Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures
This work is devoted to diagnostics of thermal electric arc discharge plasma with copper and nickel vapour admixtures by optical emission spectroscopy and possibility of its usage for investigation of plasma regions near-electrodes surfaces. The spectra of plasma emission from such areas were obtain...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Problems of Atomic Science and Technology |
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| Дата: | 2022 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2022
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| Цитувати: | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures / A. Murmantsev, A. Veklich, V. Boretskij, S. Fesenko, M. Kleshych, V. Ninyovskij, Y. Cressault // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 149-153. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860243610188906496 |
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| author | Murmantsev, A. Veklich, A. Boretskij, V. Fesenko, S. Kleshych, M. Ninyovskij, V. Cressault, Y. |
| author_facet | Murmantsev, A. Veklich, A. Boretskij, V. Fesenko, S. Kleshych, M. Ninyovskij, V. Cressault, Y. |
| citation_txt | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures / A. Murmantsev, A. Veklich, V. Boretskij, S. Fesenko, M. Kleshych, V. Ninyovskij, Y. Cressault // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 149-153. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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| description | This work is devoted to diagnostics of thermal electric arc discharge plasma with copper and nickel vapour admixtures by optical emission spectroscopy and possibility of its usage for investigation of plasma regions near-electrodes surfaces. The spectra of plasma emission from such areas were obtained by registration device with spatial and spectral resolution. The Boltzmann plot technique was used to determine the radial distribution of plasma temperature of arc discharge channel in different cross-sections. Namely, the regions of arc discharge plasma in the vicinity of cathode and anode surfaces in the two different configuration of electrodes assembly (copper as a cathode, nickel as an anode and vice versa) were investigated.
Присвячено діагностиці термічної плазми електродугового розряду з домішками парів міді та нікелю методами оптичної емісійної спектроскопії та можливості застосування цих методів для дослідження областей плазми поблизу поверхонь електродів. Спектри випромінювання плазми з таких ділянок отримані із застосуванням оптичної схеми з просторовою та спектральною роздільними здатностями. Для визначення радіальних розподілів температури плазми в каналі дугового розряду в різних поперечних перерізах використовувався метод діаграм Больцмана. Зокрема, досліджено області плазми дугового розряду поблизу поверхонь катода та анода у двох різних конфігураціях електродного вузла (мідний катод, нікелевий анод і навпаки).
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:33:34Z |
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PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2022. №6(142).
Series: Plasma Physics (28), p. 149-153. 149
https://doi.org/10.46813/2022-142-149
DIAGNOSTICS OF THERMAL PLASMA WITH Cu AND Ni VAPOUR
ADMIXTURES
A. Murmantsev
1
, A. Veklich
1
, V. Boretskij
1
, S. Fesenko
1
, M. Kleshych
1
,
V. Ninyovskij
1
, Y. Cressault
2
1
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine;
2
Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LAPLACE, France
E-mail: murmantsev.aleksandr@gmail.com
This work is devoted to diagnostics of thermal electric arc discharge plasma with copper and nickel vapour
admixtures by optical emission spectroscopy and possibility of its usage for investigation of plasma regions near-
electrodes surfaces. The spectra of plasma emission from such areas were obtained by registration device with
spatial and spectral resolution. The Boltzmann plot technique was used to determine the radial distribution of plasma
temperature of arc discharge channel in different cross-sections. Namely, the regions of arc discharge plasma in the
vicinity of cathode and anode surfaces in the two different configuration of electrodes assembly (copper as a
cathode, nickel as an anode and vice versa) were investigated.
PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg
INTRODUCTION
Electrodes, fabricated of composites or alloys based
on copper or nickel, are widely used as contact materials
in switching devices of power networks.
Copper is used in the fabrication of a large number
of various composite materials due to their excellent
electrical and thermal conductivity, relatively cheap and
widespread. For example, these are Cu-Cr composites
with low ten dency to welding, high strength, good
vacuum getter property, etc. [1-3]; Cu-W material,
which are used in arc resistance electrodes, electrical
contacts, electrodes for electrical discharging machining
and heat-sink materials for high density integrated
circuits, etc. [4]; Cu-C composites for sliding contacts
with good mechanical and antifriction properties, low
resistivity and transient electrical resistance, high
resistance to electrical erosion [5]; etc.
