Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"

A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating puls...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Вопросы атомной науки и техники
Date:2021
Main Authors: Zaleskyi, D.Yu., Pristupa, V.I., Us, V.S., Omelaenko, O.L., Sotnikov, G.V.
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195812
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Journal Title:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Cite this:Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-195812
record_format dspace
spelling Zaleskyi, D.Yu.
Pristupa, V.I.
Us, V.S.
Omelaenko, O.L.
Sotnikov, G.V.
2023-12-07T10:42:01Z
2023-12-07T10:42:01Z
2021
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ.
1562-6016
PACS: 84.30.−r, 84.30.Jc, 84.30.Sk, 84.30.Ng
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-136-143
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195812
A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs.
Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема пристрою складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які виробляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс.
Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов, вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс.
The study was supported by the program of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Advanced Research in Plasma Physics, Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Plasma Technologies", project P-1/63-2020.
en
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
Вопросы атомной науки и техники
Linear charged-particle accelerators
Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
Розробка нового пристрою запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів "АЛМАЗ-2"
Разработка нового устройства запуска линейного ускорителя электронов "АЛМАЗ-2"
Article
published earlier
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
title Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
spellingShingle Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
Zaleskyi, D.Yu.
Pristupa, V.I.
Us, V.S.
Omelaenko, O.L.
Sotnikov, G.V.
Linear charged-particle accelerators
title_short Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
title_full Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
title_fullStr Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
title_full_unstemmed Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2"
title_sort development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "almaz-2"
author Zaleskyi, D.Yu.
Pristupa, V.I.
Us, V.S.
Omelaenko, O.L.
Sotnikov, G.V.
author_facet Zaleskyi, D.Yu.
Pristupa, V.I.
Us, V.S.
Omelaenko, O.L.
Sotnikov, G.V.
topic Linear charged-particle accelerators
topic_facet Linear charged-particle accelerators
publishDate 2021
language English
container_title Вопросы атомной науки и техники
publisher Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
format Article
title_alt Розробка нового пристрою запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів "АЛМАЗ-2"
Разработка нового устройства запуска линейного ускорителя электронов "АЛМАЗ-2"
description A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit device consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs. Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема пристрою складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які виробляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс. Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов, вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс.
issn 1562-6016
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195812
citation_txt Development of a new device for triggering a linear electron accelerator "ALMAZ-2" / D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2021. — № 6. — С. 143-148. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ.
work_keys_str_mv AT zaleskyidyu developmentofanewdevicefortriggeringalinearelectronacceleratoralmaz2
AT pristupavi developmentofanewdevicefortriggeringalinearelectronacceleratoralmaz2
AT usvs developmentofanewdevicefortriggeringalinearelectronacceleratoralmaz2
AT omelaenkool developmentofanewdevicefortriggeringalinearelectronacceleratoralmaz2
AT sotnikovgv developmentofanewdevicefortriggeringalinearelectronacceleratoralmaz2
AT zaleskyidyu rozrobkanovogopristroûzapuskulíníinogopriskorûvačaelektronívalmaz2
AT pristupavi rozrobkanovogopristroûzapuskulíníinogopriskorûvačaelektronívalmaz2
AT usvs rozrobkanovogopristroûzapuskulíníinogopriskorûvačaelektronívalmaz2
AT omelaenkool rozrobkanovogopristroûzapuskulíníinogopriskorûvačaelektronívalmaz2
AT sotnikovgv rozrobkanovogopristroûzapuskulíníinogopriskorûvačaelektronívalmaz2
