Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator
To conduct experiments to determine the amplitude of the electric field and the transformation ratio in the wake field accelerator based on dielectric structures excited by electron bunches of the Almaz-2 electron accelerator, a probe was developed and manufactured. The probe consists of a ¼ wavelen...
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| Date: | 2023 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2023
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| Cite this: | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator / D.Yu. Zalesky, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 3. — С. 112-115. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859717534028136448 |
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| author | Zalesky, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Sotnikov, G.V. |
| author_facet | Zalesky, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Sotnikov, G.V. |
| citation_txt | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator / D.Yu. Zalesky, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 3. — С. 112-115. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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| description | To conduct experiments to determine the amplitude of the electric field and the transformation ratio in the wake field accelerator based on dielectric structures excited by electron bunches of the Almaz-2 electron accelerator, a probe was developed and manufactured. The probe consists of a ¼ wavelength antenna (27 mm) and a detection circuit based on a 2A201A microwave diode. To calibrate the probe, a measuring stand was assembled, consisting of a microwave generator and a horn emitter. A SPEKTRAN spectrum analyzer (Germany) was used as a microwave power meter, and a digital oscilloscope was used as a meter of the detected signal from the probe. The results of measurements made on the stand show that at a microwave radiation power of 26 mW/m² and an electric microwave field strength of 2.6 V/m at the measurement point, the output signal from the probe is 1 mV.
Для проведення експериментів щодо визначення амплітуди електричного поля та коефіцієнта трансформації в кільватерному прискорювачі на основі діелектричних структур, що збуджуються електронними згустками електронного прискорювача “Алмаз-2”, був розроблений та виготовлений зонд. Зонд складається з антени ¼ довжини хвилі (27 мм) та схеми детектування на базі НВЧ-діода 2А201А. Для калібрування зонда було зібрано вимірювальний стенд, що складається з НВЧ-генератора та рупорного випромінювача. Як вимірювач НВЧ-потужності використовувався спектр-аналізатор SPEKTRAN (Німеччина), а як вимірювач детектованого сигналу з зонда ‒ цифровий осцилограф. Результати вимірювань, які виконані на стенді, показують, що при потужності НВЧ-випромінювання 26 мВт/м² і напруженості електричного НВЧ-поля 2,6 В/м вихідний сигнал у точці вимірювання із зонда становить 1 мВ.
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112 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. №3(145)
https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-145-112
PROBE FOR MEASURING THE LONGITUDINAL COMPONENT
OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN A DIELECTRIC WAKEFIELD
ACCELERATOR
D.Yu. Zalesky*, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, G.V. Sotnikov
National Science Centеr
“Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”,
Kharkiv, Ukraine
*E-mail: zdmitriy2022@gmail.com
To conduct experiments to determine the amplitude of the electric field and the transformation ratio in the wake
field accelerator based on dielectric structures excited by electron bunches of the Almaz-2 electron accelerator, a
probe was developed and manufactured. The probe consists of a ¼ wavelength antenna (27 mm) and a detection
circuit based on a 2A201A microwave diode. To calibrate the probe, a measuring stand was assembled, consisting of
a microwave generator and a horn emitter. A SPEKTRAN spectrum analyzer (Germany) was used as a microwave
power meter, and a digital oscilloscope was used as a meter of the detected signal from the probe. The results of
measurements made on the stand show that at a microwave radiation power of 26 mW/m
2
and an electric microwave
field strength of 2.6 V/m at the measurement point, the output signal from the probe is 1 mV.