In turn, nickel is a very common additive for
variable composite materials since. First of all, it has a
very slight solubility in tungsten and silver at near
1000 °C temperatures, and nickel increases the self-
diffusivity of tungsten [6]. Nickel addition does not
decrease the conductivity of the silver phase of silver-
tungsten (Ag-W) contact since it is not soluble in silver
[7]. Moreover, small amounts of Ni sufficiently increase
the wettability of copper, which makes it a very useful
material during Cu-W composite manufacturing [4].
Another analog of these materials is a composite Ag-Ni,
which is a very popular type of contact material used
worldwide, especially in Europe [8].
It should be noted, that the erosive properties of the
aforementioned contact materials play a key role in its
efficiency due to the thermal action of arc discharge
occurred during the contact switching. For a deeper
understanding of the processes occurring in the plasma
of discharge between such composites, it is necessary to
investigate the behaviour of separate components of
such electrodes.
Thus, the main aim of this study is to carry out the
diagnostics of plasma of electric arc discharge between
asymmetric pair of single-component copper and nickel
electrodes. In particular, this work is focused on
elucidating the possibility of using optical emission
spectroscopy for studying the near-electrode`s regions
of arc discharge plasma with copper and nickel vapours
admixtures.
1. EXPERIMENT
The vertically oriented free-burning arc was ignited
in air between the end surfaces of asymmetric single-
component nickel and copper non-cooled electrodes.
Fig. 1. Optical scheme of registration device with spatial and spectral resolution
mailto:murmantsev.aleksandr@gmail.com
150 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2022. №6(142)
The diameter of the rod electrodes was 6 mm, the
discharge gap was 8 mm and DC current was 3.5 A.
The optical scheme of experimental setup shown in
Fig. 1 was proposed for diagnostics of thermal plasma
with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures by optical emission
spectroscopy technique. The realized configuration of
experimental setup with optical scheme on the basis of
diffraction grating 600 g/mm permits simultaneous
registration of spatial intensity distribution in spectral
range 420...620 nm.
The arc discharge and entrance slit of the
registration device were placed on both sides of the lens
at a distance of double focus. Thus, an image of the arc
discharge channel with a magnification of 1 was formed
at the entrance slit. Since the slit was oriented
horizontally with respect to the arc it was possible to
choose any cross-section of the channel along the axis
of discharge by moving the optical scheme up or down.
The cross-sections in the vicinity of anode and cathode
surfaces were investigated in this work. Measurements
were carried out for two different configurations of
electrodes assembly: when copper electrode was as the
cathode and nickel as the anode and vice versa. It
should be noted, that the cathode was in upper position
within these experiments.
Ten radial points, starting from the axial one, were
chosen from the spectra registered by the RGB CCD
camera for further treatment with taking into account
the spectral sensitivity of spectral device. The spectral
profiles of selected Cu I and Ni I spectral lines were
approximated by the Voigt function in order to obtain
the observed values of emission intensity of each from
these lines.
The technique, proposed by Bockasten [9], was used
to transform the observed radiances into the local values
of emission intensity. The obtained local values
intensity of emission of aforementioned spectral lines
were used to determine the plasma temperature by
Boltzmann plot technique [10].
Fig. 2. Emission spectra with spatial and spectral resolution registered in the vicinity of: nickel anode (a), copper
cathode (b), copper anode (c) and nickel cathode (d)
a b
Fig. 3. Emission spectra obtained at different radial points of plasma channel in the vicinity of: copper anode (a)
and nickel cathode (b)
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2022. №6(142) 151
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The emission spectra (Fig. 2) were obtained by
registration of image on the diffraction grating surface by
RGB CCD camera. Each image was converted to
grayscale data. Thus, each radial point of the cross-
sections, which contains the spectral distribution of the
emission intensity, was obtained in the vicinity of cathode
or anode surface. The emission spectra at ten chosen
radial points of theplasma channel in the vicinity of
copper anode and nickel cathode surface on the distance
0; 0.14; 0.29; 0.43; 0.58; 0.72; 0.86; 1.01; 1.15; 1.2 mm
from the arc axis are shown in Fig. 3. As one can see, the
spectra observed in the vicinity of copper surfaces
(regardless of whether it was the cathode or the anode)
contain just the Cu spectral lines, while the spectra
obtained in the vicinity of nickel surfaces contain both the
Ni I and Cu I spectral lines (see Figs. 2, 3).