AT zaleskyidyu razrabotkanovogoustroistvazapuskalineinogouskoritelâélektronovalmaz2
AT pristupavi razrabotkanovogoustroistvazapuskalineinogouskoritelâélektronovalmaz2
AT usvs razrabotkanovogoustroistvazapuskalineinogouskoritelâélektronovalmaz2
AT omelaenkool razrabotkanovogoustroistvazapuskalineinogouskoritelâélektronovalmaz2
AT sotnikovgv razrabotkanovogoustroistvazapuskalineinogouskoritelâélektronovalmaz2
first_indexed 2025-11-24T19:09:17Z
last_indexed 2025-11-24T19:09:17Z
_version_ 1850493560757944320
fulltext ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 143 https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-136-143 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEVICE FOR TRIGGERING A LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATOR “ALMAZ-2” D.Yu. Zaleskyi, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, O.L. Omelaenko, G.V. Sotnikov National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine E-mail: zalesky@kipt.kharkov.ua A new device for triggering of the linear accelerator of electrons has been developed and tested. The circuit de- vice consists of a master generator forming rectangular pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs with a front of about 50 ns and a repetition rate of 1 to 5 pps, and three channels generating pulses with a delay relative to the pulses of master generator, which can be adjusted from 0.1 up to 10 μs. PACS: 84.30.−r, 84.30.Jc, 84.30.Sk, 84.30.Ng INTRODUCTION The triggering device (TD) of the electron linear ac- celerator (e-linac), which is currently operated at the "Almaz-2" e-linac [1, 2], was developed and manufac- tured at the KIPT in the 50…60 s of the last century. Despite the fact that a large number of these TD were manufactured, at present, due to the moral and physical aging of TD’s, it is necessary to replace them with mod- ern ones for the following reasons: - the impossibility of repairing old TD due to the lack of obsolete electronic components; - the stability of the characteristics and reliability of old TD systems no longer meets the modern require- ments for conducting experiments, and can also disrupt the uninterrupted operation of the e-linac "Almaz-2" and can even cause accidents. To explain the operation of the TD system at the e- linac "Almaz-2", we will use Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Control circuit of the e-linac "Almaz-2" from the triggering device with the output pulse diagrams As can be seen from Fig. 1. unipolar pulses with a duration of 1…2 μs and a rise of about 100 ns from the TD are fed to the control electrodes of the thyratrons of the Rubin submodulator, the klystron modulator and the gun modulator. The thyratrons begin to discharge the shaping lines of these devices, which form the pulses depicted on plots 1, 2, 3. Thus, from the front of the pulse depicted on the plot "0" at time "t0", the time delay starts t1, t2, t3 of the corresponding channels No. 1, 2, 3. As can be seen from the diagrams, in the ideal case, the time delays t1, t2, t3, so that the pulses overlap, it would seem, should be equal. But in fact there is a delay in the actuation of thyratrons, the time of the beginning of the generation of the "Rubin", the klystron, and especially the delay in the appearance of the beam at the exit of the electron gun. Therefore, by adjusting the delay time t1, t2, t3 experimentally, according to the signals from the output of the electron gun from the microwave load and the output of the accelerator, the required duration of the beam current pulse is achieved (see diagram “4”). Thus, based on the experience of operating the old TD, the following technical requirements for the new TD were developed: - the TD should consist of a master generator (MG) of rectangular pulses for four independent channels shaping pulses for triggering thyratrons of modulators; - output pulses of all four channels should be shifted relative to the pulses of the MG by an adjustable value from 1 to 10 μs with an accuracy of no more than 0.1 μs; - the amplitude of the output pulses from each of the four channels must have a voltage of at least 350 V and a current of at least 1 A; - TD should start when the phase of the supply volt- age passes through "0" of the 220 V 50 Hz network. - the frequency of the output pulses of the MG is ad- justable from 1 to 5 Hz; - the shape of the output pulses is rectangular with a duration from 1 to 2 μs and a leading edge of no more than 0.1 μs. For the developed TD, the block diagram shown in Fig. 2 was chosen. Fig. 2. Block diagram of the developed TD. Where MG  master generator, S1...S4 pulse shapers with a delay, B  raising buffers As can be seen from Fig. 2. The triggering device consists of a master generator, 4 channels that form pulses with a delay relative to the pulse of the master generator, and 5 output repeater buffers to receive puls- mailto:zalesky@kipt.kharkov.ua ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 144 es with a voltage of 350 V at the TD output for control- ling the "Almaz-2" LUE. The MG circuit for its intended purpose consists of the following elements: - circuits of synchronization of the MG with a 220 V 50 Hz power supply network; - time setting circuit; - output driver; - indication circuit; - power supply stabilization circuit. