On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components
Using the radiation capacity model of landscape components located in the zone of influence of the NPP and the results of the calculation of the radiation risk from human and terrestrial biota exposure, an approach was developed to determine the amount of radionuclide emission from the NPP that ensu...
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1958792025-02-09T14:20:10Z On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components Про можливість визначення екологічно безпечних викидів АЕС за допомогою радіаційної ємності ландшафтних компонентів Barbashev, S.V. Problems of raw Using the radiation capacity model of landscape components located in the zone of influence of the NPP and the results of the calculation of the radiation risk from human and terrestrial biota exposure, an approach was developed to determine the amount of radionuclide emission from the NPP that ensures the safe existence of terrestrial biota (ecological regulation) and humans (hygienic rationing). A conservative calculation performed for the actual emission of ¹³⁷Cs from the Zaporizhzhya NPP showed that an ecologically safe level of exposure to biota organisms (mammals) located in the studied territory of the plant's monitoring zone will be ensured with an emission from the NPP almost an order of magnitude greater than for humans. За допомогою моделі радіаційної ємності ландшафтних компонентів, що знаходяться в зоні впливу АЕС, та результатів розрахунку радіаційного ризику від опромінення людини та наземної біоти розроблено підхід до визначення величини такого викиду радіонуклідів з АЕС, який забезпечує безпечне існування наземної біоти (екологічне нормування) і людини (гігієнічне нормування). Консервативний розрахунок, виконаний для реального викиду ¹³⁷Cs із Запорізької АЕС, показав, що екологічно безпечний рівень опромінення організмів біоти (ссавців), які знаходяться на досліджуваній території зони спостереження станції, буде забезпечуватися при викиді з АЕС майже на порядок більший, ніж для людини. 2022 Article On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components / S.V. Barbashev // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2022. — № 5. — С. 110-114. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 87.52.-g, 87.52.Px, 87.52.Tr DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2022-141-110 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195879 en Problems of Atomic Science and Technology application/pdf Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Problems of raw Problems of raw |
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Problems of raw Problems of raw Barbashev, S.V. On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components Problems of Atomic Science and Technology |
| description |
Using the radiation capacity model of landscape components located in the zone of influence of the NPP and the results of the calculation of the radiation risk from human and terrestrial biota exposure, an approach was developed to determine the amount of radionuclide emission from the NPP that ensures the safe existence of terrestrial biota (ecological regulation) and humans (hygienic rationing). A conservative calculation performed for the actual emission of ¹³⁷Cs from the Zaporizhzhya NPP showed that an ecologically safe level of exposure to biota organisms (mammals) located in the studied territory of the plant's monitoring zone will be ensured with an emission from the NPP almost an order of magnitude greater than for humans. |
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Article |
| author |
Barbashev, S.V. |
| author_facet |
Barbashev, S.V. |
| author_sort |
Barbashev, S.V. |
| title |
On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
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On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
| title_full |
On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
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On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
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On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
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on the possibility of determining environmentally safe npp emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2022 |
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Problems of raw |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195879 |
| citation_txt |
On the possibility of determining environmentally safe NPP emissions using the radiation capacity of landscape components / S.V. Barbashev // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2022. — № 5. — С. 110-114. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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Problems of Atomic Science and Technology |
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110 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2022. №5(141)
https://doi.org/10.46813/2022-141-110
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE
NPP EMISSIONS USING THE RADIATION CAPACITY OF LANDSCAPE
COMPONENTS
S.V. Barbashev
Odessa Polytechnic National University, Odessa, Ukraine
E-mail: barbashev@op.edu.ua, josik65@gmail.com
Using the radiation capacity model of landscape components located in the zone of influence of the NPP and the
results of the calculation of the radiation risk from human and terrestrial biota exposure, an approach was developed
to determine the amount of radionuclide emission from the NPP that ensures the safe existence of terrestrial biota
(ecological regulation) and humans (hygienic rationing). A conservative calculation performed for the actual
emission of
137
Cs from the Zaporizhzhya NPP showed that an ecologically safe level of exposure to biota organisms
(mammals) located in the studied territory of the plant's monitoring zone will be ensured with an emission from the
NPP almost an order of magnitude greater than for humans.