This phenomenon can be associated with the nature of
nickel erosion [11]. In fact, the erosion of nickel electrode
is characterized by a creation of a melting pool (on the
cathode surface) or drop (on the anode surface), which
indicates the presence of a liquid phase of nickel when
interacting with thermal plasma. Due to its high surface
tension (1.76 J/m
2
compared to 1.29 J/m
2
for copper [8]),
most part of the nickel material reaches opposite
electrode not in atomic form, but in the form of droplets,
while the atoms disperse in the discharge gap.
a
b
Fig. 4. Typical approximations of spectral profile of
Cu I 510.5 nm (a) and Ni I 547.7 nm (b) lines by Voigt
function
The spectral profiles of Cu I 510.5, 515.3, 521.8 nm
[12] and Ni I 478.7, 485.5, 490.4, 503.5, 547.7 nm [13]
(see Fig. 3) were approximated by Voigt function in order
to obtain the observed values of emission intensity of each
from these lines. The typical approximations of spectral
line profiles by Voigt function are shown in Fig. 4.
The observed values of emission intensity obtained
in each of the ten radial points were transformed into
local values of intensity. These values were used in the
Boltzmann plots as shown in Fig. 5.
One can see, the temperature obtained by the
Boltzmann plot on the basis of nickel atomic line
intensity is calculated with error not exceeding 5 %. This
is indicated by the coincidence of the approximating
straight line with points on the plot, which correspond to
emission intensity of marked Ni I spectral lines. At the
same time the Boltzmann plot on the basis of Cu I
spectral lines gives a lower accuracy of plasma
temperature determination (~ 15 %). This is due to
overlapping of the selected Cu I spectral lines with some
Ni I lines, namely 501.8 and 515.6 nm. This overlapping
can lead to overestimation of the observed emission
intensity of spectral lines, which consequently affects the
determination of the local values of line`s intensity.
a
b
Fig. 5. Typical Boltzmann plots on the basis of emission
intensity of Cu I 510.5, 515.3, 521.8 nm (a) and Ni I
478.7, 485.5, 490.4 and 547.7 nm (b) spectral lines
(spectra registered in the vicinity of nickel cathode)
The radial distributions of plasma temperature,
determined on the basis of Cu I (for cross-sections in the
vicinity of copper surfaces) and both Cu I and Ni I spectral
lines (for cross-sections in the vicinity of nickel surfaces),
are shown in Figs. 6, 7.
509.0 509.5 510.0 510.5 511.0 511.5
0.0E+00
2.0E+07
4.0E+07
6.0E+07
8.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.2E+08 Experimental data at r = 1.01 mm
Approximation by Voigt function
l, nm
I, a.u.
546.5 547.0 547.5 548.0 548.5 549.0
0.0E+00
4.0E+07
8.0E+07
1.2E+08
1.6E+08
Experimental data at r = 1.01 mm
Approximation by Voigt function
l, nm
I, a.u.
