Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating puls...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Cite this: | Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Zaleskyi, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Omelaenko, O.L. Sotnikov, G.V. 2023-12-07T10:42:01Z 2023-12-07T10:42:01Z 2021 Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 84.30.−r, 84.30.Jc, 84.30.Sk, 84.30.Ng DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-136-143 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195812 A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs. Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема пристрою складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які виробляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс. Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов, вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс. The study was supported by the program of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Advanced Research in Plasma Physics, Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Plasma Technologies", project P-1/63-2020. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Linear charged-particle accelerators Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" Розробка нового пристрою запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів "АЛМАЗ-2" Разработка нового устройства запуска линейного ускорителя электронов "АЛМАЗ-2" Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| title |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" |
| spellingShingle |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" Zaleskyi, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Omelaenko, O.L. Sotnikov, G.V. Linear charged-particle accelerators |
| title_short |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" |
| title_full |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" |
| title_fullStr |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" |
| title_sort |
development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "almaz-2" |
| author |
Zaleskyi, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Omelaenko, O.L. Sotnikov, G.V. |
| author_facet |
Zaleskyi, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Omelaenko, O.L. Sotnikov, G.V. |
| topic |
Linear charged-particle accelerators |
| topic_facet |
Linear charged-particle accelerators |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Розробка нового пристрою запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів "АЛМАЗ-2" Разработка нового устройства запуска линейного ускорителя электронов "АЛМАЗ-2" |
| description |
A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs.
Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема пристрою складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які виробляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс.
Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов, вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195812 |
| citation_txt |
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 143
https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-136-143
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEVICE FOR TRIGGERING A LINEAR
ELECTRON ACCELERATOR “ALMAZ-2”
D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: zalesky@kipt.kharkov.ua
A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit de-
vice consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns
and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master
generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs.
PACS: 84.30.−r, 84.30.Jc, 84.30.Sk, 84.30.Ng
INTRODUCTION
The triggering device (TD) of the electron linear ac-
celerator (e-linac), which is currently operated at the
"Almaz-2" e-linac [1, 2], was developed and manufac-
tured at the KIPT in the 50…60 s of the last century.
Despite the fact that a large number of these TD were
manufactured, at present, due to the moral and physical
aging of TD’s, it is necessary to replace them with mod-
ern ones for the following reasons:
- the impossibility of repairing old TD due to the
lack of obsolete electronic components;
- the stability of the characteristics and reliability of
old TD systems no longer meets the modern require-
ments for conducting experiments, and can also disrupt
the uninterrupted operation of the e-linac "Almaz-2" and
can even cause accidents.
To explain the operation of the TD system at the e-
linac "Almaz-2", we will use Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Control circuit of the e-linac "Almaz-2" from
the triggering device with the output pulse diagrams
As can be seen from Fig. 1. unipolar pulses with a
duration of 1…2 μs and a rise of about 100 ns from the
TD are fed to the control electrodes of the thyratrons of
the Rubin submodulator, the klystron modulator and the
gun modulator. The thyratrons begin to discharge the
shaping lines of these devices, which form the pulses
depicted on plots 1, 2, 3.
Thus, from the front of the pulse depicted on the plot
"0" at time "t0", the time delay starts t1, t2, t3 of the
corresponding channels No. 1, 2, 3. As can be seen from
the diagrams, in the ideal case, the time delays t1, t2, t3,
so that the pulses overlap, it would seem, should be
equal. But in fact there is a delay in the actuation of
thyratrons, the time of the beginning of the generation
of the "Rubin", the klystron, and especially the delay in
the appearance of the beam at the exit of the electron
gun. Therefore, by adjusting the delay time t1, t2, t3
experimentally, according to the signals from the output
of the electron gun from the microwave load and the
output of the accelerator, the required duration of the
beam current pulse is achieved (see diagram “4”).
Thus, based on the experience of operating the old
TD, the following technical requirements for the new
TD were developed:
- the TD should consist of a master generator (MG)
of rectangular pulses for four independent channels
shaping pulses for triggering thyratrons of modulators;
- output pulses of all four channels should be shifted
relative to the pulses of the MG by an adjustable value
from 1 to 10 μs with an accuracy of no more than
0.1 μs;
- the amplitude of the output pulses from each of the
four channels must have a voltage of at least 350 V and
a current of at least 1 A;
- TD should start when the phase of the supply volt-
age passes through "0" of the 220 V 50 Hz network.