PACS: 41.75.Lx; 07.57.Kp; 84.40.Ba; 84.40.Dc
INTRODUCTION
In wake acceleration methods, where a bunch of
charged particles acts as a driver, one of the important
parameters of the attractiveness of a considered
acceleration scheme is the transformer ratio T, which
determines the maximum energy gain of accelerated
particles [1, 2]. In collinear devices, where the drive and
accelerated bunch move along the same path, T<2. To
increase the transformer ratio in collinear dielectric
wake accelerators, it was proposed to use charge
profiling inside a single bunch [3] or bunch train
profiling [4, 5]. The transformer ratio can also be
significantly increased by using multizone dielectric
structures [6‒8], where the accelerated and drive
bunches move along different trajectories. Another
important parameter that determines the length of the
wake accelerator is the amplitude of the longitudinal
component of the electric field of the electromagnetic
wave zE . These two parameters are not independent, it
is impossible to simultaneously increase T and zE ,
there is always a tradeoff between choosing a large
value of the transformation ratio T>>2 and a large value
of the accelerating field strength [7].
It follows from the above that it is necessary to
determine the transformer ratio and the amplitude of the
longitudinal electric field in a specific acceleration
scheme. The transformater ratio T can be determined in
two ways. The first is as the ratio of the maximum in the
energy gain of the accelerated beam electrons to the
maximum energy loss of the drive beam particles [4],
the second is as the ratio of the maximum of the
accelerating field to the losses of the drive beam,
devided to the beam charge [1]. The second method is
especially attractive for the case of multizone
multichannel accelerator structures. In this case, in the
experiment, the losses of the drive bunch in one channel
can be determined, for example, with a mass analyzer,
and the amplitude of the longitudinal electric field can
be found using an electric probe.
To carry out experimental studies on measuring the
transformation ratio and the accelerating field in the
developed five-zone wake structure [9] and the plasma-
dielectric structure with a profiled train of drive bunches
[5], we created new measuring equipment, which
includes the measuring probe described below.
The probe was developed and adapted for
measurements on the experimental setup shown in
Fig. 1.
As can be seen from Fig.1. The source of relativistic
electrons with an energy of 4.5 MeV is the Almaz-2M
accelerator [10, 11], from which electron bunches enter
a waveguide-dielectric structure consisting of a
dielectric structure 4 and a vacuum section 5 of the
same waveguide.
Wake dielectric systems can be both round or
rectangular cross section. The dielectric structure in the
first case consists of fluoroplastic rings, and in the
second of rectangular fluoroplastic plates.
The waveguide-dielectric structure is a microwave
resonator tuned to the natural frequency of the dielectric
structure and the repetition rate of electron bunches,
which varies in the range of 2800…2806 MHz. The
resonator was tuned using plunger 8.
The internal volume of the resonator is divided into
the vacuum and atmospheric parts by a plug 6. To
prevent the electron beam from falling on the plug, a
deflecting magnet 10 is used.
The measuring probe is inserted into the hole in the
plunger 8 with access to the inner region of the
resonator to a predetermined length.
http://07.57.kp/
http://84.40.ba/
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. №3(145) 113
Fig. 1. An installation for measuring the longitudinal component
of the electric field on a dielectric wake accelerator using
the developed measuring probe, where
1 – Almaz-2M electron accelerator; 2 – magnetic analyzer; 3 ‒ diaphragm;
4 ‒ dielectric structure; 5 ‒ waveguide; 6 ‒ fluoroplastic plug; 7 ‒ antenna;
8 ‒ short-circuited plunger; 9 ‒ measuring probe; 10 ‒ deflecting magnet
DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN
OF THE MEASURING PROBE
The appearance of the developed measuring probe is
shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. External view of the measuring probe,
1 is antenna; 2 is RF connector; 3 is case; 4 is output
coaxial cable
As can be seen from Fig. 2, the probe consists of
antenna 1, which is a piece of coaxial cable, part of
which has been stripped of the braid. The length of the
bare part is 27 mm, which is equal to ¼ of the
wavelength of microwave oscillations at the
accelerator's operating frequency of 2.8 GHz. Item 3 in
Fig. 2 is the case in which the detector circuit is located.
From the probe output via cable 4, the detected signal is
fed to the oscilloscope.
In Fig. 3 shows the electric circuit of the probe.
