layer, ensuring its stability during
operation, and 47 time increases durability. It is shown
that further durability of the strengthened tool can be
improved by using high-quality cold-rolled metal.
REFERENCES
1. S. Zhang, A. Nasar. Nanocomposite thin films and
coatings: processing, properties and performance. London:
“Imperial College Press”, 2007, 617 p.
2. C.C. Koch. Nanostructured materials: processing,
properties and applications. NY: “William Andrews
Publ.”, 2002, 546 p.
3. T.S. Skoblo, A.I. Sidashenk1, S.P. Romaniuk,
V.S. Taran, Yu.N. Nezovibat’ko, N.N. Pilgui. Development
of complex technology of strengthening of thin-walled
cutting tools // Problems of Atomic Science and
Technology. Series “Plasma Physics” (22). 2016, № 6,
p. 286-290.
4. T. Skoblo, O. Klochko, E. Belkin, A. Sidashenko.
Effective Technological Process of Crystallization of
Turning Rollers' Massive Castings: Development and
Analysis // International Journal of Mineral Processing
and Extractive Metallurgy. 2017, v. 2, iss. 3, p. 34-39.
Article received 20.11.2018
КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ СТРУКТУРНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ УПРОЧНЯЮЩИХ
НАНОПОКРЫТИЙ
T.С. Скобло, С.П. Романюк, A.И. Сидашенко, В.С. Taран, A.В. Taран, И.И.
Дорожко, Н.Н. Пильгуй
Выполнены исследования степени структурной неоднородности покрытий TiN, полученных на
поверхности тонколистовой холоднокатаной стали марки 65Г в стандартном PVD- и ВЧ-режимах осаждения
при помощи оптико-математического метода. Оценены такие факторы как диффузия химических
компонентов, плотность структуры и интенсивность возникающих деформаций, влияющие на стабильность
инструмента в процессе эксплуатации.
КОМПЛЕКСНА ОЦІНКА СТУПЕНЮ СТРУКТУРНОГО СТАНУ ЗМІЦНЮЮЧИХ
НАНОПОКРИТТІВ
T.С. Скобло, С.П. Романюк, A.І. Сидашенко, В.С. Taран, A.В. Taран, І.І.
Дорожко, Н.М. Пільгуй
Виконано дослідження ступеню структурної неоднорідності покриттів TiN, отриманих на поверхні
тонколистової холоднокатаної сталі марки 65Г у стандартном PVD- і ВЧ-режимах осадження за допомогою
оптико-математичного методу. Оцінені такі фактори, як дифузія хімічних компонентів, щільність структури
та інтенсивність виникаючих деформацій, які впливають на стабільність інструмента в процесі експлуатації.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-194837 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:31:28Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Skoblo, T.S. Romaniuk, S.P. Sidashenko, A.I. Taran, V.S. Taran, A.V. Dorozhko, I.I. Pilgui, N.N. 2023-11-30T14:55:55Z 2023-11-30T14:55:55Z 2019 Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings / T.S. Skoblo, S.P. Romaniuk, A.I. Sidashenko, V.S. Taran, A.V. Taran, I.I. Dorozhko, N.N. Pilgui // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 225-228. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.77.-j; 81.20.-n https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194837 The degree of structural heterogeneity of TiN coatings on the surface of cold-rolled 65 G thin sheet steel obtained in standard PVD and RF modes was investigated using the optical-mathematical method. The factors such as the diffusion of chemical components, the density of the structure and the intensity of the resulting deformations that affect the stability of the tool during operation are estimated. Виконано дослідження ступеню структурної неоднорідності покриттів TiN, отриманих на поверхні тонколистової холоднокатаної сталі марки 65Г у стандартном PVD- і ВЧ-режимах осадження за допомогою оптико-математичного методу. Оцінені такі фактори, як дифузія хімічних компонентів, щільність структури та інтенсивність виникаючих деформацій, які впливають на стабільність інструмента в процесі експлуатації. Выполнены исследования степени структурной неоднородности покрытий TiN, полученных на поверхности тонколистовой холоднокатаной стали марки 65Г в стандартном PVD- и ВЧ-режимах осаждения при помощи оптико-математического метода. Оценены такие факторы как диффузия химических компонентов, плотность структуры и интенсивность возникающих деформаций, влияющие на стабильность инструмента в процессе эксплуатации. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings Комплексна оцінка ступеню структурного стану зміцнюючих нанопокриттів Комплексная оценка степени структурного состояния упрочняющих нанопокрытий Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings Skoblo, T.S. Romaniuk, S.P. Sidashenko, A.I. Taran, V.S. Taran, A.V. Dorozhko, I.I. Pilgui, N.N. Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies |
| title | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| title_alt | Комплексна оцінка ступеню структурного стану зміцнюючих нанопокриттів Комплексная оценка степени структурного состояния упрочняющих нанопокрытий |
| title_full | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| title_fullStr | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| title_short | Complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| title_sort | complex evaluation of structural state degree of strengthening nanocoatings |
| topic | Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies |
| topic_facet | Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/194837 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT skoblots complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT romaniuksp complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT sidashenkoai complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT taranvs complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT taranav complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT dorozhkoii complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT pilguinn complexevaluationofstructuralstatedegreeofstrengtheningnanocoatings AT skoblots kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT romaniuksp kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT sidashenkoai kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT taranvs kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT taranav kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT dorozhkoii kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT pilguinn kompleksnaocínkastupenûstrukturnogostanuzmícnûûčihnanopokrittív AT skoblots kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT romaniuksp kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT sidashenkoai kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT taranvs kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT taranav kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT dorozhkoii kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii AT pilguinn kompleksnaâocenkastepenistrukturnogosostoâniâupročnâûŝihnanopokrytii |