- the frequency of the output pulses of the MG is ad-
justable from 1 to 5 Hz;
- the shape of the output pulses is rectangular with a
duration from 1 to 2 μs and a leading edge of no more
than 0.1 μs.
For the developed TD, the block diagram shown in
Fig. 2 was chosen.
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the developed TD.
Where MG master generator, S1...S4 pulse shapers
with a delay, B raising buffers
As can be seen from Fig. 2. The triggering device
consists of a master generator, 4 channels that form
pulses with a delay relative to the pulse of the master
generator, and 5 output repeater buffers to receive puls-
mailto:zalesky@kipt.kharkov.ua
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 144
es with a voltage of 350 V at the TD output for control-
ling the "Almaz-2" LUE.
The MG circuit for its intended purpose consists of
the following elements:
- circuits of synchronization of the MG with a 220 V
50 Hz power supply network;
- time setting circuit;
- output driver;
- indication circuit;
- power supply stabilization circuit.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN
ELEMENTS OF THE SCHEME OF THE
DEVELOPED TRIGGERING DEVICE
At the initial stage, computer simulation was used to
test the operability of the circuits, as a result of which
oscillograms of the signals of interest were obtained in
various parts of the developed circuits.
To clarify the operation of the TD circuits and pulse
shapers with a delay, some of these oscillograms are
shown in Figs. 4, 5, 7.
The schematic of the master generator (MG) of the
developed triggering device is shown in Fig. 3.
The synchronization circuits of the MG with the
power supply mains are assembled on the elements that
are located according to the diagram (see Fig. 3) be-
tween the J1 connector of the VO optocoupler inclusive
and operates as follows. When a negative half-wave of
the phase voltage arrives (see Fig. 4, upper curve), the
capacitor C1 is charged to the stabilization voltage of
the Zener diode VD4 through the resistor R1 and the
diodes VD1, VD3.
Fig. 3. Schematic of the master generator
At the moment when the phase voltage passes
through zero and becomes positive, the transistor VT1
opens and a current flows through the LED in the VO
optocoupler. At the same time, the opening of the tran-
sistor VT1 leads to the discharge of the capacitor C1, so
the transistor opens for a very short time, which pro-
vides a short negative pulse at pin 4 of the VO
optocoupler (see Fig. 4, lower curve). The pulse dura-
tion depends on the capacitance of the capacitor C1.
Fig. 4. Oscillogram illustrating the operation
of the synchronization circuit of the MG
with the power network
The timing circuit is assembled on the basis of the
555 series microcircuit [3], designated A1 in the dia-
gram of Fig. 3, when a negative pulse arrives at its input
(pin 2) (see Fig. 5. upper curve) at the output (pin 3)
(see Fig. 5. the second curve from the top) a signal ap-
pears equal to the supply voltage of the 12 V microcir-
cuit, this voltage will exist there until the capacitor C5 is
charged. After that, the voltage will return to "0". The
process will be repeated again when the next negative
impulse arrives.
Fig. 5. Oscillogram illustrating the formation of MG pulses
The formation of pulses of the MG is carried out by
the logical elements of the DD chip of the type
HEF4013 [4], which consists of two D-flip-flops DD1
and DD2. DD1 converts the output signal of the A1 chip
(see second from the top in Fig. 5) into a signal with
50% duty cycle (second from the bottom), and also
halves its frequency. The second D-flip-flop DD2 on the
decay of pulses with DD1 forms a short pulse with a
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 145
duration of 1 μs (see lower curve in Fig. 5), which is fed
to the A3 input. The A3 microcircuit is a follower driver
[5] or, in other words, a current amplifier, which makes
it possible to operate the MG circuit for a low-
impedance load. The use of drivers at the outputs of the
boards improves the noise-immunity of TD.
The indication circuit shows that the MG generates
pulses. The scheme works as follows. When a negative
pulse arrives from the inverting output A3 (pin 4), the
555 A2 timer starts, it generates a long pulse sufficient
to visually observe the glow of the D7 LED. The
scheme of pulse shapers with a delay F1...F4 (see
Fig. 2) is shown in Fig. 6.