Fig. 3. Scheme of the measuring probe, where D is the
detector diode; C ‒ technological capacity
The probe circuit is located in a shielded metal case
3 (see Fig. 2) and consists of a detector diode "D" and a
capacitor "C". "C" is the capacitance between the
grounded case and the probe's signal wire.
A 2A201A microwave diode [12] was used as a
detector diode. According to the documentation, the
diode is designed to detect signals in the decimeter and
centimeter wavelength ranges.
The parameters of the 2A201A diode indicated in its
form are presented in Table.
Name of characteristic, mode
and unit of measurement
Norm
less more
Diode quality factor 2А201А,
W
(-1/2)
, М
80 –
Current sensitivity, A/W, BI 6.5 –
Differential resistance, Ω, rdiff 400 1000
Voltage standing wave ratio,
VSWR
– 1.5
EQUIPMENT, MEASUREMENT RESULTS
AND THEIR DISCUSSION
To test and calibrate the developed probe, a test
stand was assembled, shown in Fig. 4.
As can be seen from Fig. 4, the horn 1 plays the role
of a source of microwave radiation of electromagnetic
waves. The microwave power to the horn came from the
G4-80 microwave generator. The frequency of the
oscillator 1 was regulated by the potentiometer "F" and
was 2.8 GHz in the experiments, and the amplitude of
the signal "A" was set to a maximum of 6 mW [13].
114 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. №3(145)
a
b
Fig. 4. Test stand for probe calibration: a – the scheme
for measuring the microwave electromagnetic field
using the SPEKTRAN spectrum analyzer, and b – the
scheme for measuring the microwave electromagnetic
field using the developed measuring probe, where
1 ‒ horn emitter of microwave electromagnetic waves;
2 ‒ measuring microwave generator G4-80;
3 ‒ spectrum analyzer SPEKTRAN; 4 ‒ measuring
probe; 5 ‒ digital oscilloscope
The measurements were carried out in the mode of
continuous generation and pulse modulated generation
with a frequency of 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 50%.
The distance from the horn both to the SPEKTRAN
3 spectrum analyzer antenna (see Fig. 4,a) and to the
probe antenna (see Fig. 4,b) was 50 cm. The probe
output was loaded with a resistor of 50 Ω.
Fig. 5. The display of the spectrum analyzer
SPEKTRAN, where 1 are metering values in units of
microwave power density mW/m
2
, 2 are metering values
in units of electric field strength V/m at a frequency
of 2.8 GHz
As can be seen from the metering values of the
SPECTRAN device in Fig. 5 at the maximum
microwave power of the generator at a distance of
50 cm from the horn to the antenna, the spectrum of the
SPECTRAN analyzer is 40.08 mW/m
2
, and the electric
field strength is 3.886 V/m.
Fig. 6 shows the results of measuring the signal from
the probe with a digital oscilloscope, in two modes of
operation of the G4-80 generator ‒ a) continuous
generation mode and ‒ b) pulsed mode at the maximum
signal amplitude.
а
b
Fig. 6. Oscillograms of the signal from the output of the
measuring probe measured in the modes ‒
a – continuous and b – pulsed microwave power
generation, with an oscilloscope sensitivity
of 500 μV/div and a sweep of 100 ns
As can be seen from Fig. 6 at the maximum
microwave power of the generator at a distance of
50 cm from the horn to the probe antenna, the amplitude
of the signal from the probe was 1.5 mV, both in the
continuous generation mode and in the pulsed
generation mode. The pulse front of the detected signal
is less than 100 ns.
Based on the results of measurements made using
the SPECTRAN device and the developed probe, it can
be concluded that with an output signal from the probe
of 1 mV, the electric field at the measurement point will
be 2.6 V/m, and the microwave power density will be
26 mW/m
2
.
CONCLUSIONS
To measure the longitudinal component of the
electric field in a wakefield electron accelerator, a probe
was developed and manufactured.