PACS: 87.52.-g, 87.52.Px, 87.52.Tr
INTRODUCTION
The main trend in the relationship between man and
the natural environment at the current stage is to create
conditions that limit the anthropogenic impact on the
components of both natural and artificial, for example,
agricultural ecosystems in order to support their
sustainable functioning.
To a large extent, this refers to the situation of
exposure of humans and the natural environment to
ionizing radiation, the sources of which are nuclear
installations, in particular nuclear power plants (NPP).
Until now, systems of radiation protection of a
person and the surrounding natural environment are
built on the anthropocentric principle, the meaning of
which is that if a person is protected from the action of
ionizing radiation, then the surrounding natural
environment is also protected (ICRP Publication 60,
1990) [1].
ICRP Publication 60 deals with the situation of
planned exposure. It is believed that radiation protection
of people is ensured in this case, and the regulations
necessary for the protection of the population should
ensure the protection of the biota and the natural
environment as a whole.
In 2007, ICRP Publication 103 [2] was published,
which already deals with all possible exposure
situations: planned, emergency, existing. In these
situations, to ensure a sufficient level of radiation
protection of the environment, it is suggested to apply
the concept of "conditional" (reference) animals and
plants. It is assumed that a set of reference biological
species should play the same role in the biota radiation
protection system as the concept of "reference
(standard) human" in the human radiation protection
system. Thus, in recent years there has been a change in
views on the strategy of ensuring radiation safety of
humans and the natural environment in the direction of
strengthening ecocentric principles [3, 4].
If the correctness of the application of radiation-
hygienic rationing is not in doubt among specialists and
its results have long been used in practice, then
approaches to radiation-ecological (hereinafter simply
"ecological") rationing began to be discussed relatively
recently.
There are different approaches to environmental
regulation of the radiation impact of radiation-hazardous
objects, in particular NPP, on the natural environment.
For example, as a quantitative criterion, with the help of
which such standardization can be carried out, it is
proposed to determine the concentration of a pollutant
of the natural environment, at which changes are
manifested in the vital activity of the biogeocenosis or
in its critical elements, that is, the state of ecosystem
homeostasis is disturbed [5], or the model of radiation
capacity (radiocapacity ) components of the natural
environment, which acts as a measure of dangerous
accumulation of radioactive pollution in them [6-11].
The model of radiocapacity proposed by the authors
of the above-mentioned works solves the task of
environmental regulation by determining the response
of biota to dose loads on the ecosystem.
In our opinion, the radiocapacity model can be
equally applied to both hygienic and environmental
regulation.
The authors of this article believe that the
radioactivity is an objective characteristic of the
ecosystem or its components, regardless of the
subjectively applied estimates, which act as a measure
of the accumulation of radionuclides in the biota. In
contrast to radiocapacity, which, for example, in works
[6, 11], is considered as a function of the concentration
of a radioactive pollutant in a specific place ("point") of
an ecosystem, the radiocapacity of an ecosystem in our
understanding should take into account its dimensions
and allow describing the migration of a radionuclide
from the emission source (discharge) into the ecosystem
and between its components.
This article proposes a model of the radiation
capacity of the landscape and its components.
The authors interpret the concept of radiation
capacity of the landscape as follows [13]:
The capacity of the landscape is the activity of
radionuclides (RNs) accumulated during the time
during which the content of RNs in it will reach
equilibrium with their content in the combined
components that make up this landscape, with the
mailto:josik65@gmail.com
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2022. №5(141) 111
migration parameters of RNs characteristic of the
landscape components.
In practice, it is convenient to represent the radiation
capacity of the landscape (Rki, Bq) as a sum of integrals:
where the summation is carried out over all j-th ways of
the entry of RN into the k-th landscape component, and
the integration is taken over the entire territory (S, m
2
)
affected by the i-th source; Kij, m/year ‒ the coefficient
that determines the rate of migration of RN in the
landscape component; qij is the volumetric activity of RN
formed in the landscape component from the i-th source
along the j-th path (Bq/m
3
) during the time during which
equilibrium occurs.