As can be seen from Fig. 6, this circuit has similar
circuit elements as in the MG with the same functions,
these are: an output driver, an indication circuit and a
power stabilization circuit. The circuit directly shaping
pulses with a delay is assembled on the elements "2 OR-
NOT" DD1-DD4 of the digital logic microcircuit
HEF4001 [6].
Fig. 6. Delayed pulse shaper circuit
The scheme works as follows. When a pulse ap-
pears at the input J1, the “high level” voltage of 12 V is
set at the output 4 and the charge of the capacitor C2
begins. The charge rate depends on the value of C2 it-
self and the resistances R3 and R6. By changing the
resistance value, you can change the "high state" time at
the output "4" DD2.
Elements DD3, DD4 on the decline on DD2 form a
short output pulse, the duration of which is determined
by R1, C1. The results of computer simulation are
shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Simulation results of a delayed pulse shaper
circuit. Where the upper curve is the voltage at the input
J1, the curve in the middle at the output "4" DD2,
the lower curve at the output "11" DD4
2. RESULTS OF TESTING THE CIRCUITS
OF THE DEVELOPED TRIGGERING
DEVICE, AND THEIR DISCUSSION
For experimental verification of the performance of
the described circuits, printed circuit boards of the mas-
ter generator (MG), the boards of the delay pulse shaper
and the power supply were developed and manufac-
tured. For their testing and adjustment, a stand was as-
sembled, which is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Test stand, where 1 MG board; 2 pulse shap-
ing board with a delay; 3 potentiometer for adjusting
the delay time; 4 power supply board;
5 four-channel digital oscilloscope; 6 measuring
generator; 7 laboratory power supply
The measurement of the shape and characteristics of
the signals was carried out with an oscilloscope at the
input and output of printed circuit boards (PCB) as well
as at intermediate points indicated in the diagrams in
Fig. 3 by labels: P1...P4.
Oscillogram in Fig. 9 illustrates the operation of the
detector of transition through the "0" phase of the mains
voltage and coincide with the results of computer simu-
lation (see Fig. 4).
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 146
Fig. 9. Oscillogram of voltage at point "P1", upper
curve, and sinusoids of supply voltage 220 V, 50 Hz,
lower curve. Oscilloscope sweep 100 ms/div
The setting of the repetition rate of the output pulses
of the MG circuit was carried out by selecting the value
of the capacitor C5 (see Fig. 3.). The results are shown
in the oscillograms in Fig. 10.
As can be seen from the oscillograms in Fig. 10, the
5.5 μF capacitor provides the required minimum pulse
repetition rate of 1 Hz. The variable resistor R3 can be
used to increase the frequency to the upper limit of 5 Hz.
a
b
Fig. 10. Oscillogram of voltage: a at point "P1",
upper curve, and voltage at point "P2", lower curve;
b at the point "P1", the upper curve, and the voltage
at the point "P3" for the capacitor C5 (see Fig. 3)
equal to 5.5 μF. Oscilloscope sweep 500 ms/div
The oscillograms in Figs. 11, 12 show the adjust-
ment of the delay time from 2 μs to 5.5 μs. The adjust-
ment was carried out by potentiometer 4 (see Fig. 9),
which is designated in the diagram (see Fig. 4) as R3.
Resistor R6 (see Fig. 4) sets the minimum delay be-
tween the leading edges of the MG pulses and the out-
put pulse of the delay shaping circuit. Its value was cho-
sen as 2 μs (see Fig. 11,a), despite the fact that the min-
imum possible delay that can be realized by the circuit
(see Fig. 9) is 1 μs. Because the adjustment range start-
ing from 1 to 2 μs is not very suitable, due to the fact
that this section is highly non-linear. As you can see,
this is due to the fact that until the voltage rise curve at
point "P" reaches saturation, as seen in Fig. 11,b and
Fig. 12,b, the change in the delay time with increasing
R3 will be very small.
The oscillograms in Fig. 11,a and Fig. 12,a show one
of the disadvantages of the delay formation circuit. This
is that the duration of the output pulse increases from
1 μs at the minimum delay, to almost 1.5 μs at the max-
imum delay.