A technique for calibrating the probe was developed
and a measuring stand was assembled.
The results of the calibration showed that at a probe
output voltage of 1 mV, the electric field strength at the
measurement point should be ‒ 2.6 V/m.
The measurement results showed that the transient
response of the probe is no worse than 100 ns, which,
with a microwave modulated pulse duration of 2 μs, is
quite sufficient for correct measurements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The study is supported by NAS of Ukraine Program
“Plasma physics and plasma electronics: basic
researches and applications”, Project P-4/60-2022.
REFERENCES
1. R.D. Ruth, A.W. Chao, P.L. Morton, and
P.B. Wilson. A plasma wake field accelerator //
Particle Accelerators. 1985, v. 17, № 3-4, p. 171-
189.
50 Ω
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. №3(145) 115
2. G.A. Voss and T. Weiland. Particle acceleration by
wakefields: Report No. DESY M-82-10, 1982.
3. B. Jiang, C. Jing, P. Schoessow, J. Power, and
W. Gai. Formation of a novel shaped bunch to
enhance transformer ratio in collinear wakefield
accelerators // Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams. 2011,
v. 15, p. 011301.
4. C. Jing, J.G. Power, M. Conde, et al. Increasing the
transformer ratio at the Argonne wakefield
accelerator // Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams. 2011,
v. 14, 021302.
5. K.V. Galaydych, G.V. Sotnikov, I.N. Onishchenko.
Wakefield excitation by a ramped electron bunch
train in a plasma-dielectric waveguide // Problems of
Atomic Science and Technology. Series “Plasma
Electronics and New Methods Acceleration”. 2021,
No 4(134), p. 55-59.
6. G.V. Sotnikov, T.C. Marshall, S.V. Shchelkunov,
A. Didenko, and J. L. Hirshfield. Two-Channel
Rectangular Dielectric Wake Field Accelerator
Structure Experiment // AIP Conference
Proceedings. 2009, v. 1086, p. 415.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3080943.
7. G.V. Sotnikov, T.C. Marshall, and J.L. Hirshfield.
Coaxial two-channel high-gradient dielectric
wakefield accelerator // Phys. Rev. ST Accel.
Beams. 2009, v. 12, p. 061302.
8. G.V. Sotnikov, and T.C. Marshall. Improved ramped
bunch train to increase the transformer ratio of a
two-channel multimode dielectric wakefield
accelerator // Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams. 2011,
v. 14, p. 031302.
9. D. Yu. Zaleskyi, G.V. Sotnikov. Parameters of two-
channel five-zone dielectric structure for
experiments on wakefield acceleration in KIPT //
Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. Series
“Plasma Physics”. 2018, No 6(118), p. 168-171.
10. I.N. Onishchenko, V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, et al.
Investigations of the concept of a multibunch
dielectric wakefield accelerator // Nucl. Instrum.
Meth. A. 2016, v. 829, p. 199-205.
11. G.P. Berezina, А.F. Linnik, V.I. Maslov, et al.
Transformation ratio increase at wakefields
excitation in the dielectric structure by a shaped
sequence of relativistic electron bunches // Problems
of Atomic Science and Technology. 2016, No 3(103),
p. 69-73.
12. https://standart-pribor.com.ua/product/2a201a-diod-
svch/
13. https://elaso.com.ua/products/0-kontrolno-
izmeritelnye-pribory/10-generatory-
signalov/name/8533-g4-80
Article received 03.04.2023
ЗОНД ДЛЯ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ПОВЗДОВЖНЬОЇ СКЛАДОВОЇ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ПОЛЯ
В ДІЕЛЕКТРИЧНОМУ КІЛЬВАТЕРНОМУ ПРИСКОРЮВАЧІ
Д.Ю. Залеський, В.І. Приступа, В.С. Ус, Г.В. Сотніков
Для проведення експериментів щодо визначення амплітуди електричного поля та коефіцієнта
трансформації в кільватерному прискорювачі на основі діелектричних структур, що збуджуються
електронними згустками електронного прискорювача «Алмаз-2», був розроблений та виготовлений зонд.