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE SCHEME OF THE DEVELOPED TRIGGERING DEVICE At the initial stage, computer simulation was used to test the operability of the circuits, as a result of which oscillograms of the signals of interest were obtained in various parts of the developed circuits. To clarify the operation of the TD circuits and pulse shapers with a delay, some of these oscillograms are shown in Figs. 4, 5, 7. The schematic of the master generator (MG) of the developed triggering device is shown in Fig. 3. The synchronization circuits of the MG with the power supply mains are assembled on the elements that are located according to the diagram (see Fig. 3) be- tween the J1 connector of the VO optocoupler inclusive and operates as follows. When a negative half-wave of the phase voltage arrives (see Fig. 4, upper curve), the capacitor C1 is charged to the stabilization voltage of the Zener diode VD4 through the resistor R1 and the diodes VD1, VD3. Fig. 3. Schematic of the master generator At the moment when the phase voltage passes through zero and becomes positive, the transistor VT1 opens and a current flows through the LED in the VO optocoupler. At the same time, the opening of the tran- sistor VT1 leads to the discharge of the capacitor C1, so the transistor opens for a very short time, which pro- vides a short negative pulse at pin 4 of the VO optocoupler (see Fig. 4, lower curve). The pulse dura- tion depends on the capacitance of the capacitor C1. Fig. 4. Oscillogram illustrating the operation of the synchronization circuit of the MG with the power network The timing circuit is assembled on the basis of the 555 series microcircuit [3], designated A1 in the dia- gram of Fig. 3, when a negative pulse arrives at its input (pin 2) (see Fig. 5. upper curve) at the output (pin 3) (see Fig. 5. the second curve from the top) a signal ap- pears equal to the supply voltage of the 12 V microcir- cuit, this voltage will exist there until the capacitor C5 is charged. After that, the voltage will return to "0". The process will be repeated again when the next negative impulse arrives. Fig. 5. Oscillogram illustrating the formation of MG pulses The formation of pulses of the MG is carried out by the logical elements of the DD chip of the type HEF4013 [4], which consists of two D-flip-flops DD1 and DD2. DD1 converts the output signal of the A1 chip (see second from the top in Fig. 5) into a signal with 50% duty cycle (second from the bottom), and also halves its frequency. The second D-flip-flop DD2 on the decay of pulses with DD1 forms a short pulse with a ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 145 duration of 1 μs (see lower curve in Fig. 5), which is fed to the A3 input. The A3 microcircuit is a follower driver [5] or, in other words, a current amplifier, which makes it possible to operate the MG circuit for a low- impedance load. The use of drivers at the outputs of the boards improves the noise-immunity of TD. The indication circuit shows that the MG generates pulses. The scheme works as follows. When a negative pulse arrives from the inverting output A3 (pin 4), the 555 A2 timer starts, it generates a long pulse sufficient to visually observe the glow of the D7 LED. The scheme of pulse shapers with a delay F1...F4 (see Fig. 2) is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen from Fig. 6, this circuit has similar circuit elements as in the MG with the same functions, these are: an output driver, an indication circuit and a power stabilization circuit. The circuit directly shaping pulses with a delay is assembled on the elements "2 OR- NOT" DD1-DD4 of the digital logic microcircuit HEF4001 [6]. Fig. 6. Delayed pulse shaper circuit The scheme works as follows. When a pulse ap- pears at the input J1, the “high level” voltage of 12 V is set at the output 4 and the charge of the capacitor C2 begins. The charge rate depends on the value of C2 it- self and the resistances R3 and R6. By changing the resistance value, you can change the "high state" time at the output "4" DD2. Elements DD3, DD4 on the decline on DD2 