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
510.5
515.3
521.8
ln(Il3/gf)
r = 0
r = 0.52
r = 1.17
r
=
0
E, eV
Equation y = a + b*x
Plot r = 0
Weight No Weighting
Intercept 52.29033 ± 2.07476
Slope -1.78185 ± 0.37619
Residual Sum of Squares 0.53221
Pearson's r -0.97843
R-Square (COD) 0.95733
Adj. R-Square 0.91466
Equation y = a + b*x
Plot 0.26
Weight No Weighting
Intercept 52.29331 ± 2.03793
Slope -1.78568 ± 0.36951
Residual Sum of Squares 0.51348
Pearson's r -0.97925
R-Square (COD) 0.95894
Adj. R-Square 0.91788
Equation y = a + b*x
Plot 0.39
Weight No Weighting
Intercept 52.29998 ± 1.99365
Slope -1.79089 ± 0.36148
Residual Sum of Squares 0.49141
Pearson's r -0.98023
R-Square (COD) 0.96085
Adj. R-Square 0.92171
Equation y = a + b*x
Plot 0.78
Weight No Weighting
Intercept 52.40907 ± 1.79573
Slope -1.82876 ± 0.3256
Residual Sum of Squares 0.39868
Pearson's r -0.98452
R-Square (COD) 0.96927
Adj. R-Square 0.93855
Equation y = a + b*x
Plot r = 1.17
Weight No Weighting
Intercept 53.62907 ± 1.8421
Slope -1.97714 ± 0.33401
Residual Sum of Squares 0.41954
Pearson's r -0.98603
R-Square (COD) 0.97225
Adj. R-Square 0.94451
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
35
36
37
38
39
478.7 485.5
490.4
503.5
547.7
ln(Il3/gf)
r = 0
r = 0.52
r = 1.17
r
=
0
E, eV
152 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2022. №6(142)
a
b
Fig. 6. Radial distributions of plasma temperature,
obtained by Boltzmann plot technique on the basis of
Cu I 510.5, 515.3, 521.8 nm and Ni I 478.7, 485.5,
490.4, 503.5, 547.7 nm spectral lines registered in the
vicinity of: nickel anode (a), copper cathode (b)
One can see, the radial distributions of temperatures,
obtained from both Cu I and Ni I spectral lines, coincide
within the measurement accuracy. It can be assumed
that local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) can realize
in plasma with copper and nickel vapour admixtures
even in discharge areas in the vicinity of electrodes
surfaces. However, this can only be asserted for the
results obtained in the near-electrode region of nickel
due to the impossibility of determining the plasma
temperature on the basis of emission of the spectral
lines of this material in the vicinity of the copper
surface. Moreover, the results, obtained in the vicinity
of nickel surfaces need additional clarification, namely
the separating the Cu I and Ni I spectral lines in order to
avoid overestimating the emission intensity.
Nonetheless, it can be supposed that plasma with copper
and nickel vapour admixtures in the near-electrodes
surface is close to the state of LTE at least.
This fact allows us to carry out further investigation
of plasma of electric arc discharge between asymmetric
pairs of single-component Cu and Ni electrodes in the
near-cathode and near-anode regions.
a
b
Fig. 7. Radial distributions of plasma temperature,
obtained by Boltzmann plot technique on the basis of
Cu I 510.5, 515.3, 521.8 nm and Ni I 478.7, 485.5,
490.4, 503.5, 547.7 nm spectral lines registered in the
vicinity of: copper anode (a) and nickel cathode (b)
Namely, the equilibrium composition of such plasma
and metal vapours contents in such regions can be
determined.
CONCLUSIONS
The diagnostics of thermal plasma of arc discharge
between asymmetric pair of single-component copper
and nickel electrodes were investigated in different
plasma regions: in the vicinity of copper cathode, nickel
anode, nickel cathode, and copper anode surfaces.
As a result, the radial distributions of plasma
temperature were determined by the Boltzmann plot
technique on the basis of Cu I (in cross-sections in the
vicinity of copper surfaces) and both Cu I and Ni I
spectral lines (in cross-sections in the vicinity of nickel
surface).
It was found, that local thermodynamic equilibrium
can realize in plasma with copper and nickel vapour
admixtures even in discharge areas in the vicinity of
electrodes surfaces (at least in the vicinity of nickel
electrodes surface).
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
5000
6000
7000
8000
TCu
TNi
r, mm
T, K
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
5000
6000
7000
8000
TCu
r, mm
T, K
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
5000
6000
7000
8000
TCu
r, mm
T, K
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
5000
6000
7000
8000
TCu
TNi
r, mm
T, K
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2022. №6(142) 153
This is indicated by the coincidence of the radial
distributions of temperatures, obtained from both Cu I
and Ni I spectral lines, within the measurement
accuracy.
Thus, optical emission spectroscopy can be used for
diagnostics of similar plasma of electric arc discharges
in regions in the vicinity of electrodes surfaces.