The above formula makes it possible to simplify the
calculation of the radiation capacity of the landscape by
presenting it in the form of a linear combination of the
radiation capacities of its individual components.
The point of the above definition of radiative
capacity applied to the landscape and its component is
that unlike the concentration and definitions of radiative
capacity, proposed by other authors, radiocapacity takes
into account the size and properties of landscape
components and allows taking into account the scale of
RNs migration and their maximum accumulation in
them, which can be compared with the level of negative
impact of pollutants on the elements of the biocenosis
(suppression, damage, destruction, succession).
The purpose of this work is to apply the radiation
capacity model of the studied landscape component to
determine the amount of environmentally safe emissions
of a regularly operating nuclear power plant.
To achieve this goal, an approach has been
developed to calculate the radiation capacity of the
landscape component of the NPP location, which is the
basis for determining the radiation risk of external
exposure to humans and biota and assessing the
environmentally safe emissions of the NPP.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIC
MATERIAL
1.1. CALCULATION OF THE RADIATION
CAPACITY OF THE LANDSCAPE COMPONENT
The main method of calculating the radiation
capacity is mathematical modeling of the processes of
redistribution of radionuclides, which is based on the
experimental study of the migration of RNs in
landscapes and the zoning of the territory, taking into
account their landscape and geochemical features.
In paper [14], a simplified example showed how the
proposed approach to determining the radiation capacity
of the landscape component of the location of a real
NPP can be implemented in practice and how to use it
to determine the level of NPP radiation exposure (dose
load) on the population.
The radiation capacity was determined for the site,
which is located in an open area in the supervised area
of the Zaporizhzhya NPP (ZNPP) (Fig.1).
The site was selected based on the results of the
radio-ecological monitoring (REM) of the ZNPP, given
in paper [13].
Fig. 1. Zoning map of the surveillance zone
Zaporizhzhya NPP and the location of the site for determining the radiation capacity
The basic method of REM is the method of special
structuring of the territory of the NPP supervised area,
which is based on zoning, which consists in dividing the
territory into districts that are homogeneous in terms of
landscape and geochemical characteristics.
The studied area belongs to one of the districts (III),
which was selected during the zoning of the supervised
area of the ZNPP. It consists mainly of ordinary low-
humus black soil, with a minimum of vegetation cover.
Therefore, the selected soil was the landscape
112 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2022. №5(141)
component for which the radiation capacity was
determined.
The calculation of the radiocapacity of the site was
carried out in relation to radionuclide
137
Cs, which is
radiologically dangerous from the point of view of
impact on humans and biota, which is emitted from the
NPP during normal operation (planned exposure
situation).
To simplify the calculations, it was assumed that
during the years of operation of the ZNPP (> 30 years),
the flow of
137
Cs to the soil was approximately constant
and uniform (in reality, it is approximately fulfilled),
which contributed to the establishment of a balance
between deposition and absorption of RN by the
effective soil layer. In this case, the concentration
(volumetric activity) of
137
Cs, which is equal to
1.25∙10
3
Bq/m
3
, is formed in the volume of the soil layer
in an average year. With an area of district III of
1.2∙10
8
m
2
, the radiocapacity (activity) of its soil layer
in relation to
137
Cs, which will be formed in a year, will
be approximately 10
9
Bq, and the maximum
radiocapacity of the soil layer with a thickness of ≈
0.1 m, in which station cesium is mainly accumulated,
will be equal to ≈ 10
10
Bq.
In the same paper [14], based on data on soil
radiocapacity, the dose rate of external radiation for the
population living in the territory of the selected area was
determined, due to γ – the activity of the radionuclide
137
Cs, accumulated over a year in the surface layer of
the soil. The value of the power of the absorbed dose is
obtained, which is equal to 40.0 μGy/year, which
coincides with the RSSU-97 quota of the limit of the
equivalent dose of exposure to persons of category B
due to NPP emissions (40 μSv/year). This means that
the radiation hygiene standard for the group of
persons of category B living in the studied territory
of the ZNPP supervised area is fulfilled.