form a short output pulse, the duration of which is determined by R1, C1. The results of computer simulation are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7. Simulation results of a delayed pulse shaper circuit. Where the upper curve is the voltage at the input J1, the curve in the middle at the output "4" DD2, the lower curve at the output "11" DD4 2. RESULTS OF TESTING THE CIRCUITS OF THE DEVELOPED TRIGGERING DEVICE, AND THEIR DISCUSSION For experimental verification of the performance of the described circuits, printed circuit boards of the mas- ter generator (MG), the boards of the delay pulse shaper and the power supply were developed and manufac- tured. For their testing and adjustment, a stand was as- sembled, which is shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8. Test stand, where 1  MG board; 2  pulse shap- ing board with a delay; 3  potentiometer for adjusting the delay time; 4  power supply board; 5  four-channel digital oscilloscope; 6  measuring generator; 7  laboratory power supply The measurement of the shape and characteristics of the signals was carried out with an oscilloscope at the input and output of printed circuit boards (PCB) as well as at intermediate points indicated in the diagrams in Fig. 3 by labels: P1...P4. Oscillogram in Fig. 9 illustrates the operation of the detector of transition through the "0" phase of the mains voltage and coincide with the results of computer simu- lation (see Fig. 4). ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 146 Fig. 9. Oscillogram of voltage at point "P1", upper curve, and sinusoids of supply voltage 220 V, 50 Hz, lower curve. Oscilloscope sweep 100 ms/div The setting of the repetition rate of the output pulses of the MG circuit was carried out by selecting the value of the capacitor C5 (see Fig. 3.). The results are shown in the oscillograms in Fig. 10. As can be seen from the oscillograms in Fig. 10, the 5.5 μF capacitor provides the required minimum pulse repetition rate of 1 Hz. The variable resistor R3 can be used to increase the frequency to the upper limit of 5 Hz. a b Fig. 10. Oscillogram of voltage: a  at point "P1", upper curve, and voltage at point "P2", lower curve; b  at the point "P1", the upper curve, and the voltage at the point "P3" for the capacitor C5 (see Fig. 3) equal to 5.5 μF. Oscilloscope sweep 500 ms/div The oscillograms in Figs. 11, 12 show the adjust- ment of the delay time from 2 μs to 5.5 μs. The adjust- ment was carried out by potentiometer 4 (see Fig. 9), which is designated in the diagram (see Fig. 4) as R3. Resistor R6 (see Fig. 4) sets the minimum delay be- tween the leading edges of the MG pulses and the out- put pulse of the delay shaping circuit. Its value was cho- sen as 2 μs (see Fig. 11,a), despite the fact that the min- imum possible delay that can be realized by the circuit (see Fig. 9) is 1 μs. Because the adjustment range start- ing from 1 to 2 μs is not very suitable, due to the fact that this section is highly non-linear. As you can see, this is due to the fact that until the voltage rise curve at point "P" reaches saturation, as seen in Fig. 11,b and Fig. 12,b, the change in the delay time with increasing R3 will be very small. The oscillograms in Fig. 11,a and Fig. 12,a show one of the disadvantages of the delay formation circuit. This is that the duration of the output pulse increases from 1 μs at the minimum delay, to almost 1.5 μs at the max- imum delay. Therefore, this drawback was corrected by modify- ing the delayed pulse shaper circuit in Fig. 6 by adding an emitter follower to the circuit with transistors VT1 and VT2. Although this is not essential for performing TD functions, it can cause some inconvenience for the operator when working with TD, associated with the nonlinearity of the delay time adjustment by potentiom- eter R3 (see Fig. 6). a b Fig. 11. The oscillogram of the voltage at the output of the MG is the upper curve, at the output of the pulse shaping circuit with a delay (oscillogram (a)) and at point "P" (oscillogram (b)) with a minimum delay. Oscilloscope sweep 1 μs/div a b Fig. 12. The oscillogram of the voltage at the output of the ZG is the upper curve, at the output of the pulse shaping circuit with a delay (oscillogram (a)) and at point "P" (oscillogram (b)) at the maximum delay. Oscilloscope sweep 1 μs/div ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 147 The modified circuit is shown in Fig. 13. The use of an emitter follower made it possible to increase the cur- rent by several times to a value at which the charging current of the capacitor C5, on which the duration of the output pulse of the pulse shaper circuit with a delay de- pends, will be practically