Зонд складається з антени ¼ довжини хвилі (27 мм) та схеми детектування на базі НВЧ-діода 2А201А. Для
калібрування зонда було зібрано вимірювальний стенд, що складається з НВЧ-генератора та рупорного
випромінювача. Як вимірювач НВЧ-потужності використовувався спектр-аналізатор SPEKTRAN
(Німеччина), а як вимірювач детектованого сигналу з зонда ‒ цифровий осцилограф. Результати
вимірювань, які виконані на стенді, показують, що при потужності НВЧ-випромінювання 26 мВт/м
2
і
напруженості електричного НВЧ-поля 2,6 В/м вихідний сигнал у точці вимірювання із зонда становить
1 мВ.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3080943
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-196152 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T08:23:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Zalesky, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Sotnikov, G.V. 2023-12-10T16:58:55Z 2023-12-10T16:58:55Z 2023 Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator / D.Yu. Zalesky, V.I. Pristupa, V.S. Us, G.V. Sotnikov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 3. — С. 112-115. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 41.75.Lx; 07.57.Kp; 84.40.Ba; 84.40.Dc DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-145-112 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196152 To conduct experiments to determine the amplitude of the electric field and the transformation ratio in the wake field accelerator based on dielectric structures excited by electron bunches of the Almaz-2 electron accelerator, a probe was developed and manufactured. The probe consists of a ¼ wavelength antenna (27 mm) and a detection circuit based on a 2A201A microwave diode. To calibrate the probe, a measuring stand was assembled, consisting of a microwave generator and a horn emitter. A SPEKTRAN spectrum analyzer (Germany) was used as a microwave power meter, and a digital oscilloscope was used as a meter of the detected signal from the probe. The results of measurements made on the stand show that at a microwave radiation power of 26 mW/m² and an electric microwave field strength of 2.6 V/m at the measurement point, the output signal from the probe is 1 mV. Для проведення експериментів щодо визначення амплітуди електричного поля та коефіцієнта трансформації в кільватерному прискорювачі на основі діелектричних структур, що збуджуються електронними згустками електронного прискорювача “Алмаз-2”, був розроблений та виготовлений зонд. Зонд складається з антени ¼ довжини хвилі (27 мм) та схеми детектування на базі НВЧ-діода 2А201А. Для калібрування зонда було зібрано вимірювальний стенд, що складається з НВЧ-генератора та рупорного випромінювача. Як вимірювач НВЧ-потужності використовувався спектр-аналізатор SPEKTRAN (Німеччина), а як вимірювач детектованого сигналу з зонда ‒ цифровий осцилограф. Результати вимірювань, які виконані на стенді, показують, що при потужності НВЧ-випромінювання 26 мВт/м² і напруженості електричного НВЧ-поля 2,6 В/м вихідний сигнал у точці вимірювання із зонда становить 1 мВ. The study is supported by NAS of Ukraine Program “Plasma physics and plasma electronics: basic researches and applications”, Project P-4/60-2022. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Linear charged-particle accelerators (theory and technology) Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator Зонд для вимірювання повздовжньої складової електричного поля в діелектричному кільватерному прискорювачі Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator Zalesky, D.Yu. Pristupa, V.I. Us, V.S. Sotnikov, G.V. Linear charged-particle accelerators (theory and technology) |
| title | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| title_alt | Зонд для вимірювання повздовжньої складової електричного поля в діелектричному кільватерному прискорювачі |
| title_full | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| title_fullStr | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| title_short | Probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| title_sort | probe for measuring the longitudinal component of the electric field in a dielectric wakefield accelerator |
| topic | Linear charged-particle accelerators (theory and technology) |
| topic_facet | Linear charged-particle accelerators (theory and technology) |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196152 |
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