The following general conclusion can be drawn from
this: knowing the radiation capacity of all landscape
components that are in the NPP supervised area, it is
possible to determine the level of maximum
accumulation of radionuclides that is safe for humans in
each area around the NPP that is operating in normal
mode that is, carrying out radiation-hygienic regulation.
1.2. DETERMINATION OF THE RADIATION
RISK OF EXTERNAL IRRADIATION TO
HUMANS AND BIOTA
The possibility of determining the radiation risk of
external human exposure using the radiation capacity
of landscape components is illustrated in [14].
The calculation of the lifetime individual radiation
risk from external radiation from soil contaminated with
stationary
137
Cs was performed for the population living
in the territory of the ZNPP supervised area, which was
considered above when determining the radiation
capacity of the landscape component. The calculation
showed that the individual radiation risk from external
exposure for the population living on the territory of the
site considered in the article is equal to 2.6∙10
-5
year
-1
.
This value does not exceed the value of the individual
lifetime risk for the population under the conditions of
normal operation of the NPP, given
in RSSU-97 (5.0∙10
-5
).
Therefore, knowing the radiation capacity of the
landscape component, it is possible to determine not
only the level of maximum accumulation of
radionuclides in the components of the natural
environment, which are in the zone of influence of a
regularly operating NPP, but also makes it possible to
determine the radiation risk for the population living
in the territory around the radiation-hazardous
environment object.
Let's assess the radiation risk from external
irradiation of terrestrial biota located on the territory
of the studied area of the ZNPP supervised area. We
will assume that such a risk is also formed due to soil
contamination with
137
Cs. The magnitude of the risk will
be assessed based on previously obtained data on
radiocapacity. As a representative object of the biota,
we will choose rodents (mice, moles), which belong to
mammals and vertebrates.
In accordance with the recommendations of ICRP
Publication 108 [15], the radiation risk to biota is
estimated using the hazard ratio according to the
formula:
Rj = Dj / RD,
where Dj – power of the irradiation dose of the j-th
representative object of biota, Gy/day (in our case, as
well as for a person, it is 40 μGy/year – the value
obtained using radiocapacity data); RD is the control
level of ecologically safe irradiation of biota organisms,
equal to 0.001 Gy/day for mammals, vertebrates and
pine.
Substituting the numerical values for the coefficients
into the formula, we obtain that the radiation risk of
terrestrial biota from external irradiation caused by the
radionuclide
137
Cs contained in the soil is equal to:
Rj =
= 1.1∙10
-4
1/year.
Comparing the obtained value of the radiation risk
for biota with the value of the individual radiation risk
for a person under the conditions of normal operation of
the NPP, we can see that with the same RN emission,
the value of the radiation risk for the biota is an
order of magnitude higher. This in this case means
that a person is more radiosensitive than the biota
under study.
1.3. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY
SAFE EMISSIONS OF NPP
On the basis of data on the radiation risk of humans
and biota, obtained with the help of the model of the
radiation capacity of the landscape component, we will
estimate the amount of ecologically safe emissions of
the nuclear power plant, i.e. such emissions that do not
negatively affect the vital activity of the biota as a
component of the ecosystem or its landscape
component.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2022. №5(141) 113
The calculation of ecologically safe NPP emissions
for terrestrial biota will be performed on the basis of the
assumption that the ratio of radiation risks from
exposure to humans and biota is directly proportional to
the ratio of emissions that create these risks, and they
are proportional to the ratio of radiosensitivity of
humans and biota.
Thus, we assume that:
≈
Ki,
where Rext is the radiation risk of external exposure of
the population. In our case, Rext ≈ 10
-5
1/year;
- Rj – radiation risk (danger coefficient) of external
irradiation of a representative species of biota. In our
case, Rj ≈ 10
-4
1/year;
- Aj is the annual emission of
137
Cs from the nuclear
power plant, which causes danger (risk) to biota;
- Aext is the annual emission of
137
Cs from a nuclear
power plant causing a human risk corresponding to Rext.