unchanged when the re- sistance R3 changes. It can be seen from the oscillograms in the Fig. 14 that the leading edge of both the pulse with the MG and the output pulse with a delay is about 40 ns, which is 4 times better than that of the old TD systems and fully satisfies the necessary technical requirements. Fig. 13. Modified delayed pulse shaper circuit a b Fig. 14. Oscillograms of the leading edges of the pulses: a  from the output of the MG; b  delay pulses. Oscilloscope sweep 20 ns/div CONCLUSIONS The main elements of the triggering device (TD) have been developed, manufactured and tested: a master generator circuit and a pulse shaping circuit with a de- lay. The developed circuits have the following ad- vantages over the old TD systems: - circuits are assembled on the basis of modern, in- expensive, widespread and commercially available elec- tronic components, which are characterized by their reliability and energy efficiency; - the use of modern digital logic microcircuits has made it possible to significantly increase the speed of ultrasonic circuits, reduce the front of the pulses by 4 times, and thereby increase the accuracy of the settings of time delays and their stability; - rectangular shape of pulses from the outputs of the MG and channels, the delayed pulse shaper circuit greatly simplifies the setup and operation of TD circuits. As tests have shown, the circuits correspond to the required technical characteristics and can be used for the manufacture of a new triggering device and for its oper- ation at the e-linac "Almaz-2". The study was supported by the program of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Advanced Re- search in Plasma Physics, Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Plasma Technologies", project P-1/63-2020. REFERENCES 1. G.P. Berezina, K.V. Galaydych, G.A. Krivonosov, A.F. Linnik, O.L. Omelaenko, I.N. Onishchenko, V.I. Pristupa, G.V. Sotnikov, V.S. Us. Investigation of multibunch wakefield excitation in dielectric compound-resonator // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2018. № 4, p. 86-91. 2. I.N. Onishchenko, V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, G.V. Sotnikov. Concept of dielectric wakefield ac- celerator driven by a long sequence of electron bunches // IPAC 2013: Proc. of the 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference. 2013, р. 1259- 1261. ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2021. № 6(136) 148 3. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/ 161279/TI/NE555.html. 4. https://html.alldatasheet.com/html- pdf/17681/PHILIPS/HEF4013/246/1/HEF4013.html. 5. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet- pdf/view/12072/ONSEMI/MC34151.html. 6. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet- pdf/view/17663/PHILIPS/HEF4001B.html. Article received 08.10.2021 РАЗРАБОТКА НОВОГО УСТРОЙСТВА ЗАПУСКА ЛИНЕЙНОГО УСКОРИТЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОНОВ «АЛМАЗ-2» Д.Ю. Залеский, В.И. Приступа, В.С. Ус, О.Л. Омелаенко, Г.В. Сотников Разработано и испытано новое устройство запуска линейного ускорителя электронов. Схема устройства запуска состоит из задающего генератора, формирующего прямоугольные импульсы длительностью 1…2 мкс с фронтом порядка 50 нс и с частотой следования от 1 до 5 импульсов в секунду, и трех каналов, вырабатывающих импульсы с задержкой относительно импульсов задающего генератора, которая может регулироваться от 0,1 до 10 мкс. РОЗРОБКА НОВОГО ПРИСТРОЮ ЗАПУСКУ ЛІНІЙНОГО ПРИСКОРЮВАЧА ЕЛЕКТРОНІВ «АЛМАЗ-2» Д.Ю. Залеський, В.І. Приступа, В.С. Ус, О.Л. Омелаєнко, Г.В. Сотніков Розроблено та випробувано новий пристрій запуску лінійного прискорювача електронів. Схема при- строю складається з задающого генератора, що формує прямокутні імпульси тривалістю від 1 до 2 мкс з фронтом близько 50 нс і з частотою проходження від 1 до 5 імпульсів у секунду, та трьох каналів, які вироб- ляють імпульси з затримкою до імпульсів задающого генератора, яка може регулюватися від 0,1 до 10 мкс. https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/161279/TI/NE555.html https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/161279/TI/NE555.html https://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/17681/PHILIPS/HEF4013/246/1/HEF4013.html https://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/17681/PHILIPS/HEF4013/246/1/HEF4013.html https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/12072/ONSEMI/MC34151.html https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/12072/ONSEMI/MC34151.html https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/17663/PHILIPS/HEF4001B.html https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/17663/PHILIPS/HEF4001B.html