The results obtained in this investigation allows us
to carry out further studies of plasma with Cu and Ni
vapours admixtures focused on determination of plasma
equilibrium composition and investigation of behaviour
of metal component in near-electrodes regions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been partially carried out within the
framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by
the European Union via the Euratom Research and
Training Programme (Grant Agreement № 101052200 -
EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are
however those of the author(s) only and do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the
European Commission. Neither the European Union nor
the European Commission can be held responsible for
them. This work has been supported in part by the
bilateral France – Ukrainian collaboration project
№ M/29-2022 of Ministry of Education and Science of
Ukraine.
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Article received 05.10.2022
ДІАГНОСТИКА ТЕРМІЧНОЇ ПЛАЗМИ З ДОМІШКАМИ ПАРІВ Cu ТА Ni
О. Мурманцев, А. Веклич, В. Борецький, С. Фесенко, M. Клешич, В. Ніньовський, Я. Крессо
Присвячено діагностиці термічної плазми електродугового розряду з домішками парів міді та нікелю
методами оптичної емісійної спектроскопії та можливості застосування цих методів для дослідження
областей плазми поблизу поверхонь електродів. Спектри випромінювання плазми з таких ділянок отримані
із застосуванням оптичної схеми з просторовою та спектральною роздільними здатностями. Для визначення
радіальних розподілів температури плазми в каналі дугового розряду в різних поперечних перерізах
використовувався метод діаграм Больцмана. Зокрема, досліджено області плазми дугового розряду поблизу
поверхонь катода та анода у двох різних конфігураціях електродного вузла (мідний катод, нікелевий анод і
навпаки).
file:///C:/Users/vmakh/Downloads/10.1002/asna.20210106
https://doi.org/10.46813/2021-134-157
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-195909 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:33:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Murmantsev, A. Veklich, A. Boretskij, V. Fesenko, S. Kleshych, M. Ninyovskij, V. Cressault, Y. 2023-12-08T11:02:51Z 2023-12-08T11:02:51Z 2022 Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures / A. Murmantsev, A. Veklich, V. Boretskij, S. Fesenko, M. Kleshych, V. Ninyovskij, Y. Cressault // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 149-153. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2022-142-149 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195909 This work is devoted to diagnostics of thermal electric arc discharge plasma with copper and nickel vapour admixtures by optical emission spectroscopy and possibility of its usage for investigation of plasma regions near-electrodes surfaces. The spectra of plasma emission from such areas were obtained by registration device with spatial and spectral resolution. The Boltzmann plot technique was used to determine the radial distribution of plasma temperature of arc discharge channel in different cross-sections. Namely, the regions of arc discharge plasma in the vicinity of cathode and anode surfaces in the two different configuration of electrodes assembly (copper as a cathode, nickel as an anode and vice versa) were investigated. Присвячено діагностиці термічної плазми електродугового розряду з домішками парів міді та нікелю методами оптичної емісійної спектроскопії та можливості застосування цих методів для дослідження областей плазми поблизу поверхонь електродів. Спектри випромінювання плазми з таких ділянок отримані із застосуванням оптичної схеми з просторовою та спектральною роздільними здатностями. Для визначення радіальних розподілів температури плазми в каналі дугового розряду в різних поперечних перерізах використовувався метод діаграм Больцмана. Зокрема, досліджено області плазми дугового розряду поблизу поверхонь катода та анода у двох різних конфігураціях електродного вузла (мідний катод, нікелевий анод і навпаки). This work has been partially carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement № 101052200 - EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. This work has been supported in part by the bilateral France – Ukrainian collaboration project № M/29-2022 of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Plasma diagnostics Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures Діагностика термічної плазми з домішками парів Cu та Ni Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures Murmantsev, A. Veklich, A. Boretskij, V. Fesenko, S. Kleshych, M. Ninyovskij, V. Cressault, Y. Plasma diagnostics |
| title | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures |
| title_alt | Діагностика термічної плазми з домішками парів Cu та Ni |
| title_full | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures |
| title_fullStr | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures |
| title_short | Diagnostics of thermal plasma with Cu and Ni vapour admixtures |
| title_sort | diagnostics of thermal plasma with cu and ni vapour admixtures |
| topic | Plasma diagnostics |
| topic_facet | Plasma diagnostics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/195909 |
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