In our case, Aext ≈ 10
7
Bq/year, that is, equal to the real
average emission of
137
Cs from the ZNPP for the years
2008–2018 [16];
- Ki is a coefficient that shows how much the
radiosensitivity of a person differs from the
radiosensitivity of a selected species of biota when
exposed to the i-th radionuclide.
From here:
≈
Aj ≈ 10
8
Bg/year.
This means that the annual emission of
137
Cs from
the NPP, which will cause a risk to biota (the level of
ecologically safe exposure of biota organisms is equal to
0.001 Gy/day for mammals) is about an order of
magnitude higher than the level of real emissions that
cause a risk to humans.
Thus, the calculation performed for the actual
emission of
137
Cs from the Zaporizhzhya NPP showed
that the ecologically safe level of exposure of terrestrial
biota organisms (mammals) located on the studied
territory in the supervised area of the station will be
ensured when the emission from the NPP is almost an
order of magnitude greater than for a person.
If further studies for different types of biota,
different radionuclides, different components of the
landscape confirm the obtained result, then this can
become another proof that in the situation of planned
irradiation (full-time operation of NPP), the
anthropocentric principle of anti-radiation protection
can also be applied to the protection of biota, that is,
testify to the absence of grounds for abandoning the
hygienic principle of radiation protection in favor of the
ecological one. However, in our opinion, such a
conclusion is not indisputable for situations of
emergency and existing exposure and needs
confirmation.
The approaches to determining the radiation
capacity of a landscape component, the radiation risk to
humans and biota, as well as the ecologically safe
emission of a NPP, and the obtained results are
presented in the article and are preliminary, illustrative
in nature, but, nevertheless, they are presented here to
demonstrate one of the possible ways of practical
implementation of the recommendations of the ICRP
Publication 103 regarding the application of the
ecocentric principle of ensuring radiation safety of the
natural environment.
CONCLUSIONS
1. A model of the radiation capacity of a landscape
component is proposed, which differs from the method
of determining concentrations and models of radiation
capacity of other authors in that it takes into account the
dimensions and properties of the landscape component
and allows taking into account the scale of migration of
radionuclides between components that are components
of the landscape as a whole.
2. It is shown that, knowing the radiation capacity of
landscape components, it is possible to determine the
level of maximum accumulation of radionuclides in the
components of the ecosystem that is in the zone of
influence of the nuclear power plant, and, comparing it
with the existing standards of radiation exposure to
these components, to draw a conclusion about the need
to apply one or another anti-radiation protection
measures.
3. Information on the radiation capacity also allows
obtaining the value of the radiation risk from external
exposure for the population and terrestrial biota located
in the territory of the NPP supervised area.
4. Applying the model of the radiation capacity of
the landscape components located in the zone of
influence of the NPP, and the data for calculating the
radiation risk from the exposure of humans and
terrestrial biota, an approach was developed to
determine the emission of radionuclides from the NPP,
which ensures the safe existence of terrestrial biota and
humans.
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Article received 09.08.2022
ПРО МОЖЛИВІСТЬ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНО БЕЗПЕЧНИХ ВИКИДІВ АЕС
ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ РАДІАЦІЙНОЇ ЄМНОСТІ ЛАНДШАФТНИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ
С.В. Барбашев
За допомогою моделі радіаційної ємності ландшафтних компонентів, що знаходяться в зоні впливу АЕС,
та результатів розрахунку радіаційного ризику від опромінення людини та наземної біоти розроблено підхід
до визначення величини такого викиду радіонуклідів з АЕС, який забезпечує безпечне існування наземної
біоти (екологічне нормування) і людини (гігієнічне нормування). Консервативний розрахунок, виконаний
для реального викиду
137
Cs із Запорізької АЕС, показав, що екологічно безпечний рівень опромінення
організмів біоти (ссавців), які знаходяться на досліджуваній території зони спостереження станції, буде
забезпечуватися при викиді з АЕС майже на порядок більший, ніж для людини.
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