Therefore, this drawback was corrected by modify-
ing the delayed pulse shaper circuit in Fig. 6 by adding
an emitter follower to the circuit with transistors VT1
and VT2. Although this is not essential for performing
TD functions, it can cause some inconvenience for the
operator when working with TD, associated with the
nonlinearity of the delay time adjustment by potentiom-
eter R3 (see Fig. 6).
a
b
Fig. 11. The oscillogram of the voltage at the output
of the MG is the upper curve, at the output of the pulse
shaping circuit with a delay (oscillogram (a))
and at point "P" (oscillogram (b))
with a minimum delay. Oscilloscope sweep 1 μs/div
a
b
Fig. 12. The oscillogram of the voltage at the output
of the ZG is the upper curve, at the output of the pulse
shaping circuit with a delay (oscillogram (a))
and at point "P" (oscillogram (b)) at the maximum
delay. Oscilloscope sweep 1 μs/div
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 147
The modified circuit is shown in Fig. 13. The use of
an emitter follower made it possible to increase the cur-
rent by several times to a value at which the charging
current of the capacitor C5, on which the duration of the
output pulse of the pulse shaper circuit with a delay de-
pends, will be practically unchanged when the re-
sistance R3 changes.
It can be seen from the oscillograms in the Fig. 14
that the leading edge of both the pulse with the MG and
the output pulse with a delay is about 40 ns, which is 4
times better than that of the old TD systems and fully
satisfies the necessary technical requirements.
Fig. 13. Modified delayed pulse shaper circuit
a
b
Fig. 14. Oscillograms of the leading edges of the pulses:
a from the output of the MG; b delay pulses.
Oscilloscope sweep 20 ns/div
CONCLUSIONS
The main elements of the triggering device (TD)
have been developed, manufactured and tested: a master
generator circuit and a pulse shaping circuit with a de-
lay.
The developed circuits have the following ad-
vantages over the old TD systems:
- circuits are assembled on the basis of modern, in-
expensive, widespread and commercially available elec-
tronic components, which are characterized by their
reliability and energy efficiency;
- the use of modern digital logic microcircuits has
made it possible to significantly increase the speed of
ultrasonic circuits, reduce the front of the pulses by 4
times, and thereby increase the accuracy of the settings
of time delays and their stability;
- rectangular shape of pulses from the outputs of the
MG and channels, the delayed pulse shaper circuit
greatly simplifies the setup and operation of TD circuits.
As tests have shown, the circuits correspond to the
required technical characteristics and can be used for the
manufacture of a new triggering device and for its oper-
ation at the e-linac "Almaz-2".
The study was supported by the program of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Advanced Re-
search in Plasma Physics, Controlled Thermonuclear
Fusion and Plasma Technologies", project P-1/63-2020.
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2. I.N. Onishchenko, V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik,
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Article received 08.10.2021
РАЗРАБОТКА НОВОГО УСТРОЙСТВА ЗАПУСКА ЛИНЕЙНОГО УСКОРИТЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОНОВ
«АЛМАЗ-2»
Д.Ю. Залеский, В.И. Приступа, В.С. Ус, О.Л. Омелаенко, Г.В. Сотников
Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства
запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью
1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов,
вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может
регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс.
РОЗРОБКА НОВОГО ПРИСТРОЮ ЗАПУСКУ ЛІНІЙНОГО ПРИСКОРЮВАЧА ЕЛЕКТРОНІВ
«АЛМАЗ-2»
Д.Ю. Залеський, В.І. Приступа, В.С. Ус, О.Л. Омелаєнко, Г.В. Сотніков
Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема при-
строю складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з
фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які вироб-
ляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс.
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/161279/TI/NE555.html
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/161279/TI/NE555.html
https://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/17681/PHILIPS/HEF4013/246/1/HEF4013.html
https://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/17681/PHILIPS/HEF4013/246/1/HEF4013.html
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/12072/ONSEMI/MC34151.html
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/12072/ONSEMI/MC34151.html
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/17663/PHILIPS/HEF4001B.html
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/17663/PHILIPS/HEF4001B.html
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